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Solano-Báez AR, Trejo-Tapia G, Kolařík M, Ortiz-Álvarez J, Trejo-Espino JL, Márquez-Licona G. Etiology of Foliar Blight of Indian Paintbrush ( Castilleja tenuiflora) in Mexico. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1714. [PMID: 39203556 PMCID: PMC11357565 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12081714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Castilleja tenuiflora is a native perennial plant used in traditional Mexican medicine. In June 2022, leaf blight symptoms were observed in a wild population of C. tenuiflora plants. Disease incidence was 80% and disease intensity reached up to 5% of the leaf area. Currently, there are no reports of pathogens causing leaf blight in this plant; therefore, this work aimed to identify the fungi responsible for the disease. The fungi recovered from the diseased tissue were characterized by means of pathogenicity tests and cultural, morphological, and molecular characterization. The information obtained revealed that Alternaria alternata and Alternaria gossypina are the pathogens responsible for the disease. This is the first report implicating species of Alternaria in causing leaf blight of C. tenuiflora in Mexico, as well as the first report of Alternaria gossypina also in Mexico. These pathogens may threaten the in situ conservation of native C. tenuiflora populations and limit their in vitro propagation. Future research lines should focus on determining the effect of these pathogens on metabolite production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Rosa Solano-Báez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos, Yautepec 62731, Morelos, Mexico; (A.R.S.-B.); (G.T.-T.); (J.L.T.-E.)
| | - Gabriela Trejo-Tapia
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos, Yautepec 62731, Morelos, Mexico; (A.R.S.-B.); (G.T.-T.); (J.L.T.-E.)
| | - Miroslav Kolařík
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-142 20 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Jossue Ortiz-Álvarez
- Research Program: “Investigadoras e Investigadores por México” Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias, Tecnologías e Innovación (CONAHCyT), Ciudad de México 03940, Mexico;
| | - José Luis Trejo-Espino
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos, Yautepec 62731, Morelos, Mexico; (A.R.S.-B.); (G.T.-T.); (J.L.T.-E.)
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Shymanovich T, Saville AC, Paul R, Wei Q, Ristaino JB. Rapid Detection of Viral, Bacterial, Fungal, and Oomycete Pathogens on Tomatoes with Microneedles, LAMP on a Microfluidic Chip, and Smartphone Device. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:1975-1983. [PMID: 38829831 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-23-0481-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Rapid detection of plant diseases before they escalate can improve disease control. Our team has developed rapid nucleic acid extraction methods with microneedles and combined these with loop-mediated amplification (LAMP) assays for pathogen detection in the field. In this work, we developed LAMP assays for early blight (Alternaria linariae, A. alternata, and A. solani) and bacterial spot of tomato (Xanthomonas perforans) and validated these LAMP assays and two previously developed LAMP assays for tomato spotted wilt virus and late blight. Tomato plants were inoculated, and disease severity was measured. Extractions were performed using microneedles, and LAMP assays were run in tubes (with hydroxynaphthol blue) on a heat block or on a newly designed microfluidic slide chip on a heat block or a slide heater. Fluorescence on the microfluidic chip slides was visualized using EvaGreen and photographed on a smartphone. Plants inoculated with X. perforans or tomato spotted wilt virus tested positive prior to visible disease symptoms, whereas Phytophthora infestans and A. linariae were detected at the time of visual disease symptoms. LAMP assays were more sensitive than PCR, and the limit of detection was 1 pg of DNA for both A. linariae and X. perforans. The LAMP assay designed for early blight detected all three species of Alternaria that infect tomato and is thus an Alternaria spp. assay. This study demonstrates the utility of rapid microneedle extraction followed by LAMP on a microfluidic chip for rapid diagnosis of four important tomato pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsiana Shymanovich
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Amanda C Saville
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Rajesh Paul
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Qingshan Wei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
- Emerging Plant Disease and Global Food Security Cluster, Plant Sciences Initiative, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Jean Beagle Ristaino
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
- Emerging Plant Disease and Global Food Security Cluster, Plant Sciences Initiative, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
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Adhikari TB, Olukolu BA, Paudel R, Pandey A, Halterman D, Louws FJ. Genotyping-by-Sequencing Reveals Population Differentiation and Linkage Disequilibrium in Alternaria linariae from Tomato. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:653-661. [PMID: 37750924 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-23-0229-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Alternaria linariae is an economically important foliar pathogen that causes early blight disease in tomatoes. Understanding genetic diversity, population genetic structure, and evolutionary potential is crucial to contemplating effective disease management strategies. We leveraged genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) technology to compare genome-wide variation in 124 isolates of Alternaria spp. (A. alternata, A. linariae, and A. solani) for comparative genome analysis and to test the hypotheses of genetic differentiation and linkage disequilibrium (LD) in A. linariae collected from tomatoes in western North Carolina. We performed a pangenome-aware variant calling and filtering with GBSapp and identified 53,238 variants conserved across the reference genomes of three Alternaria spp. The highest marker density was observed on chromosome 1 (7 Mb). Both discriminant analysis of principal components and Bayesian model-based STRUCTURE analysis of A. linariae isolates revealed three subpopulations with minimal admixture. The genetic differentiation coefficients (FST) within A. linariae subpopulations were similar and high (0.86), indicating that alleles in the subpopulations are fixed and the genetic structure is likely due to restricted recombination. Analysis of molecular variance indicated higher variation among populations (89%) than within the population (11%). We found long-range LD between pairs of loci in A. linariae, supporting the hypothesis of low recombination expected for a fungal pathogen with limited sexual reproduction. Our findings provide evidence of a high level of population genetic differentiation in A. linariae, which reinforces the importance of developing tomato varieties with broad-spectrum resistance to various isolates of A. linariae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tika B Adhikari
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Bode A Olukolu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Rajan Paudel
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Anju Pandey
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Dennis Halterman
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Vegetable Crops Research Unit, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Frank J Louws
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
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Schmey T, Tominello-Ramirez CS, Brune C, Stam R. Alternaria diseases on potato and tomato. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13435. [PMID: 38476108 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Alternaria spp. cause different diseases in potato and tomato crops. Early blight caused by Alternaria solani and brown spot caused by Alternaria alternata are most common, but the disease complex is far more diverse. We first provide an overview of the Alternaria species infecting the two host plants to alleviate some of the confusion that arises from the taxonomic rearrangements in this fungal genus. Highlighting the diversity of Alternaria fungi on both solanaceous hosts, we review studies investigating the genetic diversity and genomes, before we present recent advances from studies elucidating host-pathogen interactions and fungicide resistances. TAXONOMY Kingdom Fungi, Phylum Ascomycota, Class Dothideomycetes, Order Pleosporales, Family Pleosporaceae, Genus Alternaria. BIOLOGY AND HOST RANGE Alternaria spp. adopt diverse lifestyles. We specifically review Alternaria spp. that cause disease in the two solanaceous crops potato (Solanum tuberosum) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). They are necrotrophic pathogens with no known sexual stage, despite some signatures of recombination. DISEASE SYMPTOMS Symptoms of the early blight/brown spot disease complex include foliar lesions that first present as brown spots, depending on the species with characteristic concentric rings, which eventually lead to severe defoliation and considerable yield loss. CONTROL Good field hygiene can keep the disease pressure low. Some potato and tomato cultivars show differences in susceptibility, but there are no fully resistant varieties known. Therefore, the main control mechanism is treatment with fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Schmey
- TUM School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Christopher S Tominello-Ramirez
- Department of Phytopathology and Crop Protection, Institute of Phytopathology, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Carolin Brune
- TUM School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Remco Stam
- Department of Phytopathology and Crop Protection, Institute of Phytopathology, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
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Uchida M, Konishi T, Fujigasaki A, Kita K, Arie T, Teraoka T, Kanda Y, Mori M, Arazoe T, Kamakura T. Dysfunctional Pro1 leads to female sterility in rice blast fungi. iScience 2023; 26:107020. [PMID: 37416480 PMCID: PMC10320130 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although sexual reproduction is widespread in eukaryotes, some fungal species can only reproduce asexually. In the rice blast fungus Pyricularia (Magnaporthe) oryzae, several isolates from the region of origin retain mating ability, but most isolates are female sterile. Therefore, female fertility may have been lost during its spread from the origin. Here, we show that functional mutations of Pro1, a global transcriptional regulator of mating-related genes in filamentous fungi, is one cause of loss of female fertility in this fungus. We identified the mutation of Pro1 by backcrossing analysis between female-fertile and female-sterile isolates. The dysfunctional Pro1 did not affect the infection processes but conidial release was increased. Furthermore, various mutations in Pro1 were detected in geographically distant P. oryzae, including pandemic isolates of wheat blast fungus. These results provide the first evidence that loss of female fertility may be advantageous to the life cycle of some plant pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momotaka Uchida
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Takahiro Konishi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Ayaka Fujigasaki
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kohtetsu Kita
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Arie
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-0054, Japan
| | - Tohru Teraoka
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-0054, Japan
| | - Yasukazu Kanda
- Division of Plant Molecular Regulation Research, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO (NIAS), 2-1-2 Kan-nondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Division of Plant Molecular Regulation Research, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO (NIAS), 2-1-2 Kan-nondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Takayuki Arazoe
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Kamakura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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Dettman JR, Eggertson QA, Kim NE. Species diversity and molecular characterization of Alternaria section Alternaria isolates collected mainly from cereal crops in Canada. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1194911. [PMID: 37303811 PMCID: PMC10249498 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1194911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternaria is often one on the most abundant fungal genera recovered from a wide array of plant hosts and environmental substrates. Many species within the sub-generic Alternaria section Alternaria are common plant pathogens that cause pre-harvest losses due to reduced productivity and post-harvest losses due to spoilage and contamination with mycotoxins. As certain species of Alternaria may have distinct mycotoxin profiles, and very broad host ranges, understanding the distribution of species by geography and host is critical for disease prediction, toxicological risk assessment, and guiding regulatory decisions. In two previous reports, we performed phylogenomic analyses to identify highly informative molecular markers for Alternaria section Alternaria, and validated their diagnostic ability. Here, we perform molecular characterization of 558 section Alternaria strains, collected from 64 host genera in 12 countries, using two of these section-specific loci (ASA-10 and ASA-19) along with the RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2) gene. The majority of strains (57.4%) originated from various cereal crops in Canada, which formed the main focus of our study. Phylogenetic analyses were used to classify strains into section Alternaria species/lineages, demonstrating that the most common species on Canadian cereal crops are Alternaria alternata and A. arborescens. Further population genetic analyses were consistent with A. alternata being a widely distributed species with relatively low levels of geographic isolation (i.e., Canadian isolates did not form distinct clades when compared to other regions). Our expanded sampling of A. arborescens has greatly increased the known diversity of this group, with A. arborescens isolates forming at least three distinct phylogenetic lineages. Proportionally, A. arborescens is more prevalent in Eastern Canada than in Western Canada. Sequence analyses, putative hybrids, and mating-type distributions provided some evidence for recombination events, both within and between species. There was little evidence for associations between hosts and genetic haplotypes of A. alternata or A. arborescens.
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Han X, Xu W, Wang L, Zhang R, Ye J, Zhang J, Xu J, Wu Y. Natural Occurrence of Alternaria Toxins in Citrus-Based Products Collected from China in 2021. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15050325. [PMID: 37235359 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15050325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 181 citrus-based products, including dried fruits, canned fruits, and fruit juices, collected from China and from abroad in 2021 were analyzed for the four Alternaria toxins (ALTs): alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tentoxin (TEN), and tenuazonic acid (TeA) via ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS). Although the concentrations of the four ALTs varied by product and geographically, TeA was the predominant toxin followed by AOH, AME, and TEN. Products made in China showed higher levels of ALTs than those made abroad. Maximum levels of TeA, AOH, and AME in analyzed domestic samples were 4.9-fold, 1.3-fold, and 1.2-fold, respectively, higher than those in imported products. Furthermore, 83.4% (151/181) of the analyzed citrus-based products were contaminated with at least two or more ALTs. There were significant positive correlations between AOH and AME, AME and TeA, and TeA and TEN in all analyzed samples. More importantly, the solid and the condensed liquid products had higher concentrations of ALTs than the semi-solid product samples, as well as tangerines, pummelos, and grapefruits compared to the other kinds of citrus-based products. In conclusion, co-contamination with ALTs in commercially available Chinese citrus-based products was universal. Extensive and systematic surveillance of ALTs in citrus-based products, both domestic and imported, is required to obtain more scientific data for the determination of the maximum allowable concentrations of ALTs in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Han
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Wenjing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Luxinyi Wang
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ruina Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jin Ye
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 102600, China
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Behiry SI, Philip B, Salem MZM, Amer MA, El-Samra IA, Abdelkhalek A, Heflish A. Urtica dioica and Dodonaea viscosa leaf extracts as eco-friendly bioagents against Alternaria alternata isolate TAA-05 from tomato plant. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16468. [PMID: 36183011 PMCID: PMC9526714 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20708-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the tomato’s acutely devastating diseases is Alternaria leaf spot, lowering worldwide tomato production. In this study, one fungal isolate was isolated from tomatoes and was assigned to Alternaria alternata TAA-05 upon morphological and molecular analysis of the ITS region and 18SrRNA, endoPG, Alt a1, and gapdh genes. Also, Urtica dioica and Dodonaea viscosa methanol leaf extracts (MLEs) were utilized as antifungal agents in vitro and compared to Ridomil, a reference chemical fungicide. The in vitro antifungal activity results revealed that Ridomil (2000 µg/mL) showed the highest fungal growth inhibition (FGI) against A. alternata (96.29%). Moderate activity was found against A. alternata by D. viscosa and U. dioica MLEs (2000 µg/mL), with an FGI value of 56.67 and 54.81%, respectively. The abundance of flavonoid and phenolic components were identified by HPLC analysis in the two plant extracts. The flavonoid compounds, including hesperidin, quercetin, and rutin were identified using HPLC in D. viscosa MLE with concentrations of 11.56, 10.04, and 5.14 µg/mL of extract and in U. dioica MLE with concentrations of 12.45, 9.21, and 5.23 µg/mL, respectively. α-Tocopherol and syringic acid, were also identified in D. viscosa MLE with concentrations of 26.13 and 13.69 µg/mL, and in U. dioica MLE, with values of 21.12 and 18.33 µg/mL, respectively. Finally, the bioactivity of plant extracts suggests that they play a crucial role as antifungal agents against A. alternata. Some phenolic chemicals, including coumaric acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and α-tocopherol, have shown that they may be utilized as environmentally friendly fungicidal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said I Behiry
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt
| | - Bassant Philip
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Z M Salem
- Forestry and Wood Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21545, Egypt.
| | - Mostafa A Amer
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim A El-Samra
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdelkhalek
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, ALCRI, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El Arab City, 21934, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Heflish
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt
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Yang G, Cui S, Ma N, Song Y, Ma J, Huang W, Zhang Y, Xu J. Genetic Structure and Triazole Antifungal Susceptibilities of Alternaria alternata from Greenhouses in Kunming, China. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0038222. [PMID: 35546576 PMCID: PMC9241833 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00382-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternaria alternata is an opportunistic human fungal pathogen and a ubiquitous phytopathogen capable of causing diseases to >100 agricultural crops and ornamental plants. To control plant diseases caused by A. alternata, triazole fungicides have been widely used both in open crop and vegetable fields and in indoor growth facilities such as greenhouses. At present, the effect of fungicide use on triazole resistance development in A. alternata populations is not known. Here, we isolated 237 A. alternata strains from nine greenhouses around metropolitan Kunming in Yunnan, southwest China, determined their genotypes using 10 short tandem repeat markers, and quantified their susceptibility to four triazoles (difenoconazole, tebuconazole, itraconazole, and voriconazole). Abundant allelic and genotypic diversities were detected among these A. alternata strains. Significantly, over 17% of the strains were resistant to difenoconazole, and both known and new drug-resistance mutations were found in the triazole target gene cyp51. Our findings of high-level genetic variation of A. alternata in greenhouses coupled with high-frequency fungicide resistance call for greater attention to continued monitoring and to developing alternative plant fungal disease management strategies in greenhouses. IMPORTANCE Alternaria alternata is among the most common fungi in our environments, such as indoor facilities, the soil, and outdoor air. It can cause diseases in >100 crop and ornamental plants. Furthermore, it can cause human infections. However, our understanding of its genetic diversity and antifungal susceptibility is very limited. Indeed, the critical threshold values for resistance have not been defined for most antifungal drugs in this species. Greenhouses are known to have heavy applications of agricultural fungicides. In this study, we analyzed strains of A. alternata from nine greenhouses near metropolitan Kunming in southwestern China. Our study revealed very high genetic diversity and identified strains with high MIC values against two agricultural and two medical triazole antifungals within each of the nine greenhouses. Our study calls for greater attention to this emerging threat to food security and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhu Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
- Horticultural Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sai Cui
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nan Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuansha Song
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Ma
- Horticultural Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Huang
- Horticultural Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianping Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Leng J, Dai Y, Qiu D, Zou Y, Wu X. Utilization of the antagonistic yeast, Wickerhamomyces anomalus, combined with UV-C to manage postharvest rot of potato tubers caused by Alternaria tenuissima. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 377:109782. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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