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Roselli G, Anfora G, Sasso R, Zapponi L, Musmeci S, Cemmi A, Suckling DM, Hoelmer KA, Ioriatti C, Cristofaro M. Combining Irradiation and Biological Control against Brown Marmorated Stink Bug: Are Sterile Eggs a Suitable Substrate for the Egg Parasitoid Trissolcus japonicus? INSECTS 2023; 14:654. [PMID: 37504661 PMCID: PMC10380670 DOI: 10.3390/insects14070654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys, is a phytophagous invasive pest native to south-eastern Asia, and it is now distributed worldwide. This species is considered to be one of the most damaging insect pests in North America and in Europe. In agriculture, the predominant approach to managing BMSB is based on the use of insecticides, specifically pyrethroids and neonicotinoids. Unfortunately, the biology of the species and its facility to develop mechanisms of resistance to available pesticides has induced farmers and scientists to develop different, least-toxic, and more effective strategies of control. In a territorial area-wide approach, the use of a classical biological control program in combination with other least-toxic strategies has been given prominent consideration. Following exploratory surveys in the native range, attention has focused on Trissolcus japonicus, a small scelionid egg parasitoid wasp that is able to oviposit and complete its larval development in a single egg of H. halys. A common method for detecting egg parasitoids in the native range involves the placement of so-called 'sentinel' egg masses of the pest in the environment for a short period, which are then returned to the laboratory to determine if any of them are parasitized. Outside of the area of origin, the use of fertile sentinel eggs of the alien species may lead to the further release of the pest species; an alternative is to use sterile sentinel eggs to record the presence of new indigenous egg parasitoids or to detect the dispersal of alien species (in this case, T. japonicus) released in a new environment to control the target insect pest species. This study evaluated the performance of three types of sterile sentinel eggs as a suitable substrate for the oviposition and larval development of the egg parasitoid T. japonicus in a context of combining classical biological control with a Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Roselli
- Center Agriculture, Food and Environment (C3A), University of Trento, 38098 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Technology Transfer Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38098 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Biotechnology and Biological Control Agency (BBCA Onlus), 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Anfora
- Center Agriculture, Food and Environment (C3A), University of Trento, 38098 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Raffaele Sasso
- Laboratory SSPT-BIOAG-SOQUAS, ENEA C.R. Casaccia, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Livia Zapponi
- Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council of Italy, 38098 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Sergio Musmeci
- Laboratory SSPT-BIOAG-SOQUAS, ENEA C.R. Casaccia, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Cemmi
- Laboratory FSN-FISS-SNI, ENEA C.R. Casaccia, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - David Maxwell Suckling
- Technology Transfer Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38098 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Formerly the New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., PB 4704, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
- Formerly School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1072, New Zealand
| | - Kim Alan Hoelmer
- USDA, Agriculture Research Service, Beneficial Insects Introduction Research Unit, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Claudio Ioriatti
- Technology Transfer Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38098 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Massimo Cristofaro
- Biotechnology and Biological Control Agency (BBCA Onlus), 00123 Rome, Italy
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Mathematical Model of Pest Control Using Different Release Rates of Sterile Insects and Natural Enemies. MATHEMATICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/math10060883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the framework of integrated pest management, biological control through the use of living organisms plays important roles in suppressing pest populations. In this paper, the complex interaction between plants and pest insects is examined under the intervention of natural enemies releases coupled with sterile insects technique. A set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations is developed in terms of optimal control model considering characteristics of populations involved. Optimal control measures are sought in such a way they minimize the pest density simultaneously with the control efforts. Three different strategies relating to the release rate of sterile insects and predators as natural enemies, namely, constant, proportional, and saturating proportional release rates, are examined for the attainability of control objective. The necessary optimality conditions of the control problem are derived by using Pontryagin maximum principle, and the forward–backward sweep method is then implemented to numerically calculate the optimal solution. It is shown that, in an environment consisting of rice plants and brown planthoppers as pests, the releases of sterile planthoppers and ladybeetles as natural enemies can deteriorate the pest density and thus increase the plant biomass. The release of sterile insects with proportional rate and the release of natural enemies with constant rate are found to be the most cost-effective strategy in controlling pest insects. This strategy successfully decreases the pest population about 35 percent, and thus increases the plant density by 13 percent during control implementation.
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