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Simoni M, Temmar R, De Marchi M, Revello-Chion A, Pozza M, Righi F, Manuelian CL. Milking system and diet's forage type impact on milk quality of Italian Holstein-Friesian. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00829-4. [PMID: 38825097 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Moving from conventional (CMS) to automatic (AMS) milking systems could impact milk quality. Moreover, the type and preservation methods of the forages used in the total mixed ration (TMR) (such as alfalfa hay -HTMR- or corn silage -STMR-) have been demonstrated to modify milk composition. Thus, this study investigated the effect of implementing AMS and different diet forage types on the quality of Italian Holstein-Friesian bulk milk. Milk samples (n = 168) were collected monthly from 21 commercial farms in northern Italy during a period of 8 mo. Farms were categorized into 4 groups according to their milking system (CMS vs AMS) and diet's forage type (HTMR vs STMR). Milk quality data were analyzed through the mixed procedure for repeated measurement of SAS with the milking system, diet's forage type, and sampling day as fixed effects. Milking through the AMS led to lower milk fat, freezing point and β-lactoglobulin A, longer coagulation time, and higher K content, pH and β-lactoglobulin B than CMS. Cows fed STMR produced milk with greater fat, protein, casein, Mg content, titratable acidity and β-lactoglobulin A, while reduced curd firming time, freezing point and β-lactoglobulin B than those fed with HTMR. In conclusion, milk quality is not only altered by the diet's forage type and characteristics but also by the milking system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marica Simoni
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Rokia Temmar
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Massimo De Marchi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Andrea Revello-Chion
- Associazione Regionale Allevatori Piemonte, Laboratorio Analisi, Via Torre Roa, 13 Fraz. Madonna dell'Olmo, 12100 Cuneo, Italy
| | - Marta Pozza
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Federico Righi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Carmen L Manuelian
- Group of Ruminant Research (G2R), Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
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Ristanic M, Zorc M, Glavinic U, Stevanovic J, Blagojevic J, Maletic M, Stanimirovic Z. Genome-Wide Analysis of Milk Production Traits and Selection Signatures in Serbian Holstein-Friesian Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:669. [PMID: 38473054 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
To improve the genomic evaluation of milk-related traits in Holstein-Friesian (HF) cattle it is essential to identify the associated candidate genes. Novel SNP-based analyses, such as the genetic mapping of inherited diseases, GWAS, and genomic selection, have led to a new era of research. The aim of this study was to analyze the association of each individual SNP in Serbian HF cattle with milk production traits and inbreeding levels. The SNP 60 K chip Axiom Bovine BovMDv3 was deployed for the genotyping of 334 HF cows. The obtained genomic results, together with the collected phenotypic data, were used for a GWAS. Moreover, the identification of ROH segments was performed and served for inbreeding coefficient evaluation and ROH island detection. Using a GWAS, a polymorphism, rs110619097 (located in the intron of the CTNNA3 gene), was detected to be significantly (p < 0.01) associated with the milk protein concentration in the first lactation (adjusted to 305 days). The average genomic inbreeding value (FROH) was 0.079. ROH islands were discovered in proximity to genes associated with milk production traits and genomic regions under selection pressure for other economically important traits of dairy cattle. The findings of this pilot study provide useful information for a better understanding of the genetic architecture of milk production traits in Serbian HF dairy cows and can be used to improve lactation performances in Serbian HF cattle breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Ristanic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. Oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Minja Zorc
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Groblje 3, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Uros Glavinic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. Oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jevrosima Stevanovic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. Oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jovan Blagojevic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. Oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milan Maletic
- Department of Reproduction, Fertility and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. Oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran Stanimirovic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. Oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Persichilli C, Senczuk G, Mastrangelo S, Marusi M, van Kaam JT, Finocchiaro R, Di Civita M, Cassandro M, Pilla F. Exploring genome-wide differentiation and signatures of selection in Italian and North American Holstein populations. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:5537-5553. [PMID: 37291034 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Among Italian dairy cattle, the Holstein is the most reared breed for the production of Parmigiano Reggiano protected designation of origin cheese, which represents one of the most renowned products in the entire Italian dairy industry. In this work, we used a medium-density genome-wide data set consisting of 79,464 imputed SNPs to study the genetic structure of Italian Holstein breed, including the population reared in the area of Parmigiano Reggiano cheese production, and assessing its distinctiveness from the North American population. Multidimensional scaling and ADMIXTURE approaches were used to explore the genetic structure among populations. We also investigated putative genomic regions under selection among these 3 populations by combining 4 different statistical methods based either on allele frequencies (single marker and window-based) or extended haplotype homozygosity (EHH; standardized log-ratio of integrated EHH and cross-population EHH). The genetic structure results allowed us to clearly distinguish the 3 Holstein populations; however, the most remarkable difference was observed between Italian and North American stock. Selection signature analyses identified several significant SNPs falling within or closer to genes with known roles in several traits such as milk quality, resistance to disease, and fertility. In particular, a total of 22 genes related to milk production have been identified using the 2 allele frequency approaches. Among these, a convergent signal has been found in the VPS8 gene which resulted to be involved in milk traits, whereas other genes (CYP7B1, KSR2, C4A, LIPE, DCDC1, GPR20, and ST3GAL1) resulted to be associated with quantitative trait loci related to milk yield and composition in terms of fat and protein percentage. In contrast, a total of 7 genomic regions were identified combining the results of standardized log-ratio of integrated EHH and cross-population EHH. In these regions candidate genes for milk traits were also identified. Moreover, this was also confirmed by the enrichment analyses in which we found that the majority of the significantly enriched quantitative trait loci were linked to milk traits, whereas the gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis pointed to molecular functions and biological processes involved in AA transmembrane transport and methane metabolism pathway. This study provides information on the genetic structure of the examined populations, showing that they are distinguishable from each other. Furthermore, the selection signature analyses can be considered as a starting point for future studies in the identification of causal mutations and consequent implementation of more practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Persichilli
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via A. De sanctis, 86100 Campobasso (CB), Italy
| | - Gabriele Senczuk
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via A. De sanctis, 86100 Campobasso (CB), Italy.
| | - Salvatore Mastrangelo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo (PA), Italy
| | - Maurizio Marusi
- National Association of Italian Holstein, Brown and Jersey Breeders, Via Bergamo, 292, 26100 Cremona (CR), Italy
| | - Jan-Thijs van Kaam
- National Association of Italian Holstein, Brown and Jersey Breeders, Via Bergamo, 292, 26100 Cremona (CR), Italy
| | - Raffaella Finocchiaro
- National Association of Italian Holstein, Brown and Jersey Breeders, Via Bergamo, 292, 26100 Cremona (CR), Italy
| | - Marika Di Civita
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via A. De sanctis, 86100 Campobasso (CB), Italy
| | - Martino Cassandro
- National Association of Italian Holstein, Brown and Jersey Breeders, Via Bergamo, 292, 26100 Cremona (CR), Italy; Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Fabio Pilla
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via A. De sanctis, 86100 Campobasso (CB), Italy
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Ablondi M, Summer A, Stocco G, Finocchiaro R, van Kaam JT, Cassandro M, Dadousis C, Sabbioni A, Cipolat-Gotet C. The role of inbreeding depression on productive performance in the Italian Holstein breed. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad382. [PMID: 37983004 PMCID: PMC10693289 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Inbreeding depression has become an urgent issue in cosmopolitan breeds where the massive genetic progress achieved in the latest generations is counterbalanced by a dramatic loss of genetic diversity causing increased health issues. Thus, the aim of this study was to estimate inbreeding depression on productive traits in Holstein dairy cattle. More precisely, we aimed to i) determine the level of inbreeding in 27,735 Italian Holstein dairy cows using pedigree and genotype data, ii) quantify the effect of inbreeding on 305-d in milk yield (MY; kg), fat yield (FY; kg), and protein yield (PY; kg) based on different statistical approaches, iii) determine if recent inbreeding has a more harmful impact than ancestral ones, and iv) quantify chromosomal homozygosity effect on productive traits. Quality control was performed on the autosomal chromosomes resulting in a final dataset of 84,443 single nucleotide polymorphisms. Four statistical models were used to evaluate the presence of inbreeding depression, which included linear regression analysis and division of FPED and FROH into percentile classes. Moreover, FROH was partitioned into i) length classes to assess the role of recent and ancestral inbreeding and ii) chromosome-specific contributions (FROH-CHR). Results evidenced that inbreeding negatively impacted the productive performance of Italian Holstein Friesian cows. However, differences between the estimated FPED and FROH coefficients resulted in different estimates of inbreeding depression. For instance, a 1% increase in FPED and FROH was associated with a decrease in MY of about 44 and 61 kg (P < 0.01). Further, when considering the extreme inbreeding percentile classes moving from the 5th lowest to the 95th highest, there was a reduction of -263 kg and -561 kg per lactation for FPED and FROH. Increased inbreeding, estimated by FPED and FROH, had also a negative effect on PY and FY, either fit as a regressor or percentile classes. When evaluating the impact of inbreeding based on runs of homozygosity (ROH) length classes, longer ROH (over 8 Mb) had a negative effect in all traits, indicating that recent inbreeding might be more harmful than the ancestral one. Finally, results within chromosome homozygosity highlighted specific chromosomes with a more deleterious effect on productive traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Ablondi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Summer
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Giorgia Stocco
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Raffaella Finocchiaro
- Associazione Nazionale Allevatori della Razza Frisona Bruna e Jersey Italiana (ANAFIBJ), 26100 Cremona, Italy
| | - Jan-Thijs van Kaam
- Associazione Nazionale Allevatori della Razza Frisona Bruna e Jersey Italiana (ANAFIBJ), 26100 Cremona, Italy
| | - Martino Cassandro
- Associazione Nazionale Allevatori della Razza Frisona Bruna e Jersey Italiana (ANAFIBJ), 26100 Cremona, Italy
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Christos Dadousis
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Alberto Sabbioni
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
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Dadousis C, Ablondi M, Cipolat-Gotet C, van Kaam JT, Finocchiaro R, Marusi M, Cassandro M, Sabbioni A, Summer A. Genomic inbreeding coefficients using imputed genotypes: assessing differences among SNP panels in Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1142476. [PMID: 37187928 PMCID: PMC10180025 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1142476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of imputation of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) on the estimation of genomic inbreeding coefficients. Imputed genotypes of 68,127 Italian Holstein dairy cows were analyzed. Cows were initially genotyped with two high density (HD) SNP panels, namely the Illumina Infinium BovineHD BeadChip (678 cows; 777,962 SNP) and the Genomic Profiler HD-150K (641 cows; 139,914 SNP), and four medium density (MD): GeneSeek Genomic Profiler 3 (10,679 cows; 26,151 SNP), GeneSeek Genomic Profiler 4 (33,394 cows; 30,113 SNP), GeneSeek MD (12,030 cows; 47,850 SNP) and the Labogena MD (10,705 cows; 41,911 SNP). After imputation, all cows had genomic information on 84,445 SNP. Seven genomic inbreeding estimators were tested: (i) four PLINK v1.9 estimators (F, Fhat1,2,3), (ii) two genomic relationship matrix (grm) estimators [VanRaden's 1st method, but with observed allele frequencies (Fgrm) and VanRaden's 3rd method that is allelic free and pedigree dependent (Fgrm2)], and (iii) a runs of homozygosity (roh) - based estimator (Froh). Genomic inbreeding coefficients of each SNP panel were compared with genomic inbreeding coefficients derived from the 84,445 imputation SNP. Coefficients of the HD SNP panels were consistent between genotyped-imputed SNP (Pearson correlations ~99%), while variability across SNP panels and estimators was observed in the MD SNP panels, with Labogena MD providing, on average, more consistent estimates. The robustness of Labogena MD, can be partly explained by the fact that 97.85% of the SNP of this panel is included in the 84,445 SNP selected by ANAFIBJ for routine genomic imputations, while this percentage for the other MD SNP panels varied between 55 and 60%. Runs of homozygosity was the most robust estimator. Genomic inbreeding estimates using imputation SNP are influenced by the SNP number of the SNP panel that are included in the imputed SNP, and performance of genomic inbreeding estimators depends on the imputation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Dadousis
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- *Correspondence: Christos Dadousis
| | - Michela Ablondi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Jan-Thijs van Kaam
- Associazione Nazionale Allevatori della Razza Frisona Bruna e Jersey Italiana (ANAFIBJ), Cremona, Italy
| | - Raffaella Finocchiaro
- Associazione Nazionale Allevatori della Razza Frisona Bruna e Jersey Italiana (ANAFIBJ), Cremona, Italy
| | - Maurizio Marusi
- Associazione Nazionale Allevatori della Razza Frisona Bruna e Jersey Italiana (ANAFIBJ), Cremona, Italy
| | - Martino Cassandro
- Associazione Nazionale Allevatori della Razza Frisona Bruna e Jersey Italiana (ANAFIBJ), Cremona, Italy
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals, and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alberto Sabbioni
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Summer
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Wang J, Lovarelli D, Rota N, Shen M, Lu M, Guarino M. The Potentialities of Machine Learning for Cow-Specific Milking: Automatically Setting Variables in Milking Machines. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131614. [PMID: 35804513 PMCID: PMC9265131 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In dairy farming, milking-related operations are time-consuming and expensive, but are also directly linked to the farm’s economic profit. Therefore, reducing the duration of milking operations without harming the cows is paramount. This study aimed to test the variation in different parameters of milking operations on non-automatic milking machines to evaluate their effect on a herd and finally reduce the milking time. Two trials were set up on a dairy farm in Northern Italy to explore the influence of the pulsation ratio (60:40 vs. 65:35 pulsation ratio) and that of the detachment flow rate (600 g/min vs. 800 g/min) on milking performance, somatic cell counts, clinical mastitis, and teats score. Moreover, the innovative aspect of this study relates to the development of an optimized least-squares support vector machine (LSSVM) classification model based on the sparrow search algorithm (SSA) to predict the proper pulsation ratio and detachment flow rate for individual cows within the first two minutes of milking. The accuracy and precision of this model were 92% and 97% for shortening milking time at different pulsation ratios, and 78% and 79% for different detachment rates. The implementation of this algorithm in non-automatic milking machines could make milking operations cow-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintao Wang
- Laboratory of Modern Facility Agriculture Technology and Equipment Engineering, College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, 40, Dianjiangtai Road, Nanjing 210031, China; (J.W.); (M.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Daniela Lovarelli
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Nicola Rota
- Agribovis s.r.l., Via B. Luini 73, 20821 Meda, Italy;
| | - Mingxia Shen
- Laboratory of Modern Facility Agriculture Technology and Equipment Engineering, College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, 40, Dianjiangtai Road, Nanjing 210031, China; (J.W.); (M.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Mingzhou Lu
- Laboratory of Modern Facility Agriculture Technology and Equipment Engineering, College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, 40, Dianjiangtai Road, Nanjing 210031, China; (J.W.); (M.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Marcella Guarino
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy;
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Dadousis C, Ablondi M, Cipolat-Gotet C, van Kaam JT, Marusi M, Cassandro M, Sabbioni A, Summer A. Genomic inbreeding coefficients using imputed genotypes: Assessing different estimators in Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:5926-5945. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ablondi M, Sabbioni A, Stocco G, Cipolat-Gotet C, Dadousis C, van Kaam JT, Finocchiaro R, Summer A. Genetic Diversity in the Italian Holstein Dairy Cattle Based on Pedigree and SNP Data Prior and After Genomic Selection. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:773985. [PMID: 35097040 PMCID: PMC8792952 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.773985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic diversity has become an urgent matter not only in small local breeds but also in more specialized ones. While the use of genomic data in livestock breeding programs increased genetic gain, there is increasing evidence that this benefit may be counterbalanced by the potential loss of genetic variability. Thus, in this study, we aimed to investigate the genetic diversity in the Italian Holstein dairy cattle using pedigree and genomic data from cows born between 2002 and 2020. We estimated variation in inbreeding, effective population size, and generation interval and compared those aspects prior to and after the introduction of genomic selection in the breed. The dataset contained 84,443 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and 74,485 cows were analyzed. Pedigree depth based on complete generation equivalent was equal to 10.67. A run of homozygosity (ROH) analysis was adopted to estimate SNP-based inbreeding (FROH). The average pedigree inbreeding was 0.07, while the average FROH was more than double, being equal to 0.17. The pattern of the effective population size based on pedigree and SNP data was similar although different in scale, with a constant decrease within the last five generations. The overall inbreeding rate (ΔF) per year was equal to +0.27% and +0.44% for Fped and FROH throughout the studied period, which corresponded to about +1.35% and +2.2% per generation, respectively. A significant increase in the ΔF was found since the introduction of genomic selection in the breed. This study in the Italian Holstein dairy cattle showed the importance of controlling the loss of genetic diversity to ensure the long-term sustainability of this breed, as well as to guarantee future market demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Ablondi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Alberto Sabbioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giorgia Stocco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Claudio Cipolat-Gotet
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- *Correspondence: Claudio Cipolat-Gotet
| | - Christos Dadousis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Jan-Thijs van Kaam
- Associazione Nazionale Allevatori della Razza Frisona Bruna e Jersey Italiana, Cremona, Italy
| | - Raffaella Finocchiaro
- Associazione Nazionale Allevatori della Razza Frisona Bruna e Jersey Italiana, Cremona, Italy
| | - Andrea Summer
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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