1
|
Schulze K, Weber U, Schuy C, Durante M, Guzmán CA. Influenza Virus Inactivated by Heavy Ion Beam Irradiation Stimulates Antigen-Specific Immune Responses. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:465. [PMID: 38675126 PMCID: PMC11054185 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has made clear the need for effective and rapid vaccine development methods. Conventional inactivated virus vaccines, together with new technologies like vector and mRNA vaccines, were the first to be rolled out. However, the traditional methods used for virus inactivation can affect surface-exposed antigen, thereby reducing vaccine efficacy. Gamma rays have been used in the past to inactivate viruses. We recently proposed that high-energy heavy ions may be more suitable as an inactivation method because they increase the damage ratio between the viral nucleic acid and surface proteins. Here, we demonstrate that irradiation of the influenza virus using heavy ion beams constitutes a suitable method to develop effective vaccines, since immunization of mice by the intranasal route with the inactivated virus resulted in the stimulation of strong antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Schulze
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (HZI), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany;
| | - Ulrich Weber
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany; (U.W.); (C.S.); (M.D.)
- Fachbereich Mathematik, Naturwissenschaften und Informatik, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen, 35390 Gießen, Germany
| | - Christoph Schuy
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany; (U.W.); (C.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Marco Durante
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany; (U.W.); (C.S.); (M.D.)
- Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
- Department of Physics “Ettore Pancini”, University Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Carlos Alberto Guzmán
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (HZI), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Coria LM, Rodriguez JM, Demaria A, Bruno LA, Medrano MR, Castro CP, Castro EF, Del Priore SA, Hernando Insua AC, Kaufmann IG, Saposnik LM, Stone WB, Prado L, Notaro US, Amweg AN, Diaz PU, Avaro M, Ortega H, Ceballos A, Krum V, Zurvarra FM, Sidabra JE, Drehe I, Baqué JA, Li Causi M, De Nichilo AV, Payes CJ, Southard T, Vega JC, Auguste AJ, Álvarez DE, Flo JM, Pasquevich KA, Cassataro J. A Gamma-adapted subunit vaccine induces broadly neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants and protects mice from infection. Nat Commun 2024; 15:997. [PMID: 38307851 PMCID: PMC10837449 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45180-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In the context of continuous emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs), one strategy to prevent the severe outcomes of COVID-19 is developing safe and effective broad-spectrum vaccines. Here, we present preclinical studies of a RBD vaccine derived from the Gamma SARS-CoV-2 variant adjuvanted with Alum. The Gamma-adapted RBD vaccine is more immunogenic than the Ancestral RBD vaccine in terms of inducing broader neutralizing antibodies. The Gamma RBD presents more immunogenic B-cell restricted epitopes and induces a higher proportion of specific-B cells and plasmablasts than the Ancestral RBD version. The Gamma-adapted vaccine induces antigen specific T cell immune responses and confers protection against Ancestral and Omicron BA.5 SARS-CoV-2 challenge in mice. Moreover, the Gamma RBD vaccine induces higher and broader neutralizing antibody activity than homologous booster vaccination in mice previously primed with different SARS-CoV-2 vaccine platforms. Our study indicates that the adjuvanted Gamma RBD vaccine is highly immunogenic and a broad-spectrum vaccine candidate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena M Coria
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Martín (1650), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (EByN), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín (1650), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Juan Manuel Rodriguez
- Laboratorio Pablo Cassará, Unidad de I+D de Biofármacos, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, C1440FFX, Argentina
- Fundación Pablo Cassará, Unidad de I+D de Biofármacos, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, C1440FFX, Argentina
| | - Agostina Demaria
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Martín (1650), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (EByN), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín (1650), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura A Bruno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Martín (1650), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (EByN), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín (1650), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mayra Rios Medrano
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Martín (1650), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (EByN), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín (1650), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Celeste Pueblas Castro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Martín (1650), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (EByN), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín (1650), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eliana F Castro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Martín (1650), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (EByN), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín (1650), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sabrina A Del Priore
- Laboratorio Pablo Cassará, Unidad de I+D de Biofármacos, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, C1440FFX, Argentina
| | - Andres C Hernando Insua
- Laboratorio Pablo Cassará, Unidad de I+D de Biofármacos, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, C1440FFX, Argentina
- Fundación Pablo Cassará, Unidad de I+D de Biofármacos, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, C1440FFX, Argentina
| | - Ingrid G Kaufmann
- Laboratorio Pablo Cassará, Unidad de I+D de Biofármacos, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, C1440FFX, Argentina
| | - Lucas M Saposnik
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Martín (1650), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (EByN), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín (1650), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - William B Stone
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Lineia Prado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Martín (1650), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (EByN), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín (1650), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ulises S Notaro
- Centro de Medicina Comparada, ICiVet-Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET; Esperanza, Santa Fe, 3080, Argentina
| | - Ayelen N Amweg
- Centro de Medicina Comparada, ICiVet-Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET; Esperanza, Santa Fe, 3080, Argentina
| | - Pablo U Diaz
- Centro de Medicina Comparada, ICiVet-Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET; Esperanza, Santa Fe, 3080, Argentina
| | - Martin Avaro
- Servicio Virosis Respiratorias, Laboratorio de Referencia de Influenza, SARS-CoV-2 y otros Virus Respiratorios, Centro Nacional de Influenza de OPS/OMS, Departamento de Virología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas - ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán". Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, C1282AFF, Argentina
| | - Hugo Ortega
- Centro de Medicina Comparada, ICiVet-Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET; Esperanza, Santa Fe, 3080, Argentina
| | - Ana Ceballos
- Facultad de Medicina UBA, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA, INBIRS-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Valeria Krum
- Laboratorio Pablo Cassará, Unidad de I+D de Biofármacos, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, C1440FFX, Argentina
| | - Francisco M Zurvarra
- Laboratorio Pablo Cassará, Unidad de I+D de Biofármacos, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, C1440FFX, Argentina
- Fundación Pablo Cassará, Unidad de I+D de Biofármacos, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, C1440FFX, Argentina
| | - Johanna E Sidabra
- Laboratorio Pablo Cassará, Unidad de I+D de Biofármacos, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, C1440FFX, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Drehe
- Laboratorio Pablo Cassará, Unidad de I+D de Biofármacos, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, C1440FFX, Argentina
| | - Jonathan A Baqué
- Laboratorio Pablo Cassará, Unidad de I+D de Biofármacos, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, C1440FFX, Argentina
| | - Mariana Li Causi
- Laboratorio Pablo Cassará, Unidad de I+D de Biofármacos, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, C1440FFX, Argentina
| | - Analia V De Nichilo
- Laboratorio Pablo Cassará, Unidad de I+D de Biofármacos, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, C1440FFX, Argentina
- Fundación Pablo Cassará, Unidad de I+D de Biofármacos, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, C1440FFX, Argentina
| | - Cristian J Payes
- Laboratorio Pablo Cassará, Unidad de I+D de Biofármacos, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, C1440FFX, Argentina
| | - Teresa Southard
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Julio C Vega
- Laboratorio Pablo Cassará - I+D+i, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, C1408GBV, Argentina
| | - Albert J Auguste
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Diego E Álvarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Martín (1650), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (EByN), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín (1650), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan M Flo
- Laboratorio Pablo Cassará, Unidad de I+D de Biofármacos, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, C1440FFX, Argentina
| | - Karina A Pasquevich
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Martín (1650), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (EByN), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín (1650), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juliana Cassataro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Martín (1650), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (EByN), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín (1650), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Messina NL, Germano S, McElroy R, Rudraraju R, Bonnici R, Pittet LF, Neeland MR, Nicholson S, Subbarao K, Curtis N. Off-target effects of bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination on immune responses to SARS-CoV-2: implications for protection against severe COVID-19. Clin Transl Immunology 2022; 11:e1387. [PMID: 35573165 PMCID: PMC9028103 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives Because of its beneficial off‐target effects against non‐mycobacterial infectious diseases, bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination might be an accessible early intervention to boost protection against novel pathogens. Multiple epidemiological studies and randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are investigating the protective effect of BCG against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). Using samples from participants in a placebo‐controlled RCT aiming to determine whether BCG vaccination reduces the incidence and severity of COVID‐19, we investigated the immunomodulatory effects of BCG on in vitro immune responses to SARS‐CoV‐2. Methods This study used peripheral blood taken from participants in the multicentre RCT and BCG vaccination to reduce the impact of COVID‐19 on healthcare workers (BRACE trial). The whole blood taken from BRACE trial participants was stimulated with γ‐irradiated SARS‐CoV‐2‐infected or mock‐infected Vero cell supernatant. Cytokine responses were measured by multiplex cytokine analysis, and single‐cell immunophenotyping was made by flow cytometry. Results BCG vaccination, but not placebo vaccination, reduced SARS‐CoV‐2‐induced secretion of cytokines known to be associated with severe COVID‐19, including IL‐6, TNF‐α and IL‐10. In addition, BCG vaccination promoted an effector memory phenotype in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and an activation of eosinophils in response to SARS‐CoV‐2. Conclusions The immunomodulatory signature of BCG’s off‐target effects on SARS‐CoV‐2 is consistent with a protective immune response against severe COVID‐19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Messina
- Infectious Diseases Group, Infection and Immunity Theme Murdoch Children's Research Institute Parkville VIC Australia.,Department of Paediatrics The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Susie Germano
- Infectious Diseases Group, Infection and Immunity Theme Murdoch Children's Research Institute Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Rebecca McElroy
- Infectious Diseases Group, Infection and Immunity Theme Murdoch Children's Research Institute Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Rajeev Rudraraju
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Rhian Bonnici
- Infectious Diseases Group, Infection and Immunity Theme Murdoch Children's Research Institute Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Laure F Pittet
- Infectious Diseases Group, Infection and Immunity Theme Murdoch Children's Research Institute Parkville VIC Australia.,Department of Paediatrics The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia.,Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit Faculty of Medicine Geneva University Hospitals Geneva Switzerland
| | - Melanie R Neeland
- Department of Paediatrics The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia.,Molecular Immunity Group, Infection and Immunity Theme Murdoch Children's Research Institute Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Suellen Nicholson
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory The Royal Melbourne Hospital The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Parkville VIC Australia.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Nigel Curtis
- Infectious Diseases Group, Infection and Immunity Theme Murdoch Children's Research Institute Parkville VIC Australia.,Department of Paediatrics The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia.,Infectious Diseases The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fumagalli MJ, Castro-Jorge LA, Fraga-Silva TFDC, de Azevedo PO, Capato CF, Rattis BAC, Hojo-Souza NS, Floriano VG, de Castro JT, Ramos SG, da Fonseca BAL, Bonato VLD, Gazzinelli RT, Figueiredo LTM. Protective Immunity against Gamma and Zeta Variants after Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Virus Immunization. Viruses 2021; 13:2440. [PMID: 34960708 PMCID: PMC8707686 DOI: 10.3390/v13122440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The persistent circulation of SARS-CoV-2 represents an ongoing global threat due to the emergence of new viral variants that can sometimes evade the immune system of previously exposed or vaccinated individuals. We conducted a follow-up study of adult individuals that had received an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, evaluating antibody production and neutralizing activity over a period of 6 months. In addition, we performed mice immunization with inactivated SARS-CoV-2, and evaluated the immune response and pathological outcomes against Gamma and Zeta variant infection. Vaccinated individuals produced high levels of antibodies with robust neutralizing activity, which was significantly reduced against Gamma and Zeta variants. Production of IgG anti-S antibodies and neutralizing activity robustly reduced after 6 months of vaccination. Immunized mice demonstrated cellular response against Gamma and Zeta variants, and after viral infection, reduced viral loads, IL-6 expression, and histopathological outcome in the lungs. TNF levels were unchanged in immunized or not immunized mice after infection with the Gamma variant. Furthermore, serum neutralization activity rapidly increases after infection with the Gamma and Zeta variants. Our data suggest that immunization with inactivated WT SARS-CoV-2 induces a promptly responsive cross-reactive immunity response against the Gamma and Zeta variants, reducing COVID-19 pathological outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcilio Jorge Fumagalli
- Virology Research Center, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil; (L.A.C.-J.); (C.F.C.); (V.G.F.); (B.A.L.d.F.); (L.T.M.F.)
- Basic and Applied Immunology Program, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil; (V.L.D.B.); (R.T.G.)
| | - Luiza Antunes Castro-Jorge
- Virology Research Center, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil; (L.A.C.-J.); (C.F.C.); (V.G.F.); (B.A.L.d.F.); (L.T.M.F.)
| | | | - Patrick Orestes de Azevedo
- Immunopathology Laboratory, René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte 30190-002, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (P.O.d.A.); (N.S.H.-S.); (J.T.d.C.)
| | - Carlos Fabiano Capato
- Virology Research Center, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil; (L.A.C.-J.); (C.F.C.); (V.G.F.); (B.A.L.d.F.); (L.T.M.F.)
| | - Bruna Amanda Cruz Rattis
- Department of Pathology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil; (B.A.C.R.); (S.G.R.)
| | - Natália Satchiko Hojo-Souza
- Immunopathology Laboratory, René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte 30190-002, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (P.O.d.A.); (N.S.H.-S.); (J.T.d.C.)
| | - Vitor Gonçalves Floriano
- Virology Research Center, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil; (L.A.C.-J.); (C.F.C.); (V.G.F.); (B.A.L.d.F.); (L.T.M.F.)
| | - Julia Teixeira de Castro
- Immunopathology Laboratory, René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte 30190-002, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (P.O.d.A.); (N.S.H.-S.); (J.T.d.C.)
| | - Simone Gusmão Ramos
- Department of Pathology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil; (B.A.C.R.); (S.G.R.)
| | - Benedito Antônio Lopes da Fonseca
- Virology Research Center, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil; (L.A.C.-J.); (C.F.C.); (V.G.F.); (B.A.L.d.F.); (L.T.M.F.)
| | - Vânia Luiza Deperon Bonato
- Basic and Applied Immunology Program, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil; (V.L.D.B.); (R.T.G.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Ricardo Tostes Gazzinelli
- Basic and Applied Immunology Program, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil; (V.L.D.B.); (R.T.G.)
- Immunopathology Laboratory, René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte 30190-002, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (P.O.d.A.); (N.S.H.-S.); (J.T.d.C.)
- Platform of Translational Medicine, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Tadeu Moraes Figueiredo
- Virology Research Center, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil; (L.A.C.-J.); (C.F.C.); (V.G.F.); (B.A.L.d.F.); (L.T.M.F.)
- Basic and Applied Immunology Program, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil; (V.L.D.B.); (R.T.G.)
| |
Collapse
|