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Velasquez C, Gutierrez O, Carcelen M, Fernandez-Luna JL. The Invasion Factor ODZ1 Is Upregulated through an Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Induced Pathway in Primary Glioblastoma Cells. Cells 2024; 13:766. [PMID: 38727302 PMCID: PMC11083495 DOI: 10.3390/cells13090766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that the transmembrane protein ODZ1 promotes cytoskeletal remodeling of glioblastoma (GBM) cells and invasion of the surrounding parenchyma through the activation of a RhoA-ROCK pathway. We also described that GBM cells can control the expression of ODZ1 through transcriptional mechanisms triggered by the binding of IL-6 to its receptor and a hypoxic environment. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) plays a key role in the invasive capacity of GBM. However, the molecular mechanisms that enable tumor cells to acquire the morphological changes to migrate out from the tumor core have not been fully characterized. Here, we show that EGF is able to induce the expression of ODZ1 in primary GBM cells. We analyzed the levels of the EGF receptor (EGFR) in 20 GBM primary cell lines and found expression in 19 of them by flow cytometry. We selected two cell lines that do or do not express the EGFR and found that EGFR-expressing cells responded to the EGF ligand by increasing ODZ1 at the mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, blockade of EGF-EGFR binding by Cetuximab, inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway, or Additionally, the siRNA-mediated knockdown of MAPK11 (p38β MAPK) reduced the induction of ODZ1 in response to EGF. Overall, we show that EGF may activate an EGFR-mediated signaling pathway through p38β MAPK, to upregulate the invasion factor ODZ1, which may initiate morphological changes for tumor cells to invade the surrounding parenchyma. These data identify a new candidate of the EGF-EGFR pathway for novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Velasquez
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, 39008 Santander, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39008 Santander, Spain; (O.G.); (M.C.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Universidad de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Olga Gutierrez
- Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39008 Santander, Spain; (O.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Maria Carcelen
- Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39008 Santander, Spain; (O.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Jose L. Fernandez-Luna
- Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39008 Santander, Spain; (O.G.); (M.C.)
- Department of Genetics, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, 39008 Santander, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Lombardi F, Augello FR, Artone S, Ciafarone A, Topi S, Cifone MG, Cinque B, Palumbo P. Involvement of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Establishing an Immunosuppressive Microenvironment in Tumorspheres Derived from TMZ-Resistant Glioblastoma Cell Lines and Primary Cultures. Cells 2024; 13:258. [PMID: 38334650 PMCID: PMC10854914 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is characterized by an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) strictly associated with therapy resistance. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) fuels GBM proliferation, stemness, and chemoresistance. We previously reported that COX-2 upregulation induced by temozolomide (TMZ) supported chemoresistance. Also, COX-2 transfer by extracellular vesicles released by T98G promoted M2 polarization in macrophages, whereas COX-2 inhibition counteracted these effects. Here, we investigated the COX-2 role in the stemness potential and modulation of the GBM immunosuppressive microenvironment. The presence of macrophages U937 within tumorspheres derived from GBM cell lines and primary cultures exposed to celecoxib (COX-2 inhibitor) with or without TMZ was studied by confocal microscopy. M2 polarization was analyzed by TGFβ-1 and CD206 levels. Osteopontin (OPN), a crucial player within the TME by driving the macrophages' infiltration, and CD44 expression was assessed by Western blot. TMZ strongly enhanced tumorsphere size and induced the M2 polarization of infiltrating macrophages. In macrophage-infiltrated tumorspheres, TMZ upregulated OPN and CD44 expression. These TMZ effects were counteracted by the concurrent addition of CXB. Remarkably, exogenous prostaglandin-E2 restored OPN and CD44, highlighting the COX-2 pivotal role in the protumor macrophages' state promotion. COX-2 inhibition interfered with TMZ's ability to induce M2-polarization and counteracted the development of an immunosuppressive TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Lombardi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.L.); (F.R.A.); (M.G.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Francesca Rosaria Augello
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.L.); (F.R.A.); (M.G.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Serena Artone
- PhD School in Medicine and Public Health, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy;
| | - Alessia Ciafarone
- PhD School in Health & Environmental Sciences, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy;
| | - Skender Topi
- Department of Clinical Disciplines, Aleksandër Xhuvani University, 3001 Elbasan, Albania;
| | - Maria Grazia Cifone
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.L.); (F.R.A.); (M.G.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Benedetta Cinque
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.L.); (F.R.A.); (M.G.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Paola Palumbo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.L.); (F.R.A.); (M.G.C.); (B.C.)
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Demetriou AN, Chow F, Craig DW, Webb MG, Ormond DR, Battiste J, Chakravarti A, Colman H, Villano JL, Schneider BP, Liu JKC, Churchman ML, Zada G. Profiling the molecular and clinical landscape of glioblastoma utilizing the Oncology Research Information Exchange Network brain cancer database. Neurooncol Adv 2024; 6:vdae046. [PMID: 38665799 PMCID: PMC11044707 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdae046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma exhibits aggressive growth and poor outcomes despite treatment, and its marked variability renders therapeutic design and prognostication challenging. The Oncology Research Information Exchange Network (ORIEN) database contains complementary clinical, genomic, and transcriptomic profiling of 206 glioblastoma patients, providing opportunities to identify novel associations between molecular features and clinical outcomes. Methods Survival analyses were performed using the Logrank test, and clinical features were evaluated using Wilcoxon and chi-squared tests with q-values derived via Benjamini-Hochberg correction. Mutational analyses utilized sample-level enrichments from whole exome sequencing data, and statistical tests were performed using the one-sided Fisher Exact test with Benjamini-Hochberg correction. Transcriptomic analyses utilized a student's t-test with Benjamini-Hochberg correction. Expression fold changes were processed with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis to determine pathway-level alterations between groups. Results Key findings include an association of MUC17, SYNE1, and TENM1 mutations with prolonged overall survival (OS); decreased OS associated with higher epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) mRNA expression, but not with EGFR amplification or mutation; a 14-transcript signature associated with OS > 2 years; and 2 transcripts associated with OS < 1 year. Conclusions Herein, we report the first clinical, genomic, and transcriptomic analysis of ORIEN glioblastoma cases, incorporating sample reclassification under updated 2021 diagnostic criteria. These findings create multiple avenues for further investigation and reinforce the value of multi-institutional consortia such as ORIEN in deepening our knowledge of intractable diseases such as glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra N Demetriou
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Frances Chow
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David W Craig
- Department of Integrative Translational Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Michelle G Webb
- Department of Integrative Translational Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - D Ryan Ormond
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - James Battiste
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Arnab Chakravarti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Howard Colman
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - John L Villano
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Bryan P Schneider
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - James K C Liu
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | | | - Gabriel Zada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Erices JI, Bizama C, Niechi I, Uribe D, Rosales A, Fabres K, Navarro-Martínez G, Torres Á, San Martín R, Roa JC, Quezada-Monrás C. Glioblastoma Microenvironment and Invasiveness: New Insights and Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087047. [PMID: 37108208 PMCID: PMC10139189 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and malignant primary brain cancer in adults. Without treatment the mean patient survival is approximately 6 months, which can be extended to 15 months with the use of multimodal therapies. The low effectiveness of GBM therapies is mainly due to the tumor infiltration into the healthy brain tissue, which depends on GBM cells' interaction with the tumor microenvironment (TME). The interaction of GBM cells with the TME involves cellular components such as stem-like cells, glia, endothelial cells, and non-cellular components such as the extracellular matrix, enhanced hypoxia, and soluble factors such as adenosine, which promote GBM's invasiveness. However, here we highlight the role of 3D patient-derived glioblastoma organoids cultures as a new platform for study of the modeling of TME and invasiveness. In this review, the mechanisms involved in GBM-microenvironment interaction are described and discussed, proposing potential prognosis biomarkers and new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ignacio Erices
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Carolina Bizama
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Ignacio Niechi
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Daniel Uribe
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Arnaldo Rosales
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Karen Fabres
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Giovanna Navarro-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Ángelo Torres
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Recursos Naturales y Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Santo Tomás, Talca 8370003, Chile
| | - Rody San Martín
- Laboratorio de Patología Molecular, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Roa
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Claudia Quezada-Monrás
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
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Signaling Pathways Regulating the Expression of the Glioblastoma Invasion Factor TENM1. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051104. [PMID: 35625843 PMCID: PMC9138594 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most aggressive cancers, with dismal prognosis despite continuous efforts to improve treatment. Poor prognosis is mostly due to the invasive nature of GBM. Thus, most research has focused on studying the molecular players involved in GBM cell migration and invasion of the surrounding parenchyma, trying to identify effective therapeutic targets against this lethal cancer. Our laboratory discovered the implication of TENM1, also known as ODZ1, in GBM cell migration in vitro and in tumor invasion using different in vivo models. Moreover, we investigated the microenvironmental stimuli that promote the expression of TENM1 in GBM cells and found that macrophage-secreted IL-6 and the extracellular matrix component fibronectin upregulated TENM1 through activation of Stat3. We also described that hypoxia, a common feature of GBM tumors, was able to induce TENM1 by both an epigenetic mechanism and a HIF2α-mediated transcriptional pathway. The fact that TENM1 is a convergence point for various cancer-related signaling pathways might give us a new therapeutic opportunity for GBM treatment. Here, we briefly review the findings described so far about the mechanisms that control the expression of the GBM invasion factor TENM1.
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Carcelén M, Velásquez C, Vidal V, Gutierrez O, Fernandez-Luna JL. HIF2α Upregulates the Migration Factor ODZ1 under Hypoxia in Glioblastoma Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020741. [PMID: 35054927 PMCID: PMC8775595 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Glioblastoma (GBM) remains a major clinical challenge due to its invasive capacity, resistance to treatment, and recurrence. We have previously shown that ODZ1 contributes to glioblastoma invasion and that ODZ1 mRNA levels can be upregulated by epigenetic mechanisms in response to hypoxia. Herein, we have further studied the transcriptional regulation of ODZ1 in GBM stem cells (GSCs) under hypoxic conditions and analyzed whether HIF2α has any role in this regulation. Methods: We performed the experiments in three primary GSC cell lines established from tumor specimens. GSCs were cultured under hypoxia, treated with HIF regulators (DMOG, chetomin), or transfected with specific siRNAs, and the expression levels of ODZ1 and HIF2α were analyzed. In addition, the response of the ODZ1 promoter cloned into a luciferase reporter plasmid to the activation of HIF was also studied. Results: The upregulation of both mRNA and protein levels of HIF2α under hypoxia conditions correlated with the expression of ODZ1 mRNA. Moreover, the knockdown of HIF2α by siRNAs downregulated the expression of ODZ1. We found, in the ODZ1 promoter, a HIF consensus binding site (GCGTG) 1358 bp from the transcription start site (TSS) and a HIF-like site (CCGTG) 826 bp from the TSS. Luciferase assays revealed that the stabilization of HIF by DMOG resulted in the increased activity of the ODZ1 promoter. Conclusions: Our data indicate that the HIF2α-mediated upregulation of ODZ1 helps strengthen the transcriptional control of this migration factor under hypoxia in glioblastoma stem cells. The discovery of this novel transcriptional pathway identifies new targets to develop strategies that may avoid GBM tumor invasion and recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Carcelén
- Genetics Unit, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, 39008 Santander, Spain; (M.C.); (V.V.); (O.G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39008 Santander, Spain;
| | - Carlos Velásquez
- Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39008 Santander, Spain;
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, 39008 Santander, Spain
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Universidad de Cantabria, 39008 Santander, Spain
| | - Veronica Vidal
- Genetics Unit, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, 39008 Santander, Spain; (M.C.); (V.V.); (O.G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39008 Santander, Spain;
| | - Olga Gutierrez
- Genetics Unit, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, 39008 Santander, Spain; (M.C.); (V.V.); (O.G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39008 Santander, Spain;
| | - Jose L. Fernandez-Luna
- Genetics Unit, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, 39008 Santander, Spain; (M.C.); (V.V.); (O.G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39008 Santander, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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