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Cox DTC, Gaston KJ. Cathemerality: a key temporal niche. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:329-347. [PMID: 37839797 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Given the marked variation in abiotic and biotic conditions between day and night, many species specialise their physical activity to being diurnal or nocturnal, and it was long thought that these strategies were commonly fairly fixed and invariant. The term 'cathemeral', was coined in 1987, when Tattersall noted activity in a Madagascan primate during the hours of both daylight and darkness. Initially thought to be rare, cathemerality is now known to be a quite widespread form of time partitioning amongst arthropods, fish, birds, and mammals. Herein we provide a synthesis of present understanding of cathemeral behaviour, arguing that it should routinely be included alongside diurnal and nocturnal strategies in schemes that distinguish and categorise species across taxa according to temporal niche. This synthesis is particularly timely because (i) the study of animal activity patterns is being revolutionised by new and improved technologies; (ii) it is becoming apparent that cathemerality covers a diverse range of obligate to facultative forms, each with their own common sets of functional traits, geographic ranges and evolutionary history; (iii) daytime and nighttime activity likely plays an important but currently neglected role in temporal niche partitioning and ecosystem functioning; and (iv) cathemerality may have an important role in the ability of species to adapt to human-mediated pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T C Cox
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Kevin J Gaston
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
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Jia J, Fang Y, Li X, Song K, Xie W, Bu C, Sun Y. Temporal Activity Patterns of Sympatric Species in the Temperate Coniferous Forests of the Eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071129. [PMID: 37048385 PMCID: PMC10093433 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporal niche partitioning is an important strategy for sympatric species or populations when utilizing limited resources while minimizing competition. Different resource availability across seasons may also influence the intensity of competition, resulting in a varied temporal niche partitioning pattern between species. These competitive interactions are important drivers for the formation of biodiversity patterns and species coexistence on the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. To clarify these interspecies relationships among sympatric species, we carried out a camera trap survey from 2017 to 2020. We deployed 60 camera traps in the temperate coniferous forests of the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. We analyzed the daily activity patterns of birds and mammals to reveal the temporal niches and seasonal relationships among the species-specific activity rhythms. The results are summarized as follows: (1) Eight major species, including mammals and birds, have different temporal peak activity rhythms to reduce intense competition for resources. (2) The activity rhythm of a species varies seasonally, and the competition among species is more intense in the warm season than in the cold season. (3) Among 15 pairs of competitor species, seven pairs had significantly different coefficients, with higher winter values than summer values, perhaps due to the abundance of resources in summer and the scarcity of resources in winter causing intensified competition. Among the predators and prey, the summertime coefficients were higher than those in winter, perhaps due to the need to replenish energy during the summer breeding season. The main purpose of animals in winter is to survive the harsh environment. Our results provide important information on temporal and interspecies relationships and contribute to a better understanding of species-coexistence mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Jia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yun Fang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xinhai Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kai Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wendong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Changli Bu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuehua Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Correspondence:
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Akrim F, Mahmood T, Belant JL, Nadeem MS, Qasim S, Dhendup T, Fatima H, Bukhari SA, Aslam A, Younis H, Rafique A, Subhani ZA, Hashmi SA, Munawar N. Niche partitioning by sympatric civets in the Himalayan foothills of Pakistan. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14741. [PMID: 36846462 PMCID: PMC9951805 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Niche overlap between sympatric species can indicate the extent of interspecific competition. Sympatric competing species can exhibit spatial, temporal, and dietary adjustments to reduce competition. We investigated spatial, temporal, and dietary niche overlap of sympatric Asian palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus) and small Indian civet ( Viverricula indica), in and around Pir Lasura National Park, Pakistan. We used remote cameras to determine the frequency and timing of detections to estimate spatial and temporal overlap, and prey remains from scats to estimate dietary overlap. We collected scat samples of Asian palm civet (n = 108) and small Indian civet (n = 44) for dietary analysis. We found low spatial (Oij = 0.32) and temporal (Δ = 0.39) overlap, but high dietary niche overlap (0.9) between these two civet species. Both civet species were detected at only 11 camera sites and small Indian civets were detected most frequently during 2:00-5:00 h and 8:00-10:00 h, whereas Asian palm civets detections were greatest during 20:00-2:00 h. The overall niche breadth of Asian palm civet was slightly narrower (L = 9.69, Lst = 0.31) than that of the small Indian civet (L = 10, Lst = 0.52). We identified 27 dietary items (15 plant, 12 animal) from scats of Asian palm civet including Himalayan pear (Pyrus pashia; 27%), Indian gerbil (Tatera indica; 10%), Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta; 4%), and insects (5%). Scat analysis of small Indian civets revealed 17 prey items (eight plant, nine animal) including Himalayan pear (24%), domestic poultry (15%), Indian gerbil (11%), and house mouse (Mus musculus; 5%). Both civet species consumed fruits of cultivated orchard species. Spatial and temporal partitioning of landscapes containing diverse foods appears to facilitate coexistence between Asian palm civets and small Indian civets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraz Akrim
- Department of Zoology, University of Kotli, Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Mahmood
- Department of Wildlife Management, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan,Department of Zoology Wildlife and Fisheries, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Jerrold L. Belant
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Muhammad Sajid Nadeem
- Department of Zoology Wildlife and Fisheries, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Siddiqa Qasim
- Department of Wildlife Management, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Tashi Dhendup
- Wildlife Biology Program, Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Hira Fatima
- Department of Wildlife & Ecology, University of Okara, Okara, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Syed Afaq Bukhari
- Department of Zoology, University of Kotli, Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Asad Aslam
- Department of Zoology, University of Kotli, Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Humera Younis
- Department of Zoology, University of Kotli, Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Aamish Rafique
- Department of Zoology, University of Kotli, Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Zahid Ahmed Subhani
- Department of Zoology, University of Kotli, Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
| | | | - Nadeem Munawar
- Department of Wildlife Management, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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Gottwald J, Royauté R, Becker M, Geitz T, Höchst J, Lampe P, Leister L, Lindner K, Maier J, Rösner S, Schabo DG, Freisleben B, Brandl R, Müller T, Farwig N, Nauss T. Classifying the activity states of small vertebrates using automated
VHF
telemetry. Methods Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.14037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jannis Gottwald
- Department of Geography Philipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Raphaël Royauté
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung Frankfurt (Main) Germany
| | - Marcel Becker
- Department of Biology Philipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Tobias Geitz
- Department of Biology Philipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Jonas Höchst
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science Philipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Patrick Lampe
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science Philipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Lea Leister
- Department of Geography Philipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Kim Lindner
- Department of Biology Philipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Julia Maier
- Department of Geography Philipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Sascha Rösner
- Department of Biology Philipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Dana G. Schabo
- Department of Biology Philipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Bernd Freisleben
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science Philipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Roland Brandl
- Department of Biology Philipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung Frankfurt (Main) Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences Goethe University Frankfurt Frankfurt (Main) Germany
| | - Nina Farwig
- Department of Biology Philipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Thomas Nauss
- Department of Geography Philipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
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