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Calderón L, Carbonell-Bejerano P, Muñoz C, Bree L, Sola C, Bergamin D, Tulle W, Gomez-Talquenca S, Lanz C, Royo C, Ibáñez J, Martinez-Zapater JM, Weigel D, Lijavetzky D. Diploid genome assembly of the Malbec grapevine cultivar enables haplotype-aware analysis of transcriptomic differences underlying clonal phenotypic variation. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae080. [PMID: 38766532 PMCID: PMC11101320 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
To preserve their varietal attributes, established grapevine cultivars (Vitis vinifera L. ssp. vinifera) must be clonally propagated, due to their highly heterozygous genomes. Malbec is a France-originated cultivar appreciated for producing high-quality wines and is the offspring of cultivars Prunelard and Magdeleine Noire des Charentes. Here, we have built a diploid genome assembly of Malbec, after trio binning of PacBio long reads into the two haploid complements inherited from either parent. After haplotype-aware deduplication and corrections, complete assemblies for the two haplophases were obtained with a very low haplotype switch-error rate (<0.025). The haplophase alignment identified > 25% of polymorphic regions. Gene annotation including RNA-seq transcriptome assembly and ab initio prediction evidence resulted in similar gene model numbers for both haplophases. The annotated diploid assembly was exploited in the transcriptomic comparison of four clonal accessions of Malbec that exhibited variation in berry composition traits. Analysis of the ripening pericarp transcriptome using either haplophases as a reference yielded similar results, although some differences were observed. Particularly, among the differentially expressed genes identified only with the Magdeleine-inherited haplotype as reference, we observed an over-representation of hypothetically hemizygous genes. The higher berry anthocyanin content of clonal accession 595 was associated with increased abscisic acid responses, possibly leading to the observed overexpression of phenylpropanoid metabolism genes and deregulation of genes associated with abiotic stress response. Overall, the results highlight the importance of producing diploid assemblies to fully represent the genomic diversity of highly heterozygous woody crop cultivars and unveil the molecular bases of clonal phenotypic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Calderón
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (CONICET-UNCuyo), Genetica y Genomica de Vid, Chacras de Coria 5505, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Pablo Carbonell-Bejerano
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino, ICVV, CSIC - Universidad de La Rioja - Gobierno de La Rioja, Logroño 26007, La Rioja, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claudio Muñoz
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (CONICET-UNCuyo), Genetica y Genomica de Vid, Chacras de Coria 5505, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias (UNCuyo), Cátedra Fitopatología, Chacras de Coria 5505, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Laura Bree
- Vivero Mercier Argentina, Perdriel 5500, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Cristobal Sola
- Vivero Mercier Argentina, Perdriel 5500, Mendoza, Argentina
| | | | - Walter Tulle
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (CONICET-UNCuyo), Genetica y Genomica de Vid, Chacras de Coria 5505, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Sebastian Gomez-Talquenca
- Plant Virology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Luján de Cuyo 5534, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Christa Lanz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carolina Royo
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino, ICVV, CSIC - Universidad de La Rioja - Gobierno de La Rioja, Logroño 26007, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Javier Ibáñez
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino, ICVV, CSIC - Universidad de La Rioja - Gobierno de La Rioja, Logroño 26007, La Rioja, Spain
| | - José Miguel Martinez-Zapater
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino, ICVV, CSIC - Universidad de La Rioja - Gobierno de La Rioja, Logroño 26007, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Diego Lijavetzky
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (CONICET-UNCuyo), Genetica y Genomica de Vid, Chacras de Coria 5505, Mendoza, Argentina
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Ritter EJ, Cousins P, Quigley M, Kile A, Kenchanmane Raju SK, Chitwood DH, Niederhuth C. From buds to shoots: insights into grapevine development from the Witch's Broom bud sport. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:283. [PMID: 38627633 PMCID: PMC11020879 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04992-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bud sports occur spontaneously in plants when new growth exhibits a distinct phenotype from the rest of the parent plant. The Witch's Broom bud sport occurs occasionally in various grapevine (Vitis vinifera) varieties and displays a suite of developmental defects, including dwarf features and reduced fertility. While it is highly detrimental for grapevine growers, it also serves as a useful tool for studying grapevine development. We used the Witch's Broom bud sport in grapevine to understand the developmental trajectories of the bud sports, as well as the potential genetic basis. We analyzed the phenotypes of two independent cases of the Witch's Broom bud sport, in the Dakapo and Merlot varieties of grapevine, alongside wild type counterparts. To do so, we quantified various shoot traits, performed 3D X-ray Computed Tomography on dormant buds, and landmarked leaves from the samples. We also performed Illumina and Oxford Nanopore sequencing on the samples and called genetic variants using these sequencing datasets. RESULTS The Dakapo and Merlot cases of Witch's Broom displayed severe developmental defects, with no fruit/clusters formed and dwarf vegetative features. However, the Dakapo and Merlot cases of Witch's Broom studied were also phenotypically different from one another, with distinct differences in bud and leaf development. We identified 968-974 unique genetic mutations in our two Witch's Broom cases that are potential causal variants of the bud sports. Examining gene function and validating these genetic candidates through PCR and Sanger-sequencing revealed one strong candidate mutation in Merlot Witch's Broom impacting the gene GSVIVG01008260001. CONCLUSIONS The Witch's Broom bud sports in both varieties studied had dwarf phenotypes, but the two instances studied were also vastly different from one another and likely have distinct genetic bases. Future work on Witch's Broom bud sports in grapevine could provide more insight into development and the genetic pathways involved in grapevine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanore J Ritter
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Michelle Quigley
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Center for Quantitative Imaging, Institute of Energy and the Environment, Penn State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Aidan Kile
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Sunil K Kenchanmane Raju
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, Manhattan, NY, USA
| | - Daniel H Chitwood
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Chad Niederhuth
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
- Corteva, Inc. Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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3
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Villano C, Procino S, Blaiotta G, Carputo D, D’Agostino N, Di Serio E, Fanelli V, La Notte P, Miazzi MM, Montemurro C, Taranto F, Aversano R. Genetic diversity and signature of divergence in the genome of grapevine clones of Southern Italy varieties. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1201287. [PMID: 37771498 PMCID: PMC10525710 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1201287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Sexual reproduction has contributed to a significant degree of variability in cultivated grapevine populations. However, the additional influence of spontaneous somatic mutations has played a pivotal role in shaping the diverse landscape of grapevine agrobiodiversity. These naturally occurring selections, termed 'clones,' represent a vast reservoir of potentially valuable traits and alleles that hold promise for enhancing grape quality and bolstering plant resilience against environmental and biotic challenges. Despite their potential, many of these clones remain largely untapped.In light of this context, this study aims to delve into the population structure, genetic diversity, and distinctive genetic loci within a collection of 138 clones derived from six Campanian and Apulian grapevine varieties, known for their desirable attributes in viticulture and winemaking. Employing two reduced representation sequencing methods, we extracted Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers. Population structure analysis and fixation index (FST) calculations were conducted both between populations and at individual loci. Notably, varieties originating from the same geographical region exhibited pronounced genetic similarity.The resulting SNP dataset facilitated the identification of approximately two hundred loci featuring divergent markers (FST ≥ 0.80) within annotated exons. Several of these loci exhibited associations with essential traits like phenotypic adaptability and environmental responsiveness, offering compelling opportunities for grapevine breeding initiatives. By shedding light on the genetic variability inherent in these treasured traditional grapevines, our study contributes to the broader understanding of their potential. Importantly, it underscores the urgency of preserving and characterizing these valuable genetic resources to safeguard their intra-varietal diversity and foster future advancements in grapevine cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clizia Villano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Silvia Procino
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (CNR-IBBR), Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Blaiotta
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Domenico Carputo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Nunzio D’Agostino
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (CNR-IBBR), Bari, Italy
| | - Ermanno Di Serio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Valentina Fanelli
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Pierfederico La Notte
- Support Unit Bari, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | | | - Cinzia Montemurro
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- Support Unit Bari, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Bari, Italy
- SINAGRI S.r.l., Spin Off of the University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Riccardo Aversano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
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Carrara I, Terzi V, Ghizzoni R, Delbono S, Tumino G, Crespan M, Gardiman M, Francia E, Morcia C. A Molecular Toolbox to Identify and Quantify Grape Varieties: On the Trace of "Glera". Foods 2023; 12:3091. [PMID: 37628090 PMCID: PMC10453920 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A pillar of wine authenticity is the variety/ies used. Ampelographic descriptors and SSR markers, included in several national and international databases, are extensively used for varietal identification purposes. Recently, SNP markers have been proposed as useful for grape varietal identification and traceability. Our study has been directed toward the development of a molecular toolbox able to track grape varieties from the nursery to the must. Two complementary approaches were developed, exploiting SNP markers with two different technologies, i.e., a high-throughput platform for varietal identification and a digital PCR system for varietal quantification. As proof-of-concept, the toolbox was successfully applied to the identification and quantification of the "Glera" variety along the Prosecco wine production chain. The assays developed found their limits in commercial, aged wines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Carrara
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca Genomica e Bioinformatica (CREA-GB), Via San Protaso 302, 29017 Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Italy (R.G.); (S.D.); (C.M.)
| | - Valeria Terzi
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca Genomica e Bioinformatica (CREA-GB), Via San Protaso 302, 29017 Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Italy (R.G.); (S.D.); (C.M.)
| | - Roberta Ghizzoni
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca Genomica e Bioinformatica (CREA-GB), Via San Protaso 302, 29017 Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Italy (R.G.); (S.D.); (C.M.)
| | - Stefano Delbono
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca Genomica e Bioinformatica (CREA-GB), Via San Protaso 302, 29017 Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Italy (R.G.); (S.D.); (C.M.)
| | - Giorgio Tumino
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Manna Crespan
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca Viticoltura ed Enologia (CREA-VE), Viale 28 Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano, Italy; (M.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Massimo Gardiman
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca Viticoltura ed Enologia (CREA-VE), Viale 28 Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano, Italy; (M.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Enrico Francia
- Department of Life Science, Centre BIOGEST-SITEIA, University of Study of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola, n. 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
| | - Caterina Morcia
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca Genomica e Bioinformatica (CREA-GB), Via San Protaso 302, 29017 Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Italy (R.G.); (S.D.); (C.M.)
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Nuzzo F, Gambino G, Perrone I. Unlocking grapevine in vitro regeneration: Issues and perspectives for genetic improvement and functional genomic studies. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 193:99-109. [PMID: 36343465 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In vitro plant regeneration is a pivotal process in genetic engineering to obtain large numbers of transgenic, cisgenic and gene edited plants in the frame of functional gene or genetic improvement studies. However, several issues emerge as regeneration is not universally possible across the plant kingdom and many variables must be considered. In grapevine (Vitis spp.), as in other woody and fruit tree species, the regeneration process is impaired by a recalcitrance that depends on numerous factors such as genotype and explant-dependent responses. This is one of the major obstacles in developing gene editing approaches and functional genome studies in grapevine and it is therefore crucial to understand how to achieve efficient regeneration across different genotypes. Further issues that emerge in regeneration need to be addressed, such as somaclonal mutations which do not allow the regeneration of individuals identical to the original mother plant, an essential factor for commercial use of the improved grapevines obtained through the New Breeding Techniques. Over the years, the evolution of protocols to achieve plant regeneration has relied mainly on optimizing protocols for genotypes of interest whilst nowadays with new genomic data available there is an emerging opportunity to have a clearer picture of its molecular regulation. The goal of this review is to discuss the latest information available about different aspects of grapevine in vitro regeneration, to address the main factors that can impair the efficiency of the plant regeneration process and cause post-regeneration problems and to propose strategies for investigating and solving them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriana Nuzzo
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP-CNR), Strada Delle Cacce 73, 10135, Torino, Italy
| | - Giorgio Gambino
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP-CNR), Strada Delle Cacce 73, 10135, Torino, Italy.
| | - Irene Perrone
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP-CNR), Strada Delle Cacce 73, 10135, Torino, Italy
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Serra O, de Sousa RM, Guimarães JB, Matos J, Vicente P, de Sousa ML, Simões F. Genome-wide clonal variability in European pear "Rocha" using high-throughput sequencing. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac111. [PMID: 38486834 PMCID: PMC10939347 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Pears (Pyrus) are one of the most economically important fruits worldwide. The Pyrus genus is characterized by a high degree of genetic variability between species and interspecific hybrids, and several studies have been performed to assess this variability for both cultivated and wild accessions. These studies have mostly been limited by the resolving power of traditional molecular markers, although in the recent past the availability of reference genome sequences or SNP arrays for pear have enhanced the capability of high-resolution genomics studies. These tools can also be applied to better understand the intra-varietal (or clonal) variability in pear. Here we report the first high resolution genomics analysis of a pear clonal population using whole genome sequencing (WGS). Results showed unique signatures for the accumulation of mutations and transposable element insertions in each clone, which are likely related to their history of propagation and cultivation. The nucleotide diversity remained low in the clonal collection with the exception of few genomic windows, suggesting that balancing selection may be occurring. These windows included mainly genes related to plant fertility. Regions with higher mutational load were partially associated with transcription factors, probably reflecting the distinctive phenotypes in the collection. The annotation of variants also revealed the theoretical disruption of relevant genes in pear. Taken together, the results from this study show that pear clones accumulate mutations differently, and that those mutations can play a role on pear phenotypes, meaning that the study of pear clonal populations can be relevant in genetic studies, mainly when comparing with traditional association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octávio Serra
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P., Banco Português de Germoplasma Vegetal (BPGV), Quinta de S. José, S. Pedro de Merelim 4700-859 Braga, Portugal
| | - Rui Maia de Sousa
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P., Estação Nacional de Fruticultura Vieira Natividade (ENFVN), Estrada de Leiria 2460-059 Alcobaça, Portugal
| | - Joana Bagoin Guimarães
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P., Quinta do Marquês, 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - José Matos
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P., Quinta do Marquês, 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Patricia Vicente
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P., Estação Nacional de Fruticultura Vieira Natividade (ENFVN), Estrada de Leiria 2460-059 Alcobaça, Portugal
| | - Miguel Leão de Sousa
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P., Estação Nacional de Fruticultura Vieira Natividade (ENFVN), Estrada de Leiria 2460-059 Alcobaça, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Simões
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P., Quinta do Marquês, 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal
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7
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Maestri S, Gambino G, Lopatriello G, Minio A, Perrone I, Cosentino E, Giovannone B, Marcolungo L, Alfano M, Rombauts S, Cantu D, Rossato M, Delledonne M, Calderón L. 'Nebbiolo' genome assembly allows surveying the occurrence and functional implications of genomic structural variations in grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.). BMC Genomics 2022; 23:159. [PMID: 35209840 PMCID: PMC8867635 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08389-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background ‘Nebbiolo’ is a grapevine cultivar typical of north-western Italy, appreciated for producing high-quality red wines. Grapevine cultivars are characterized by possessing highly heterozygous genomes, including a great incidence of genomic rearrangements larger than 50 bp, so called structural variations (SVs). Even though abundant, SVs are an under-explored source of genetic variation mainly due to methodological limitations at their detection. Results We employed a multiple platform approach to produce long-range genomic data for two different ‘Nebbiolo’ clones, namely: optical mapping, long-reads and linked-reads. We performed a haplotype-resolved de novo assembly for cultivar ‘Nebbiolo’ (clone CVT 71) and used an ab-initio strategy to annotate it. The annotated assembly enhanced our ability to detect SVs, enabling the study of genomic regions not present in the grapevines’ reference genome and accounting for their functional implications. We performed variant calling analyses at three different organizational levels: i) between haplotypes of clone CVT 71 (primary assembly vs haplotigs), ii) between ‘Nebbiolo’ and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ assemblies and iii) between clones CVT 71 and CVT 185, representing different ‘Nebbiolo’ biotypes. The cumulative size of non-redundant merged SVs indicated a total of 79.6 Mbp for the first comparison and 136.1 Mbp for the second one, while no SVs were detected for the third comparison. Interestingly, SVs differentiating cultivars and haplotypes affected similar numbers of coding genes. Conclusions Our results suggest that SVs accumulation rate and their functional implications in ‘Nebbiolo’ genome are highly-dependent on the organizational level under study. SVs are abundant when comparing ‘Nebbiolo’ to a different cultivar or the two haplotypes of the same individual, while they turned absent between the two analysed clones. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08389-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Maestri
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Giorgio Gambino
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135, Torino, Italy
| | - Giulia Lopatriello
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea Minio
- Department of Viticulture & Enology, University of California Davis, 595 Hilgard Lane, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Irene Perrone
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135, Torino, Italy
| | - Emanuela Cosentino
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Barbara Giovannone
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Luca Marcolungo
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Alfano
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Stephane Rombauts
- Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Gent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Dario Cantu
- Department of Viticulture & Enology, University of California Davis, 595 Hilgard Lane, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Marzia Rossato
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Delledonne
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy.
| | - Luciano Calderón
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (IBAM, CONICET-UNCuyo), Almirante Brown 500, M5528AHB. Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina.
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