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Yu B, Ma W. Biomarker discovery in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) for personalized treatment and enhanced prognosis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2024:S1359-6101(24)00067-4. [PMID: 39191624 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2024.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading contributor to cancer-related deaths worldwide and presents significant challenges in diagnosis and treatment due to its heterogeneous nature. The discovery of biomarkers has become crucial in addressing these challenges, promising early detection, precise diagnosis, and personalized treatment plans. Key biomarkers, such as alpha fetoprotein (AFP) glypican 3 (GPC3) and des gamma carboxy prothrombin (DCP) have shown potential in improving clinical results. Progress in proteomic technologies, including next-generation sequencing (NGS), mass spectrometry, and liquid biopsies detecting circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), has deepened our understanding of HCC's molecular landscape. Immunological markers, like PD-L1 expression and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), also play a crucial role in guiding immunotherapy decisions. Despite these advancements, challenges remain in biomarker validation, standardization, integration into clinical practice, and cost-related barriers. Emerging technologies like single-cell sequencing and machine learning offer promising avenues for further exploration. Continued investment in research and collaboration among researchers, healthcare providers, and policymakers is vital to harness the potential of biomarkers fully, ultimately revolutionizing HCC management and improving patient outcomes through personalized treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baofa Yu
- Taimei Baofa Cancer Hospital, Dongping, Shandong 271500, China; Jinan Baofa Cancer Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China; Beijing Baofa Cancer Hospital, Beijing, 100010, China; Immune Oncology Systems, Inc, San Diego, CA 92102, USA.
| | - Wenxue Ma
- Department of Medicine, Sanford Stem Cell Institute, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Molecular Mechanisms and Targeted Therapies of Advanced Basal Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911968. [PMID: 36233269 PMCID: PMC9570397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Among human cutaneous malignancies, basal cell carcinoma is the most common. Solid advances in unveiling the molecular mechanisms of basal cell carcinoma have emerged in recent years. In Gorlin syndrome, which shows basal cell carcinoma predisposition, identification of the patched 1 gene (PTCH1) mutation was a dramatic breakthrough in understanding the carcinogenesis of basal cell carcinoma. PTCH1 plays a role in the hedgehog pathway, and dysregulations of this pathway are known to be crucial for the carcinogenesis of many types of cancers including sporadic as well as hereditary basal cell carcinoma. In this review, we summarize the clinical features, pathological features and hedgehog pathway as applied in basal cell carcinoma. Other crucial molecules, such as p53 and melanocortin-1 receptor are also discussed. Due to recent advances, therapeutic strategies based on the precise molecular mechanisms of basal cell carcinoma are emerging. Target therapies and biomarkers are also discussed.
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In GK, Nallagangula A, Choi JS, Tachiki L, Blackburn MJ, Capone S, Bollin KB, Reuben DY, Shirai K, Zhang-Nunes S, Ragab O, Terando A, Hu JC, Lee H, Bhatia S, Chandra S, Lutzky J, Gibney GT. Clinical activity of PD-1 inhibition in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic basal cell carcinoma. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2022-004839. [PMID: 35545318 PMCID: PMC9096532 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-004839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common malignancy worldwide, yet the management of patients with advanced or metastatic disease is challenging, with limited treatment options. Recently, programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) inhibition has demonstrated activity in BCC after prior Hedgehog inhibitor treatment. Methods We conducted a multicenter, retrospective analysis of BCC patients treated with PD-1 inhibitor therapy. We examined the efficacy and safety of PD-1 therapy, as well as clinical and pathological variables in association with outcomes. Progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) and duration of response (DOR) were calculated using Kaplan-Meier methodology. Toxicity was graded per Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events V.5.0. Results A total of 29 patients with BCC who were treated with PD-1 inhibition were included for analysis, including 20 (69.0%) with locally advanced and 9 (31.0%) with metastatic disease. The objective response rate was 31.0%, with five partial responses (17.2%), and four complete responses (13.8%). Nine patients had stable disease (31.0%), with a disease control rate of 62.1%. The median DOR was not reached. Median PFS was 12.2 months (95% CI 0.0 to 27.4). Median OS was 32.4 months (95% CI 18.1 to 46.7). Two patients (6.9%) developed grade 3 or higher toxicity, while four patients (13.8%) discontinued PD-1 inhibition because of toxicity. Higher platelets (p=0.022) and any grade toxicity (p=0.024) were significantly associated with disease control rate. Conclusions The clinical efficacy of PD-1 inhibition among patients with advanced or metastatic BCC in this real-world cohort were comparable to published trial data. Further investigation of PD-1 inhibition is needed to define its optimal role for patients with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gino Kim In
- Division of Oncology, University of Southern California, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Aparna Nallagangula
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Miami, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jacob Seung Choi
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lisa Tachiki
- Division of Oncology, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Matthew J Blackburn
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Georgetown University, Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Stephen Capone
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kathryn B Bollin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Scripps Clinic, Scripps MD Anderson Cancer Center, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Daniel Y Reuben
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Keisuke Shirai
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Dartmouth University, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Sandy Zhang-Nunes
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Omar Ragab
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Southern California, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alicia Terando
- Section of Surgical Oncology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jenny C Hu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Han Lee
- Department of Dermatology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shailender Bhatia
- Division of Oncology, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sunandana Chandra
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jose Lutzky
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Miami, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Geoffrey Thomas Gibney
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Georgetown University, Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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