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Lukeneder A, Lukeneder P, Sachsenhofer RF, Roghi G, Rigo M. Multi-proxy record of the Austrian Upper Triassic Polzberg Konservat-Lagerstätte in light of the Carnian Pluvial Episode. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11194. [PMID: 38773130 PMCID: PMC11109357 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60591-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
We present a multi-proxy investigation of a lower Carnian basinal succession from Polzberg in the Northern Calcareous Alps (Lower Austria). A section comprising a unique Konservat-Lagerstätte was studied based on bio- and chemostratigraphy along with geophysical methods, yielding a detailed and robust stratigraphic calibration of the Polzberg succession. The Polzberg section revealed the paleoceanographic history and helped to identify a global climatic reversal, the Carnian Pluvial Episode. The age of the Upper Triassic Reingraben formation in the Northern Calcareous Alps is refined as the Austrotrachyceras austriacum Zone within the lower Carnian (Julian 2). Ammonoids and conodonts provide a detailed biostratigraphic subdivision that serves as a basis for analyses of the faunal distribution and the paleoenvironmental evolution of the Upper Triassic Reifling Basin. The succession includes lithological and facies changes similar to those of coeval units in the Tethys. The Carnian was characterized by a weak (~ 1‰) positive δ13C trend, punctuated by a negative shift during the lower Carnian corresponding to the initiation of the Carnian Pluvial Episode, a period representing the onset of early/late Carnian transitional global greenhouse conditions. Organic maturity parameters and the conodont alteration index (CAI) show that the thermal overprint of the Polzberg section is low. Biomarker proxies suggest that the organic matter of the uppermost Göstling formation is a mixture of marine and terrestrial material deposited in a dysoxic environment. Within the overlaying Reingraben formation, the amount of marine biomass decreased gradually upwards. Oxygen-depleted conditions, probably due to water-column stratification, continued during deposition of the Reingraben formation. Bacterial sulfate reduction played a major role in organic matter degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lukeneder
- Geological-Paleontological Department, Natural History Museum Vienna, Burgring 7, 1010, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Petra Lukeneder
- Vienna Doctoral School of Ecology and Evolution, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Guido Roghi
- Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, IG, National Research Council CNR, Via G. Gradenigo 6, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Manuel Rigo
- Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, IG, National Research Council CNR, Via G. Gradenigo 6, 35131, Padua, Italy
- Department of Geosciences, University of Padua, Via G. Gradenigo 6, 35131, Padua, Italy
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Klug C, Spiekman SNF, Bastiaans D, Scheffold B, Scheyer TM. The marine conservation deposits of Monte San Giorgio (Switzerland, Italy): the prototype of Triassic black shale Lagerstätten. SWISS JOURNAL OF PALAEONTOLOGY 2024; 143:11. [PMID: 38450287 PMCID: PMC10912274 DOI: 10.1186/s13358-024-00308-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Marine conservation deposits ('Konservat-Lagerstätten') are characterized by their mode of fossil preservation, faunal composition and sedimentary facies. Here, we review these characteristics with respect to the famous conservation deposit of the Besano Formation (formerly Grenzbitumenzone; including the Anisian-Ladinian boundary), and the successively younger fossil-bearing units Cava inferiore, Cava superiore, Cassina beds and the Kalkschieferzone of Monte San Giorgio (Switzerland and Italy). We compare these units to a selection of important black shale-type Lagerstätten of the global Phanerozoic plus the Ediacaran in order to detect commonalities in their facies, genesis, and fossil content using principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses. Further, we put the Monte San Giorgio type Fossillagerstätten into the context of other comparable Triassic deposits worldwide based on their fossil content. The results of the principal component and cluster analyses allow a subdivision of the 45 analysed Lagerstätten into four groups, for which we suggest the use of the corresponding pioneering localities: Burgess type for the early Palaeozoic black shales, Monte San Giorgio type for the Triassic black shales, Holzmaden type for the pyrite-rich black shales and Solnhofen type for platy limestones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Klug
- Universität Zürich, Paläontologisches Institut, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Dylan Bastiaans
- Universität Zürich, Paläontologisches Institut, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Scheffold
- Universität Zürich, Paläontologisches Institut, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Torsten M. Scheyer
- Universität Zürich, Paläontologisches Institut, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
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Klug C, Hoffmann R, Tischlinger H, Fuchs D, Pohle A, Rowe A, Rouget I, Kruta I. 'Arm brains' (axial nerves) of Jurassic coleoids and the evolution of coleoid neuroanatomy. SWISS JOURNAL OF PALAEONTOLOGY 2023; 142:22. [PMID: 37780806 PMCID: PMC10533608 DOI: 10.1186/s13358-023-00285-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Although patchy, the fossil record of coleoids bears a wealth of information on their soft part anatomy. Here, we describe remains of the axial nerve cord from both decabrachian (Acanthoteuthis, Belemnotheutis, Chondroteuthis) and octobrachian (Plesioteuthis, Proteroctopus, Vampyronassa) coleoids from the Jurassic. We discuss some hypotheses reflecting on possible evolutionary drivers behind the neuroanatomical differentiation of the coleoid arm crown. We also propose some hypotheses on potential links between habitat depth, mode of life and the evolution of the Coleoidea. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13358-023-00285-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Klug
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Zürich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - René Hoffmann
- Institute of Geology, Mineralogy, & Geophysics, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Helmut Tischlinger
- 85134 Stammham, Germany
- Jura-Museum Eichstätt, Willibaldsburg, 85072 Eichstätt, Germany
| | - Dirk Fuchs
- SNSB-Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, Richard-Wagner-Straße 10, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Pohle
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Zürich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Geology, Mineralogy, & Geophysics, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Alison Rowe
- Centre de recherche en paléontologie - Paris, Sorbonne Université-MNHN-CNRS-CR2P, 4 Pl. Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Rouget
- Centre de recherche en paléontologie - Paris, Sorbonne Université-MNHN-CNRS-CR2P, 4 Pl. Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Kruta
- Centre de recherche en paléontologie - Paris, Sorbonne Université-MNHN-CNRS-CR2P, 4 Pl. Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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Lukeneder A, Lukeneder P. Taphonomic history and trophic interactions of an ammonoid fauna from the Upper Triassic Polzberg palaeobiota. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7455. [PMID: 35523835 PMCID: PMC9076872 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11496-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The taphonomic mechanisms of a mono- to pauci-specific ammonoid fauna comprising 3565 specimens from the lower Carnian Polzberg Konservat-Lagerstätte near Lunz am See (Northern Calcareous Alps, Lower Austria) is described. The fossiliferous layers were deposited during the Julian 2 Ib (Austrotrachyceras austriacum Zone, Austrotrachyceras minor biohorizon). The deposits comprise abundant nektic ammonoids of the trachyceratid genus Austrotrachyceras. The bivalve Halobia, dominant among the invertebrates, is followed in abundance by the ammonoids Austrotrachyceras and Paratrachyceras, the coleoid Phragmoteuthis and frequent vertebrate actinopterygian fish. The monotonous ammonoid assemblage comprises abundant Austrotrachyceras, frequent Paratrachyceras, rare Carnites and Simonyceras. Recently collected ammonoids were sampled bed-by-bed and compared to extensive historical collections from the same localities. Bromalites (coprolites and regurgitalites) produced by large durophagous fish comprise ammonoid and fish masses and accompany the ammonoid-dominated Polzberg palaeobiota. The ammonoid fauna here presents a window into the nektic cephalopod world of the Upper Triassic assemblage and palaeoenvironment during the deposition of the fossiliferous layers. The frequent occurrence of the vertically oriented (external side horizontal to bedding plane) ammonoid shell fragments hint at a deposition after lethal fish or coleoid attacks. The Polzberg ammonoids were deposited under calm and dysoxic conditions in fine-laminated marlstones and shales of the lower Carnian Polzberg Sub-Basin within the Polzberg Konservat-Lagerstätte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lukeneder
- Department of Geology and Palaeontology, Natural History Museum Vienna, Burgring 7, 1010, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Petra Lukeneder
- Vienna Doctoral School of Ecology and Evolution, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria
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Lukeneder P, Lukeneder A. Mineralized belemnoid cephalic cartilage from the late Triassic Polzberg Konservat-Lagerstätte (Austria). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264595. [PMID: 35442996 PMCID: PMC9020720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although hyaline cartilage is widely distributed in various invertebrate groups such as sabellid polychaetes, molluscs (cephalopods, gastropods) and a chelicerate arthropod group (horseshoe crabs), the enigmatic relationship and distribution of cartilage in taxonomic groups remains to be explained. It can be interpreted as a convergent trait in animal evolution and thus does not seem to be a vertebrate invention. Due to the poor fossil record of cartilaginous structures, occurrences of mineralized fossil cartilages are important for evolutionary biology and paleontology. Although the biochemical composition of recent cephalopod cartilage differs from vertebrate cartilage, histologically the cartilages of these animal groups resemble one another remarkably. In this study we present fossil material from the late Triassic Polzberg Konservat-Lagerstätte near Lunz am See (Lower Austria, Northern Calcareous Alps). A rich Carnian fauna is preserved here, whereby a morphogroup (often associated with belemnoid remains) of black, amorphous appearing fossils still remained undetermined. These multi-elemental, symmetrical fossils show remarkable similarities to recent cartilage. We examined the conspicuous micro- and ultrastructure of these enigmatic fossils by thin-sectioning and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The geochemical composition analyzed by Microprobe and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) revealed carbonization as the taphonomic pathway for this fossil group. Mineralization of soft tissues permits the 3D preservation of otherwise degraded soft tissues such as cartilage. We examined eighty-one specimens from the Polzberg locality and seven specimens from Cave del Predil (formerly Raibl, Julian Alps, Italy). The study included morphological examinations of these multi-elemental fossils and a focus on noticeable structures like grooves and ridges. The detected grooves are interpreted to be muscular attachment areas, and the preserved branched system of canaliculi is comparable to a channel system that is also present in recent coleoid cartilage. The new findings on these long-known enigmatic structures strongly point to the preservation of cephalic cartilage belonging to the belemnoid Phragmoteuthis bisinuata and its homologization to the cephalic cartilage of modern coleoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Lukeneder
- University of Vienna, Doctoral School of Ecology and Evolution, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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