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Shinar R, Shinar J. Organic Electronics-Microfluidics/Lab on a Chip Integration in Analytical Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8488. [PMID: 37896581 PMCID: PMC10611406 DOI: 10.3390/s23208488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Organic electronics (OE) technology has matured in displays and is advancing in solid-state lighting applications. Other promising and growing uses of this technology are in (bio)chemical sensing, imaging, in vitro cell monitoring, and other biomedical diagnostics that can benefit from low-cost, efficient small devices, including wearable designs that can be fabricated on glass or flexible plastic. OE devices such as organic LEDs, organic and hybrid perovskite-based photodetectors, and organic thin-film transistors, notably organic electrochemical transistors, are utilized in such sensing and (bio)medical applications. The integration of compact and sensitive OE devices with microfluidic channels and lab-on-a-chip (LOC) structures is very promising. This survey focuses on studies that utilize this integration for a variety of OE tools. It is not intended to encompass all studies in the area, but to present examples of the advances and the potential of such OE technology, with a focus on microfluidics/LOC integration for efficient wide-ranging sensing and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Shinar
- Electrical & Computer Engineering Department, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Joseph Shinar
- Physics & Astronomy Department and Ames National Laboratory—USDOE, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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2
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Liu J, Kong T, Xiao Y, Bai L, Chen N, Tang H. Organic electrochemical transistor-based immuno-sensor using platinum loaded CeO2 nanosphere-carbon nanotube and zeolitic imidazolate framework-enzyme-metal polyphenol network. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 230:115236. [PMID: 36989662 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrates an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) immuno-sensor with a detection limit down to fg mL-1. The OECT device transforms the antibody-antigen interaction signal by using the zeolitic imidazolate framework-enzyme-metal polyphenol network nanoprobe, which can produce electro-active substance (H2O2) through the enzyme-catalytic reaction. The produced H2O2 is subsequently electrochemically oxidized at the platinum loaded CeO2 nanosphere-carbon nanotube modified gate electrode, resulting in an amplified current response of the transistor device. This immuno-sensor realizes the selective determination of vascular endothelial growth factor 165 (VEGF165) down to the concentration of 13.6 fg mL-1. It also shows good applicable capacity for determining the VEGF165 that human brain microvascular endothelial cells and U251 human glioblastomas cells secreted in the cell culture medium. The ultrahigh sensitivity of the immuno-sensor is derived from excellent performances of the nanoprobe for enzyme loading and the OECT device for H2O2 detection. This work may provide a general way to fabricate the OECT immuno-sensing device with high performances.
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3
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Vizzini P, Beltrame E, Coppedè N, Vurro F, Andreatta F, Torelli E, Manzano M. Detection of Listeria monocytogenes in foods with a textile organic electrochemical transistor biosensor. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:3789-3800. [PMID: 37145160 PMCID: PMC10175343 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12543-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Foods contaminated by pathogens are responsible for foodborne diseases which have socioeconomic impacts. Many approaches have been extensively investigated to obtain specific and sensitive methods to detect pathogens in food, but they are often not easy to perform and require trained personnel. This work aims to propose a textile organic electrochemical transistor-based (OECT) biosensor to detect L. monocytogenes in food samples. The analyses were performed with culture-based methods, Listeria Precis™ method, PCR, and our textile OECT biosensor which used poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT):polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) (PEDOT:PSS) for doping the organic channel. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to obtain topographic maps of the gold gate. The electrochemical activity on gate electrodes was measured and related to the concentration of DNA extracted from samples and hybridized to the specific capture probe immobilized onto the gold surface of the gate. This assay reached a limit of detection of 1.05 ng/μL, corresponding to 0.56 pM of L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644, and allowed the specific and rapid detection of L. monocytogenes in the analyzed samples. KEYPOINTS: • Textile organic electrochemical transistors functionalized with a specific DNA probe • AFM topographic and surface potential maps of a functionalized gold gate surface • Comparison between the Listeria monocytogenes Precis™ method and an OECT biosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Vizzini
- Department of Agriculture Food Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Elena Beltrame
- Department of Agriculture Food Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Nicola Coppedè
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism IMEM, CNR Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Filippo Vurro
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism IMEM, CNR Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesco Andreatta
- Polytechnic Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Emanuela Torelli
- Interdisciplinary Computing and Complex BioSystems (ICOS), Centre for Synthetic Biology and Bioeconomy (CSBB), Devonshire Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RX, UK
| | - Marisa Manzano
- Department of Agriculture Food Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy.
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4
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Borriello M, Tarabella G, D’Angelo P, Liboà A, Barra M, Vurro D, Lombari P, Coppola A, Mazzella E, Perna AF, Ingrosso D. Lab on a Chip Device for Diagnostic Evaluation and Management in Chronic Renal Disease: A Change Promoting Approach in the Patients' Follow Up. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:373. [PMID: 36979584 PMCID: PMC10046018 DOI: 10.3390/bios13030373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) systems are miniaturized devices aimed to perform one or several analyses, normally carried out in a laboratory setting, on a single chip. LOC systems have a wide application range, including diagnosis and clinical biochemistry. In a clinical setting, LOC systems can be associated with the Point-of-Care Testing (POCT) definition. POCT circumvents several steps in central laboratory testing, including specimen transportation and processing, resulting in a faster turnaround time. Provider access to rapid test results allows for prompt medical decision making, which can lead to improved patient outcomes, operational efficiencies, patient satisfaction, and even cost savings. These features are particularly attractive for healthcare settings dealing with complicated patients, such as those affected by chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD is a pathological condition characterized by progressive and irreversible structural or functional kidney impairment lasting for more than three months. The disease displays an unavoidable tendency to progress to End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD), thus requiring renal replacement therapy, usually dialysis, and transplant. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the major cause of death in CKD, with a cardiovascular risk ten times higher in these patients than the rate observed in healthy subjects. The gradual decline of the kidney leads to the accumulation of uremic solutes, with negative effect on organs, especially on the cardiovascular system. The possibility to monitor CKD patients by using non-invasive and low-cost approaches could give advantages both to the patient outcome and sanitary costs. Despite their numerous advantages, POCT application in CKD management is not very common, even if a number of devices aimed at monitoring the CKD have been demonstrated worldwide at the lab scale by basic studies (low Technology Readiness Level, TRL). The reasons are related to both technological and clinical aspects. In this review, the main technologies for the design of LOCs are reported, as well as the available POCT devices for CKD monitoring, with a special focus on the most recent reliable applications in this field. Moreover, the current challenges in design and applications of LOCs in the clinical setting are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Borriello
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, via L. De Crecchio, 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Aris Liboà
- IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (G.T.)
| | - Mario Barra
- CNR-SPIN, c/o Dipartimento di Fisica “Ettore Pancini”, P.le Tecchio, 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Davide Vurro
- IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (G.T.)
| | - Patrizia Lombari
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, via L. De Crecchio, 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Annapaola Coppola
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, via L. De Crecchio, 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Elvira Mazzella
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, via Via Pansini, Bldg 17, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra F. Perna
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, via Via Pansini, Bldg 17, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Diego Ingrosso
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, via L. De Crecchio, 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
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5
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Parmeggiani M, Ballesio A, Battistoni S, Carcione R, Cocuzza M, D’Angelo P, Erokhin VV, Marasso SL, Rinaldi G, Tarabella G, Vurro D, Pirri CF. Organic Bioelectronics Development in Italy: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:460. [PMID: 36838160 PMCID: PMC9966652 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, studies concerning Organic Bioelectronics have had a constant growth due to the interest in disciplines such as medicine, biology and food safety in connecting the digital world with the biological one. Specific interests can be found in organic neuromorphic devices and organic transistor sensors, which are rapidly growing due to their low cost, high sensitivity and biocompatibility. This trend is evident in the literature produced in Italy, which is full of breakthrough papers concerning organic transistors-based sensors and organic neuromorphic devices. Therefore, this review focuses on analyzing the Italian production in this field, its trend and possible future evolutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Parmeggiani
- Chilab–Materials and Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Via Lungo Piazza d’Armi 6, 10034 Turin, Italy
| | - Alberto Ballesio
- Chilab–Materials and Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Via Lungo Piazza d’Armi 6, 10034 Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Battistoni
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Rocco Carcione
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Matteo Cocuzza
- Chilab–Materials and Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Via Lungo Piazza d’Armi 6, 10034 Turin, Italy
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Pasquale D’Angelo
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Victor V. Erokhin
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Simone Luigi Marasso
- Chilab–Materials and Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Via Lungo Piazza d’Armi 6, 10034 Turin, Italy
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Giorgia Rinaldi
- Chilab–Materials and Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Via Lungo Piazza d’Armi 6, 10034 Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tarabella
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Davide Vurro
- Camlin Italy Srl, Via Budellungo 2, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Candido Fabrizio Pirri
- Chilab–Materials and Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Via Lungo Piazza d’Armi 6, 10034 Turin, Italy
- Center for Sustainable Future Technologies, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Livorno 60, 10144 Turin, Italy
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Ohayon D, Druet V, Inal S. A guide for the characterization of organic electrochemical transistors and channel materials. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:1001-1023. [PMID: 36637165 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00920j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) is one of the most versatile devices within the bioelectronics toolbox, with its compatibility with aqueous media and the ability to transduce and amplify ionic and biological signals into an electronic output. The OECT operation relies on the mixed (ionic and electronic charge) conduction properties of the material in its channel. With the increased popularity of OECTs in bioelectronics applications and to benchmark mixed conduction properties of channel materials, the characterization methods have broadened somewhat heterogeneously. We intend this review to be a guide for the characterization methods of the OECT and the channel materials used. Our review is composed of two main sections. First, we review techniques to fabricate the OECT, introduce different form factors and configurations, and describe the device operation principle. We then discuss the OECT performance figures of merit and detail the experimental procedures to obtain these characteristics. In the second section, we shed light on the characterization of mixed transport properties of channel materials and describe how to assess films' interactions with aqueous electrolytes. In particular, we introduce experimental methods to monitor ion motion and diffusion, charge carrier mobility, and water uptake in the films. We also discuss a few theoretical models describing ion-polymer interactions. We hope that the guidelines we bring together in this review will help researchers perform a more comprehensive and consistent comparison of new materials and device designs, and they will be used to identify advances and opportunities to improve the device performance, progressing the field of organic bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ohayon
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Victor Druet
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sahika Inal
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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7
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Al Fatease A, Guo W, Umar A, Zhao C, Alhamhoom Y, Muhsinah AB, Mahnashi MH, Ansari ZA. A Dual-Mode Electrochemical Aptasensor for the Detection of Mucin-1 Based on AuNPs-Magnetic Graphene Composite. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Design of a Portable Microfluidic Platform for EGOT-Based in Liquid Biosensing. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22030969. [PMID: 35161715 PMCID: PMC8839715 DOI: 10.3390/s22030969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In biosensing applications, the exploitation of organic transistors gated via a liquid electrolyte has increased in the last years thanks to their enormous advantages in terms of sensitivity, low cost and power consumption. However, a practical aspect limiting the use of these devices in real applications is the contamination of the organic material, which represents an obstacle for the realization of a portable sensing platform based on electrolyte-gated organic transistors (EGOTs). In this work, a novel contamination-free microfluidic platform allowing differential measurements is presented and validated through finite element modeling simulations. The proposed design allows the exposure of the sensing electrode without contaminating the EGOT device during the whole sensing tests protocol. Furthermore, the platform is exploited to perform the detection of bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a validation test for the introduced differential protocol, demonstrating the capability to detect BSA at 1 pM concentration. The lack of contamination and the differential measurements provided in this work can be the first steps towards the realization of a reliable EGOT-based portable sensing instrument.
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9
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Shi Z, Xu Z, Hu J, Wei W, Zeng X, Zhao WW, Lin P. Ascorbic acid-mediated organic photoelectrochemical transistor sensing strategy for highly sensitive detection of heart-type fatty acid binding protein. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 201:113958. [PMID: 34996003 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) has been regarded as a promising biomarker for early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Developing fast and reliable method for H-FABP detection is still highly desirable but challenging. Herein, an ascorbic acid (AA)-mediated organic photoelectrochemical transistor (OPECT) sensing strategy was reported for the detection of H-FABP in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution and human serum. A primary antibody/H-FABP/secondary antibody-Au NPs-alkaline phosphatase (ALP) sandwich immunorecognition structure was constructed. The modified ALP could catalytically convert ascorbic acid-2-phosphate to AA, which was then analyzed by OPECT. As a result, the AA-mediated OPECT sensing strategy realized highly sensitive detection of H-FABP with a detection limit of 3.23 × 10-14 g/mL which is two orders of magnitude lower than that of PEC method. Under optimal experimental conditions, H-FABP concentration could be obtained in ∼90 min. Importantly, the analysis of H-FABP was resistant to the interference from immunoglobulin G, bovine serum albumin, cysteine, AA and human serum. The proposed AA-mediated OPECT sensing strategy provides a simple, fast, and accurate way for H-FABP detection in AMI suspected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuonan Shi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials & Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Zhe Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials & Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Jin Hu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials & Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Weiwei Wei
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials & Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xierong Zeng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials & Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Peng Lin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials & Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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10
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Sen RK, Prabhakar P, Bisht N, Patel M, Mishra S, Yadav AK, Venu DV, Gupta GK, Solanki PR, Ramakrishnan S, Mondal D, Srivastava AK, Dwivedi N, Dhand C. 2D Materials-Based Aptamer Biosensors: Present Status and Way Forward. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:5815-5849. [PMID: 34961455 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666211213115723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Current advances in constructing functional nanomaterials and elegantly designed nanostructures have opened up new possibilities for the fabrication of viable field biosensors. Two-dimensional materials (2DMs) have fascinated much attention due to their chemical, optical, physicochemical, and electronic properties. They are ultrathin nanomaterials with unique properties such as high surface-to-volume ratio, surface charge, shape, high anisotropy, and adjustable chemical functionality. 2DMs such as graphene-based 2D materials, Silicate clays, layered double hydroxides (LDHs), MXenes, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), and transition metal oxides (TMOs) offer intensified physicochemical and biological functionality and have proven to be very promising candidates for biological applications and technologies. 2DMs have a multivalent structure that can easily bind to single-stranded DNA/RNA (aptamers) through covalent, non-covalent, hydrogen bond, and π-stacking interactions, whereas aptamers have a small size, excellent chemical stability, and low immunogenicity with high affinity and specificity. This review discussed the potential of various 2D material-based aptasensor for diagnostic applications, e.g., protein detection, environmental monitoring, pathogens detection, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar Sen
- CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal. India
| | - Priyanka Prabhakar
- CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal. India
| | - Neha Bisht
- CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal. India
| | - Monika Patel
- CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal. India
| | - Shruti Mishra
- CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal. India
| | - Amit Kumar Yadav
- Special Centre for Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067. India
| | - Divya Vadakkumana Venu
- CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal. India
| | - Gaurav Kumar Gupta
- CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal. India
| | - Pratima R Solanki
- Special Centre for Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067. India
| | - Seeram Ramakrishnan
- Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, 2 Engineering Drive 3, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576. Singapore
| | - Dehipada Mondal
- CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal. India
| | | | - Neeraj Dwivedi
- CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal. India
| | - Chetna Dhand
- CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal. India
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11
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D’Angelo P, Barra M, Lombari P, Coppola A, Vurro D, Tarabella G, Marasso SL, Borriello M, Chianese F, Perna AF, Cassinese A, Ingrosso D. Homocysteine Solution-Induced Response in Aerosol Jet Printed OECTs by Means of Gold and Platinum Gate Electrodes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11507. [PMID: 34768938 PMCID: PMC8584102 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy) is a non-protein, sulfur-containing amino acid, which is recognized as a possible risk factor for coronary artery and other pathologies when its levels in the blood exceed the normal range of between 5 and 12 μmol/L (hyperhomocysteinemia). At present, standard procedures in laboratory medicine, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), are commonly employed for the quantitation of total Hcy (tHcy), i.e., the sum of the protein-bound (oxidized) and free (homocystine plus reduced Hcy) forms, in biological fluids (particularly, serum or plasma). Here, the response of Aerosol Jet-printed organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), in the presence of either reduced (free) and oxidized Hcy-based solutions, was analyzed. Two different experimental protocols were followed to this end: the former consisting of gold (Au) electrodes' biothiol-induced thiolation, while the latter simply used bare platinum (Pt) electrodes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis was performed both to validate the gold thiolation protocol and to gain insights into the reduced Hcy sensing mechanism by the Au-gated OECTs, which provided a final limit of detection (LoD) of 80 nM. For the OECT response based on Platinum gate electrodes, on the other hand, a LoD of 180 nM was found in the presence of albumin-bound Hcy, with this being the most abundant oxidized Hcy-form (i.e., the protein-bound form) in physiological fluids. Despite the lack of any biochemical functionalization supporting the response selectivity, the findings discussed in this work highlight the potential role of OECT in the development of low-cost point-of-care (POC) electronic platforms that are suitable for the evaluation, in humans, of Hcy levels within the physiological range and in cases of hyperhomocysteinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale D’Angelo
- IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, I 43124 Parma, Italy; (P.D.); (D.V.); (S.L.M.)
| | - Mario Barra
- CNR-SPIN, c/o Dipartimento di Fisica “Ettore Pancini”, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy;
| | - Patrizia Lombari
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy; (P.L.); (A.C.); (M.B.); (D.I.)
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, via Via Pansini, Bldg., 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Annapaola Coppola
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy; (P.L.); (A.C.); (M.B.); (D.I.)
| | - Davide Vurro
- IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, I 43124 Parma, Italy; (P.D.); (D.V.); (S.L.M.)
| | | | - Simone Luigi Marasso
- IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, I 43124 Parma, Italy; (P.D.); (D.V.); (S.L.M.)
| | - Margherita Borriello
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy; (P.L.); (A.C.); (M.B.); (D.I.)
| | - Federico Chianese
- Physics Department, University of Naples “Federico II”, P.le Tecchio, 80, 80125 Naples, Italy;
| | - Alessandra F. Perna
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, via Via Pansini, Bldg., 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Cassinese
- CNR-SPIN, c/o Dipartimento di Fisica “Ettore Pancini”, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy;
- Physics Department, University of Naples “Federico II”, P.le Tecchio, 80, 80125 Naples, Italy;
- Istututo Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli, P.le Tecchio, 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Diego Ingrosso
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy; (P.L.); (A.C.); (M.B.); (D.I.)
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