1
|
Juraeva M, Kang DJ. Mixing Performance of a Passive Micromixer Based on Split-to-Circulate (STC) Flow Characteristics. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:773. [PMID: 38930743 PMCID: PMC11205592 DOI: 10.3390/mi15060773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
We propose a novel passive micromixer leveraging STC (split-to-circulate) flow characteristics and analyze its mixing performance comprehensively. Three distinct designs incorporating submerged circular walls were explored to achieve STC flow characteristics, facilitating flow along a convex surface and flow impingement on a concave surface. Across a broad Reynolds number range (0.1 to 80), the present micromixer substantially enhances mixing, with a degree of mixing (DOM) consistently exceeding 0.84. Particularly, the mixing enhancement is prominent within the low and intermediate range of Reynolds numbers (0.1
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dong-Jin Kang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyoungsan 38541, Republic of Korea;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lu Y, Tan W, Mu S, Zhu G. Vortex-Enhanced Microfluidic Chip for Efficient Mixing and Particle Capturing Combining Acoustics with Inertia. Anal Chem 2024; 96:3859-3869. [PMID: 38318710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Vortex-based microfluidics has received significant attention for its unique characteristics of high efficiency, flexible control, and label-free properties for the past decades. Herein, we present a vortex-based acousto-inertial chip that allows both fluid and particle manipulation within a significantly wider flow range and lower excitation voltage. Composed of contraction-expansion array structures and vibrating microstructures combined with bubbles and sharp edges, such a configuration results in more vigorous vortical fluid motions. The overall improvement in device performance comes from the synergistic effect of acoustics and inertia, as well as the positive feedback loop formed by vibrating bubbles and sharp edges. We characterize flow patterns in the microchannels by fluorescence particle tracer experiments and uncover single- and double-vortex modes over a range of sample flow rates and excitation voltages. On this basis, the ability of rapid and efficient sample homogenization up to a flow rate of 200 μL/min under an excitation voltage of 15 Vpp is verified by a two-fluid fluorescence mixing experiment. Moreover, the recirculation motion of particles in microvortices is investigated by using a high-speed imaging system. We also quantitatively measure the particle velocity variation on the trajectory and illustrate the capturing mechanism, which results from the interaction of the microvortices, particle dynamics, and composite microstructure perturbations. Further utilizing the shear forces derived by microvortices, our acousto-inertial chip is demonstrated to lysis red blood cells (RBCs) in a continuous, reagent-free manner. The high controllability and multifunction of this technology allow for the development of multistep miniaturized "lab-on-chip" analytical systems, which could significantly broaden the application of microvortex technology in biological, chemical, and clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Wei Tan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Shuoshuo Mu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Guorui Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huanbutta K, Sriamornsak P, Suwanpitak K, Klinchuen N, Deebugkum T, Teppitak V, Sangnim T. Key Fabrications of Chitosan Nanoparticles for Effective Drug Delivery Using Flow Chemistry Reactors. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:7889-7900. [PMID: 38146468 PMCID: PMC10749571 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s433756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chitosan nanoparticles have garnered considerable interest in the field of drug delivery owing to their distinctive properties, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, low toxicity, and ability to encapsulate a wide range of drugs. However, the conventional methods (eg, the drop method) for synthesizing chitosan nanoparticles often face limitations in regard to controlling the particle size, morphology, and scalability, hindering their extensive application in drug delivery systems. To overcome these challenges, this study explores using a novel flow chemistry reactor design for fabricating clindamycin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles. Methods By varying two critical operating parameters of flow chemistry, namely, the flow rate ratio and total flow rate, the impact of these parameters on the properties of chitosan nanoparticles is investigated using a central composite experimental design. Results The optimized conditions for nanoparticle preparation yielded remarkable results, with chitosan nanoparticles exhibiting a small size of 371.60 nm and an extremely low polydispersity index of 0.042. Furthermore, using novel design flow chemistry reactor, the productivity of chitosan nanoparticles was estimated to be 25,402.17 mg/min, which was ~12.71 times higher than that obtained via batch synthesis. Conclusion The findings of this study indicate that the use of novel design flow chemistry reactor is promising for synthesizing clindamycin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles and other polymeric nanoparticles intended for drug delivery applications. This is primarily attributed to their ability to produce nanoparticles with a considerably reduced particle size distribution and smaller overall size. The demonstrated high productivity of this technique suggests the potential for industrial-scale nanoparticle manufacturing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kampanart Huanbutta
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Rangsit University, Pathum Thani, 12000, Thailand
| | - Pornsak Sriamornsak
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, 73000, Thailand
- Academy of Science, the Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, 10300, Thailand
| | - Kittipat Suwanpitak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, 20131, Thailand
| | - Nattapat Klinchuen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, 20131, Thailand
| | - Thanapat Deebugkum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, 20131, Thailand
| | - Vasanchai Teppitak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, 20131, Thailand
| | - Tanikan Sangnim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, 20131, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Juraeva M, Kang DJ. Design and Mixing Analysis of a Passive Micromixer Based on Curly Baffles. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1795. [PMID: 37763958 PMCID: PMC10535907 DOI: 10.3390/mi14091795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
A novel passive micromixer based on curly baffles is proposed and optimized through the signal-to-noise analysis of various design parameters. The mixing performance of the proposed design was evaluated across a wide Reynolds number range, from 0.1 to 80. Through the analysis, the most influential parameter was identified, and its value was found to be constant regardless of the mixing mechanism. The optimized design, refined using the signal-to-noise analysis, demonstrated a significant enhancement of mixing performance, particularly in the low Reynolds number range (Re< 10). The design set obtained at the diffusion dominance range shows the highest degree of mixing (DOM) in the low Reynolds number range of Re< 10, while the design set optimized for the convection dominance range exhibited the least pressure drop across the entire Reynolds number spectrum (Re< 80). The present design approach proved to be a practical tool for identifying the most influential design parameter and achieving excellent mixing and pressure drop characteristics. The enhancement is mainly due to the curvature of the most influential design parameter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dong-Jin Kang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Birtek MT, Alseed MM, Sarabi MR, Ahmadpour A, Yetisen AK, Tasoglu S. Machine learning-augmented fluid dynamics simulations for micromixer educational module. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2023; 17:044101. [PMID: 37425484 PMCID: PMC10329477 DOI: 10.1063/5.0146375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Micromixers play an imperative role in chemical and biomedical systems. Designing compact micromixers for laminar flows owning a low Reynolds number is more challenging than flows with higher turbulence. Machine learning models can enable the optimization of the designs and capabilities of microfluidic systems by receiving input from a training library and producing algorithms that can predict the outcomes prior to the fabrication process to minimize development cost and time. Here, an educational interactive microfluidic module is developed to enable the design of compact and efficient micromixers at low Reynolds regimes for Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. The optimization of Newtonian fluids designs was based on a machine learning model, which was trained by simulating and calculating the mixing index of 1890 different micromixer designs. This approach utilized a combination of six design parameters and the results as an input data set to a two-layer deep neural network with 100 nodes in each hidden layer. A trained model was achieved with R2 = 0.9543 that can be used to predict the mixing index and find the optimal parameters needed to design micromixers. Non-Newtonian fluid cases were also optimized using 56700 simulated designs with eight varying input parameters, reduced to 1890 designs, and then trained using the same deep neural network used for Newtonian fluids to obtain R2 = 0.9063. The framework was subsequently used as an interactive educational module, demonstrating a well-structured integration of technology-based modules such as using artificial intelligence in the engineering curriculum, which can highly contribute to engineering education.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Tugrul Birtek
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - M. Munzer Alseed
- Boğaziçi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul 34684, Turkey
| | | | - Abdollah Ahmadpour
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Ali K. Yetisen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Juraeva M, Kang DJ. Mixing Performance of a Passive Micromixer Based on Multiple Baffles and Submergence Scheme. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:mi14051078. [PMID: 37241701 DOI: 10.3390/mi14051078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A novel passive micromixer based on multiple baffles and a submergence scheme was designed, and its mixing performance was simulated over a wide range of Reynolds numbers ranging from 0.1 to 80. The degree of mixing (DOM) at the outlet and the pressure drop between the inlets and outlet were used to assess the mixing performance of the present micromixer. The mixing performance of the present micromixer showed a significant enhancement over a wide range of Reynolds numbers (0.1 ≤ Re ≤ 80). The DOM was further enhanced by using a specific submergence scheme. At low Reynolds numbers (Re < 5), submergence scheme Sub24 produced the highest DOM, approximately 0.57, which was 1.38 times higher than the case with no submergence. This enhancement was due to the fluid flowing from or toward the submerged space, creating strong upward or downward flow at the cross-section. At high Reynolds numbers (Re > 10), the DOM of Sub1234 became the highest, reaching approximately 0.93 for Re = 20, which was 2.75 times higher than the case with no submergence. This enhancement was caused by a large vortex formed across the whole cross-section, causing vigorous mixing between the two fluids. The large vortex dragged the interface between the two fluids along the vortex perimeter, elongating the interface. The amount of submergence was optimized in terms of DOM, and it was independent of the number of mixing units. The optimum submergence values were 90 μm for Sub24 and Re = 1, 100 μm for Sub234 and Re = 5, and 70 μm for Sub1234 and Re = 20.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makhsuda Juraeva
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyoungsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jin Kang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyoungsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
K K, Kandasamy SK, P S, Alodhayb A. Numerical simulation and parameter optimization of micromixer device using fuzzy logic technique. RSC Adv 2023; 13:4504-4522. [PMID: 36760289 PMCID: PMC9893881 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07992e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is the design, simulation, and performance optimization of a micromixer device using the three input parameters of device structure, flow rate and diffusion coefficient of gold nanoparticles while the output parameters are concentration, velocity, pressure and time domain analysis. Each input parameter in the microfluidic chip influences the system output. The data were gathered through extensive study in order to optimize the diffusion control. The fuzzy logic approach is used to optimize the performance of the device with respect to the input parameters. In this study, we have chosen three different flow rates of 1, 5, and 10 μL min-1, three different diffusion coefficient values of low, average and high diffusivity gold nanofluids (15.3 e-12, 15.3 e-11, 15.3 e-10 m2 s-1) which are used in three different shapes of micromixer device, Y-shaped straight channel micromixer, herringbone-shaped micromixer, and herringbone shape with obstacles micromixer, and we measured the output performance, such as mixing efficiency, pressure drop, concentration across the microchannel and time domain. The data were obtained by fuzzy logic analysis and it was found that the herringbone shape with obstacles micromixer shows 100% mixing efficiency within a short duration of 5000 μm, and complete mixing was achieved within 10 seconds with a low pressure drop of 128 Pa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan K
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, M.Kumarasamy College of Engineering Karur Tamil Nadu India
| | - Senthil Kumar Kandasamy
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Kongu Engineering College Erode Tamil Nadu India
| | - Saravanan P
- Department of Self Development Skills, CFY Deanship, King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alodhayb
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Traditional vs. Microfluidic Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031875. [PMID: 36768199 PMCID: PMC9916368 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Microfluidics provides a precise synthesis of micro-/nanostructures for various applications, including bioengineering and medicine. In this review article, traditional and microfluidic synthesis methods of zinc oxide (ZnO) are compared concerning particle size distribution, morphology, applications, reaction parameters, used reagents, and microfluidic device materials. Challenges of traditional synthesis methods are reviewed in a manner where microfluidic approaches may overcome difficulties related to synthesis precision, bulk materials, and reproducibility.
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang W, Li M, Xu C. Vertical chaotic mixing of oscillating feedback micromixer in passive mode. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.118127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
10
|
Juraeva M, Kang DJ. Mixing Performance of the Modified Tesla Micromixer with Tip Clearance. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1375. [PMID: 36143998 PMCID: PMC9502868 DOI: 10.3390/mi13091375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A passive micromixer based on the modified Tesla mixing unit was designed by embedding tip clearance above the wedge-shape divider, and its mixing performance was simulated over a wider range of the Reynolds numbers from 0.1 to 80. The mixing performance was evaluated in terms of the degree of mixing (DOM) at the outlet and the required pressure load between inlet and outlet. The height of tip clearance was varied from 40 μm to 80 μm, corresponding to 25% to 33% of the micromixer depth. The numerical results show that the mixing enhancement by the tip clearance is noticeable over a wide range of the Reynolds numbers Re < 50. The height of tip clearance is optimized in terms of the DOM, and the optimum value is roughly h = 60 μm. It corresponds to 33% of the present micromixer depth. The mixing enhancement in the molecular diffusion regime of mixing, Re ≤ 1, is obtained by drag and connection of the interface in the two sub-streams of each Tesla mixing unit. It appears as a wider interface in the tip clearance zone. In the intermediate range of the Reynolds number, 1 < Re ≤ 50, the mixing enhancement is attributed to the interaction of the flow through the tip clearance and the secondary flow in the vortex zone of each Tesla mixing unit. When the Reynolds number is larger than about 50, vortices are formed at various locations and drive the mixing in the modified Tesla micromixer. For the Reynolds number of Re = 80, a pair of vortices is formed around the inlet and outlet of each Tesla mixing unit, and it plays a role as a governing mechanism in the convection-dominant regime of mixing. This vortex pattern is little affected as long as the tip clearance remains smaller than about h = 70 μm. The DOM at the outlet is little enhanced by the presence of tip clearance for the Reynolds numbers Re ≥ 50. The tip clearance contributes to reducing the required pressure load for the same value of the DOM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dong-Jin Kang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyoungsan 38541, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lee J, Lee S, Lee M, Prakash R, Kim H, Cho G, Lee J. Enhancing Mixing Performance in a Rotating Disk Mixing Chamber: A Quantitative Investigation of the Effect of Euler and Coriolis Forces. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13081218. [PMID: 36014138 PMCID: PMC9416410 DOI: 10.3390/mi13081218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Lab-on-a-CD (LOCD) is gaining importance as a diagnostic platform due to being low-cost, easy-to-use, and portable. During LOCD usage, mixing and reaction are two processes that play an essential role in biochemical applications such as point-of-care diagnosis. In this paper, we numerically and experimentally investigate the effects of the Coriolis and Euler forces in the mixing chamber during the acceleration and deceleration of a rotating disk. The mixing performance is investigated under various conditions that have not been reported, such as rotational condition, chamber aspect ratio at a constant volume, and obstacle arrangement in the chamber. During disk acceleration and deceleration, the Euler force difference in the radial direction causes rotating flows, while the Coriolis force induces perpendicular vortices. Increasing the maximum rotational velocity improves the maximum rotational displacement, resulting in better mixing performance. A longer rotational period increases the interfacial area between solutions and enhances mixing. Mixing performance also improves when there is a substantial difference between Euler forces at the inner and outer radii. Furthermore, adding obstacles in the angular direction also passively promotes or inhibits mixing by configuration. This quantitative investigation provides valuable information for designing and developing high throughput and multiplexed point-of-care LOCDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihyeong Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (J.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Saebom Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (J.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Minki Lee
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea;
| | - Ritesh Prakash
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
- Research Engineering Center for R2R Printed Flexible, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Hyejeong Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea;
| | - Gyoujin Cho
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
- Research Engineering Center for R2R Printed Flexible, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Department of Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Correspondence: (G.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Jinkee Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (J.L.); (S.L.)
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
- Correspondence: (G.C.); (J.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lv H, Chen X. Novel Study on the Mixing Mechanism of Active Micromixers Based on Surface Acoustic Waves. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Honglin Lv
- College of Transportation, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong 264025, China
| | - Xueye Chen
- College of Transportation, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong 264025, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Juraeva M, Kang DJ. Mixing Enhancement of a Passive Micromixer with Submerged Structures. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13071050. [PMID: 35888870 PMCID: PMC9317626 DOI: 10.3390/mi13071050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A passive micromixer combined with two different mixing units was designed by submerging planar structures, and its mixing performance was simulated over a wider range of the Reynolds numbers from 0.1 to 80. The two submerged structures are a Norman window and rectangular baffles. The mixing performance was evaluated in terms of the degree of mixing (DOM) at the outlet and the required pressure load between inlet and outlet. The amount of submergence was varied from 30 μm to 70 μm, corresponding to 25% to 58% of the micromixer depth. The enhancement of mixing performance is noticeable over a wide range of the Reynolds numbers. When the Reynolds number is 10, the DOM is improved by 182% from that of no submergence case, and the required pressure load is reduced by 44%. The amount of submergence is shown to be optimized in terms of the DOM, and the optimum value is about 40 μm. This corresponds to a third of the micromixer depth. The effects of the submerged structure are most significant in the mixing regime of convection dominance from Re = 5 to 80. In a circular passage along the Norman window, one of the two Dean vortices burst into the submerged space, promoting mixing in the cross-flow direction. The submerged baffles in the semi-circular mixing units generate a vortex behind the baffles that contributes to the mixing enhancement as well as reducing the required pressure load.
Collapse
|
14
|
Konoplev G, Agafonova D, Bakhchova L, Mukhin N, Kurachkina M, Schmidt MP, Verlov N, Sidorov A, Oseev A, Stepanova O, Kozyrev A, Dmitriev A, Hirsch S. Label-Free Physical Techniques and Methodologies for Proteins Detection in Microfluidic Biosensor Structures. Biomedicines 2022; 10:207. [PMID: 35203416 PMCID: PMC8868674 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins in biological fluids (blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid) are important biomarkers of various pathological conditions. Protein biomarkers detection and quantification have been proven to be an indispensable diagnostic tool in clinical practice. There is a growing tendency towards using portable diagnostic biosensor devices for point-of-care (POC) analysis based on microfluidic technology as an alternative to conventional laboratory protein assays. In contrast to universally accepted analytical methods involving protein labeling, label-free approaches often allow the development of biosensors with minimal requirements for sample preparation by omitting expensive labelling reagents. The aim of the present work is to review the variety of physical label-free techniques of protein detection and characterization which are suitable for application in micro-fluidic structures and analyze the technological and material aspects of label-free biosensors that implement these methods. The most widely used optical and impedance spectroscopy techniques: absorption, fluorescence, surface plasmon resonance, Raman scattering, and interferometry, as well as new trends in photonics are reviewed. The challenges of materials selection, surfaces tailoring in microfluidic structures, and enhancement of the sensitivity and miniaturization of biosensor systems are discussed. The review provides an overview for current advances and future trends in microfluidics integrated technologies for label-free protein biomarkers detection and discusses existing challenges and a way towards novel solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgii Konoplev
- Faculty of Electronics, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (D.A.); (A.S.); (O.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Darina Agafonova
- Faculty of Electronics, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (D.A.); (A.S.); (O.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Liubov Bakhchova
- Institute for Automation Technology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany;
| | - Nikolay Mukhin
- Faculty of Electronics, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (D.A.); (A.S.); (O.S.); (A.K.)
- Department of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Brandenburg, 14770 Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany; (M.K.); (S.H.)
| | - Marharyta Kurachkina
- Department of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Brandenburg, 14770 Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany; (M.K.); (S.H.)
| | - Marc-Peter Schmidt
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Nikolay Verlov
- Molecular and Radiation Biophysics Division, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov, National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, 188300 Gatchina, Russia;
| | - Alexander Sidorov
- Faculty of Electronics, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (D.A.); (A.S.); (O.S.); (A.K.)
- Fuculty of Photonics, ITMO University, 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Aleksandr Oseev
- FEMTO-ST Institute, CNRS UMR-6174, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France;
| | - Oksana Stepanova
- Faculty of Electronics, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (D.A.); (A.S.); (O.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Andrey Kozyrev
- Faculty of Electronics, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (D.A.); (A.S.); (O.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Alexander Dmitriev
- Department of Ecological Physiology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Institute of Experimental Medicine” (FSBSI “IEM”), 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Soeren Hirsch
- Department of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Brandenburg, 14770 Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany; (M.K.); (S.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Juraeva M, Kang DJ. Mixing Performance of a Passive Micro-Mixer with Mixing Units Stacked in Cross Flow Direction. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12121530. [PMID: 34945380 PMCID: PMC8705926 DOI: 10.3390/mi12121530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A new passive micro-mixer with mixing units stacked in the cross flow direction was proposed, and its performance was evaluated numerically. The present micro-mixer consisted of eight mixing units. Each mixing unit had four baffles, and they were arranged alternatively in the cross flow and transverse direction. The mixing units were stacked in four different ways: one step, two step, four step, and eight step stacking. A numerical study was carried out for the Reynolds numbers from 0.5 to 50. The corresponding volume flow rate ranged from 6.33 μL/min to 633 μL/min. The mixing performance was analyzed in terms of the degree of mixing (DOM) and relative mixing energy cost (MEC). The numerical results showed a noticeable enhancement of the mixing performance compared with other micromixers. The mixing enhancement was achieved by two flow characteristics: baffle wall impingement by a stream of high concentration and swirl motion within the mixing unit. The baffle wall impingement by a stream of high concentration was observed throughout all Reynolds numbers. The swirl motion inside the mixing unit was observed in the cross flow direction, and became significant as the Reynolds number increased to larger than about five. The eight step stacking showed the best performance for Reynolds numbers larger than about two, while the two step stacking was better for Reynolds numbers less than about two.
Collapse
|