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Ertunç S, Mecitoğlu Z, Kasap S, Şentürk S. Serum vitamin D3 (25-OH vit D3) concentrations and hemogram changes in calves with enzootic pneumonia. Vet Clin Pathol 2024; 53:74-79. [PMID: 38320962 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enzootic pneumonia is an important disease complex associated with insufficient colostrum intake after birth, adverse environmental conditions, and stress. Vitamin D deficiency may be an important predisposing factor for this disease. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate in calves with enzootic pneumonia. METHODS A total of 30 calves, aged 3-5 months, under the same care and feeding conditions were used. Groups were formed according to Clinical Respiratory Scoring as the group with mild/moderate enzootic pneumonia (n = 10), the group with severe enzootic pneumonia (n = 10), and the healthy control group (n = 10) without any disease. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of animals in all groups on Day 0; a complete blood count was performed, and serum vitamin D levels were measured using the Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. RESULTS Although no statistical differences were observed in total leukocyte, lymphocyte, eosinophil, basophil, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels between groups, statistically significant differences in blood neutrophil, monocyte, and erythrocyte counts were found between the groups. Monocyte counts were statistically decreased in the mild/moderate group compared with the control group. Neutrophil counts were significantly higher in the mild/moderate and severe groups than in the control group. Erythrocyte counts were increased in the mild/moderate and severe groups compared with the control group. Vitamin D concentrations were statistically lower in the mild/moderate and severe groups than in the control group. However, no statistical differences in Vitamin D concentrations were observed between the mild/moderate and severe groups. There was a negative and significant correlation between erythrocyte counts and vitamin D concentrations (r = -0.64, P < .0001). While erythrocyte counts increased in the severe group compared with the mild/moderate group, vitamin D concentrations decreased. Also, a negative and significant correlation was observed between platelet counts and vitamin D concentrations (r = -0.74, P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study determined that serum vitamin D concentrations in calves with pneumonia were lower than those in healthy calves. Detailed studies on the etiologic and prognostic importance of low vitamin D levels in calves with enzootic pneumonia may provide valuable data for prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seviye Ertunç
- Department of Internal Medicine, Uludağ University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Zafer Mecitoğlu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Uludağ University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Sevim Kasap
- Department of Internal Medicine, Uludağ University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Sezgin Şentürk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Uludağ University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa, Turkey
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Reid C, Flores-Villalva S, Remot A, Kennedy E, O'Farrelly C, Meade KG. Long-term in vivo vitamin D 3 supplementation modulates bovine IL-1 and chemokine responses. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10846. [PMID: 37407588 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37427-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency at birth, followed by prolonged insufficiency in early life may predispose bovine calves to infection and disease. However, the effects of vitamin D levels on innate immunity are unclear due to the lack of long-term supplementation trials in vivo and reliable approaches for reproducibly assessing immune function. Here, a standardized whole blood immunophenotyping assay was used to compare innate immune responses to infection relevant ligands (LPS, Pam3CSK4 and R848) between Holstein-Friesian calves supplemented with vitamin D (n = 12) from birth until 7 months of age and control calves (n = 10) raised on an industry standard diet. Transcriptomic analysis in unstimulated whole blood cells revealed increased expression of type I interferons and chemokines in vitamin D supplemented calves, while IL-1 and inflammasome gene expression was decreased. In response to stimulation with the bacterial ligand LPS, supplemented calves had significantly increased expression of CASP1, CX3CR1, CAT, whereas STAT1 was decreased. Stimulation with the bacterial ligand Pam3CSK4 revealed increased expression of IL1A, IL1B and CAT genes; and decreased C5AR1 expression. In response to the viral ligand R848, STAT1 and S100A8 expression was significantly decreased. An increased IL-1 and inflammasome gene expression signature in vitamin D supplemented calves in response to LPS and Pam3CSK4 was also found, with ELISA confirming increased IL-1β protein production. In contrast, a decreased chemokine gene expression signature was found in response to R848 in supplemented animals, with decreased IL-8 protein expression exhibited in response to all PAMPs also found. These results demonstrated expression of several cytokine, chemokine and inflammasome genes were impacted by vitamin D supplementation in the first 7 months of life, with IL-8 expression particularly responsive to vitamin D. Overall, vitamin D supplementation induced differential innate immune responses of blood immune cells that could have important implications for disease susceptibility in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cian Reid
- Animal & Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Co Meath, Ireland
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Susana Flores-Villalva
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- CENID Salud Animal e Inocuidad, INIFAP, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Aude Remot
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, Nouzilly, France
| | - Emer Kennedy
- Teagasc, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Cliona O'Farrelly
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Kieran G Meade
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
- Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Vigors S, Flores-Villalva S, Meade KG. The impact of vitamin D3 supplementation on the faecal and oral microbiome of dairy calves indoors or at pasture. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9111. [PMID: 37277407 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34840-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D (VitD) is emerging as an immune regulator in addition to its established role in metabolism and mineral homeostasis. This study sought to determine if in vivo VitD modulated the oral and faecal microbiome in Holstein-Friesian dairy calves. The experimental model consisted of two control groups (Ctl-In, Ctl-Out) which were fed with a diet containing 6000 IU/Kg of VitD3 in milk replacer and 2000 IU/Kg in feed, and two treatment groups (VitD-In, VitD-Out) with 10,000 IU/Kg of VitD3 in milk replacer and 4000 IU/Kg in feed. One control and one treatment group were moved outdoors post-weaning at approximately 10 weeks of age. Saliva and faecal samples were collected after 7 months of supplementation and analysis of the microbiome was performed using 16S rRNA sequencing. Bray-Curtis dissimilarity analysis identified that both sampling site (oral vs. faecal) and housing (indoor vs. outdoor) had significant influences on the composition of the microbiome. The calves housed outdoors had greater microbial diversity in the faecal samples based on Observed, Chao1, Shannon, Simpson and Fisher measures in comparison to calves housed indoors (P < 0.05). A significant interaction between housing and treatment was observed for the genera Oscillospira, Ruminococcus, CF231 and Paludibacter in faecal samples. The genera Oscillospira and Dorea were increased while Clostridium and Blautia were decreased following VitD supplementation in the faecal samples (P < 0.05). An interaction between VitD supplementation and housing was detected in the abundance of the genera Actinobacillus and Streptococcus in the oral samples. VitD supplementation increased the genera Oscillospira, Helcococcus and reduced the genera Actinobacillus, Ruminococcus, Moraxella, Clostridium, Prevotella, Succinivibrio and Parvimonas. These preliminary data suggest that VitD supplementation alters both the oral and faecal microbiome. Further research will now be conducted to establish the significance of microbial alterations for animal health and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vigors
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - S Flores-Villalva
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- CENID Fisiología, INIFAP, Querétaro, México
| | - K G Meade
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
- Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Flores-Villalva S, Reid C, Remot A, Gordon SV, Meade KG. Long term dietary vitamin D 3 supplementation impacts both microbicidal and inflammatory responses to ex-vivo Mycobacterium bovis BCG challenge in dairy calves. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 258:110575. [PMID: 36848773 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is associated with enhanced susceptibility to multiple respiratory diseases in humans, including tuberculosis. However, the consequences of VDD for disease susceptibility in calves are unknown. Previously we developed a model to drive divergent circulating 25OHD concentrations in cattle, where animals were supplemented with vitamin D3 (vit D3) from birth to 7 months of age. Calves in the control group (Ctl) received a diet containing a standard vit D3 concentration, whereas the vit D group (VitD) received a diet with the highest vit D3 concentration allowed under EU guidelines. Here, we assessed the microbicidal activity and immunoregulatory effect of divergent 25OHD circulating levels to Mycobacterium bovis BCG challenge ex-vivo. Blood samples from Ctl and VitD calves were taken at 1-, 3- and 7-months of age. 25OHD concentrations were significantly different at 7 months (but not at 1 or 3 months) with animals from the VitD group having higher serum levels. Differences in microbicidal activity followed the same pattern, with no significant differences observed at 1 and 3 months, but at 7 months a significant increase in the percentage of bacteria killed was detected. Furthermore, analysis of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) in serum showed a higher production of ROS and NO in VitD-supplemented calves. In contrast, serum concentrations of IL-1β and IL-8 were significantly lower. A similar anti-inflammatory profile was observed after gene expression analysis, with a significant downregulation of a cluster of genes including IL1B, IL1R1, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL5, MMP9 and COX2 and an upregulation of CXCR1, CX3CR1 and NCF1, in VitD calves after BCG challenge relative to Ctl animals. Collectively, these results suggest that dietary vit D3 boosts antimicrobial and innate immune responses and thereby could improve host anti-mycobacterial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Flores-Villalva
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; CENID Fisiología, INIFAP. Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Cian Reid
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Aude Remot
- INRAE, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Stephen V Gordon
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Kieran G Meade
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Blakely LP, Wells TL, Kweh MF, Buoniconti S, Reese M, Celi P, Cortinhas C, Nelson CD. Effect of vitamin D source and amount on vitamin D status and response to endotoxin challenge. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:912-926. [PMID: 36543639 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The objectives were to test the effects of dietary vitamin D3 [cholecalciferol (CHOL)] compared with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [calcidiol (CAL)] on vitamin D status and response to an endotoxin challenge. Forty-five Holstein bull calves (5 ± 2 d of age) were blocked into weekly cohorts, fed a basal diet that provided 0.25 µg/kg body weight (BW) CHOL, and assigned randomly to 1 of 5 treatments: control [(CON) no additional vitamin D], 1.5 µg/kg BW CHOL (CHOL1.5), 3 µg/kg BW CHOL (CHOL3), 1.5 µg/kg BW CAL (CAL1.5), or 3 µg/kg BW CAL (CAL3). Calves were fed milk replacer until weaning at 56 d of age and had ad libitum access to water and starter grain throughout the experiment. Treatments were added daily to the diet of milk replacer until weaning and starter grain after weaning. Measures of growth, dry matter intake, and serum concentrations of vitamin D, Ca, Mg, and P were collected from 0 to 91 d of the experiment. At 91 d of the experiment, calves received an intravenous injection of 0.1 µg/kg BW lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Clinical and physiological responses were measured from 0 to 72 h relative to LPS injection. Data were analyzed with mixed models that included fixed effects of treatment and time, and random effect of block. Orthogonal contrasts evaluated the effects of (1) source (CAL vs. CHOL), (2) dose (1.5 vs. 3.0 µg/kg BW), (3) interaction between source and dose, and (4) supplementation (CON vs. all other treatments) of vitamin D. From 21 to 91 d of the experiment, mean BW of supplemented calves was less compared with CON calves, but the effect was predominantly a result of the CHOL calves, which tended to weigh less than the CAL calves. Supplementing vitamin D increased concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in serum compared with CON, but the increment from increasing the dose from 1.5 to 3.0 µg/kg BW was greater for CAL compared with CHOL (CON = 18.9, CHOL = 24.7 and 29.6, CAL = 35.6 and 65.7 ± 3.2 ng/mL, respectively). Feeding CAL also increased serum Ca and P compared with CHOL. An interaction between source and dose of treatment was observed for rectal temperature and derivatives of reactive metabolites after LPS challenge because calves receiving CHOL3 and CAL1.5 had lower rectal temperatures and plasma derivatives of reactive metabolites compared with calves receiving CHOL1.5 and CAL3. Supplementing vitamin D increased plasma P concentrations post-LPS challenge compared with CON, but plasma concentrations of Ca, Mg, fatty acids, glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate, haptoglobin, tumor necrosis factor-α, and antioxidant potential did not differ among treatments post-LPS challenge. Last, supplementing vitamin D increased granulocytes as a percentage of blood leukocytes post-LPS challenge compared with CON. Supplementing CAL as a source of vitamin D to dairy calves was more effective at increasing serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, Ca, and P concentrations compared with feeding CHOL. Supplemental source and dose of vitamin D also influenced responses to the LPS challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Blakely
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - T L Wells
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - M F Kweh
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - S Buoniconti
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - M Reese
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - P Celi
- DSM Nutritional Products, Columbia, MD 21045
| | - C Cortinhas
- DSM Nutritional Products, Columbia, MD 21045
| | - C D Nelson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611.
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6
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Kun J, Silei Y, Sun C, Wenyan H. Reduced serum 25(OH)D is closely related to bronchial mucus plug formation in children with mycoplasma pneumonia: A prospective cohort study. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1099683. [PMID: 36778550 PMCID: PMC9909285 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1099683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between vitamin D nutritional status and the formation of bronchial mucus plugs (BMPs) is unclear. The aims of the current study were to investigate associations between serum 25(OH)D levels, serum inflammatory factors, and clinical characteristics in children with mycoplasma pneumonia (MPP), and to summarize the risk factors for BMPs in children with MPP. Methods Clinical data from 175 children with MPP were collected and analyzed, the children were divided into a BMP group and a non-BMP group. Serum 25(OH)D levels, IL-8, and various inflammatory factors were compared in the two groups. Associations between 25(OH)D levels and IL-8, various inflammatory factors, and clinical characteristics were analyzed, and the diagnostic value of serum 25(OH)D levels was assessed. Results Serum 25(OH)D level was significantly lower in the BMP group (p < 0.05). Serum IL-8 level, percentages of neutrophils, and some inflammatory factors were significantly higher in the BMP group (p < 0.05). Serum 25(OH)D level was negatively correlated with IL-8, neutrophil percentage, various inflammatory factors (all p < 0.05). It was also associated with lobular infection, pleural effusion, mechanical ventilation, and mycoplasma 2,063/2,064 mutation (all p < 0.05). In multivariate regression analysis 25(OH)D [odds ratio (OR) 0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.97-0.99, p = 0.003], IL-8 (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.00-1.04, p = 0.002), polylobular infection (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.17-2.64, p = 0.007), and MP DNA copies (OR 0.98, 95% CI 1.04-1.01, p = 0.022) were independent risk factors for BMPs, and the area under the curve value was 0.915 (95% CI 0.895-0.935). If the serum 25(OH)D level was <50 nmol/L, the respective percentages for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 97, 81, 78.9, and 97.6%. Conclusions Vitamin D deficiency is common in children with MPP, and 25(OH)D levels are closely associated with inflammatory factors and disease severity in children. The serum 25 (OH) D level of MPP children with BMPs was lower than that of children without BMPs. Serum 25(OH)D can be used as a marker for the diagnosis of MPP in children with BMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Kun
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Silei
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Sun
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huang Wenyan
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Huang Wenyan
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Ryan NJ, Brewer A, Chapwanya A, O'Farrelly C, Williams EJ, Evans ACO, Beltman ME, Meade KG. A preliminary analysis of the variation in circulating 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentrations in peri-partum spring-calving dairy cows. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:311-318. [PMID: 35789319 PMCID: PMC9873693 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09946-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D has a well-established role in regulating the intestinal absorption of minerals but its association with immunity has not been extensively explored in livestock. Although an optimal circulating concentration of 30 ng/ml 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D) is proposed for immune function, it is unknown if this vitamin D concentration is sufficient, particularly for cows under a pasture-based, spring-calving dairy production system. The objectives of this retrospective analysis were to assess circulating vitamin D concentrations in a total of 843 bio-banked serum samples from Holstein-Friesian dairy cows enrolled from 12 spring-calving, pasture-based dairy farms in Ireland. Mean 25(OH)D concentrations were 36.3 ng/ml at calving, 30.7 ng/ml at 7 days post-partum (DPP), and 38.3 ng/ml at 21 DPP. However, mean concentrations masked significant inter-farm and inter-individual variation (P < 0.05). In fact, the proportion of cows with vitamin D insufficiency of < 30 ng/ml was found to be 33.8%, 55.5% and 19.5% at each time point, respectively. In addition, 25(OH)D concentrations correlated positively with immune cell populations (monocytes and lymphocytes) and negatively with blood urea and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) at 7 DPP. This is the first report of 25(OH)D concentrations in pasture-based peripartum dairy cows and we show a high degree of variation across farms and between individual animals. Sub-optimal concentrations of vitamin D in some post-partum cows may predispose cattle to multiple metabolic or infectious diseases, and therefore further work is now warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Ryan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Amy Brewer
- Teagasc, Animal & Grassland Research Centre, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - Aspinas Chapwanya
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St Kitts and Nevis, West Indies, Basseterre, Saint Kitts And Nevis
| | - Cliona O'Farrelly
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Erin J Williams
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies & Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - Alexander C O Evans
- School of Agriculture & Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Marijke E Beltman
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Kieran G Meade
- School of Agriculture & Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
- Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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