4
|
Prior O, Macarro C, Navarro V, Monreal C, Ligero M, Garcia-Ruiz A, Serna G, Simonetti S, Braña I, Vieito M, Escobar M, Capdevila J, Byrne AT, Dienstmann R, Toledo R, Nuciforo P, Garralda E, Grussu F, Bernatowicz K, Perez-Lopez R. Identification of Precise 3D CT Radiomics for Habitat Computation by Machine Learning in Cancer. Radiol Artif Intell 2024; 6:e230118. [PMID: 38294307 PMCID: PMC10982821 DOI: 10.1148/ryai.230118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Purpose To identify precise three-dimensional radiomics features in CT images that enable computation of stable and biologically meaningful habitats with machine learning for cancer heterogeneity assessment. Materials and Methods This retrospective study included 2436 liver or lung lesions from 605 CT scans (November 2010-December 2021) in 331 patients with cancer (mean age, 64.5 years ± 10.1 [SD]; 185 male patients). Three-dimensional radiomics were computed from original and perturbed (simulated retest) images with different combinations of feature computation kernel radius and bin size. The lower 95% confidence limit (LCL) of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to measure repeatability and reproducibility. Precise features were identified by combining repeatability and reproducibility results (LCL of ICC ≥ 0.50). Habitats were obtained with Gaussian mixture models in original and perturbed data using precise radiomics features and compared with habitats obtained using all features. The Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) was used to assess habitat stability. Biologic correlates of CT habitats were explored in a case study, with a cohort of 13 patients with CT, multiparametric MRI, and tumor biopsies. Results Three-dimensional radiomics showed poor repeatability (LCL of ICC: median [IQR], 0.442 [0.312-0.516]) and poor reproducibility against kernel radius (LCL of ICC: median [IQR], 0.440 [0.33-0.526]) but excellent reproducibility against bin size (LCL of ICC: median [IQR], 0.929 [0.853-0.988]). Twenty-six radiomics features were precise, differing in lung and liver lesions. Habitats obtained with precise features (DSC: median [IQR], 0.601 [0.494-0.712] and 0.651 [0.52-0.784] for lung and liver lesions, respectively) were more stable than those obtained with all features (DSC: median [IQR], 0.532 [0.424-0.637] and 0.587 [0.465-0.703] for lung and liver lesions, respectively; P < .001). In the case study, CT habitats correlated quantitatively and qualitatively with heterogeneity observed in multiparametric MRI habitats and histology. Conclusion Precise three-dimensional radiomics features were identified on CT images that enabled tumor heterogeneity assessment through stable tumor habitat computation. Keywords: CT, Diffusion-weighted Imaging, Dynamic Contrast-enhanced MRI, MRI, Radiomics, Unsupervised Learning, Oncology, Liver, Lung Supplemental material is available for this article. © RSNA, 2024 See also the commentary by Sagreiya in this issue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Prior
- From the Radiomics Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology,
Carrer de Natzaret 115–117, Barcelona 08035, Spain (O.P., C. Macarro, C.
Monreal, M.L., A.G.R., F.G., K.B., R.P.L.); Oncology Data Science Group, Vall
d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (V.N., R.D.); Molecular
Pathology Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
(G.S., S.S., P.N.); Department of Medical Oncology, Vall d’Hebron
University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain (I.B., M.V., E.G., J.C.); Molecular
Therapeutic Research Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology,
Barcelona, Spain (I.B., M.V., E.G., J.C.); Department of Radiology, Vall
d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain (M.E.); Biomakers and
Clonal Dynamics Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO),
Barcelona, Spain (R.T.); Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre
for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
(A.T.B.); and National Pre-clinical Imaging Centre, Dublin, Ireland
(A.T.B.)
| | - Carlos Macarro
- From the Radiomics Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology,
Carrer de Natzaret 115–117, Barcelona 08035, Spain (O.P., C. Macarro, C.
Monreal, M.L., A.G.R., F.G., K.B., R.P.L.); Oncology Data Science Group, Vall
d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (V.N., R.D.); Molecular
Pathology Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
(G.S., S.S., P.N.); Department of Medical Oncology, Vall d’Hebron
University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain (I.B., M.V., E.G., J.C.); Molecular
Therapeutic Research Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology,
Barcelona, Spain (I.B., M.V., E.G., J.C.); Department of Radiology, Vall
d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain (M.E.); Biomakers and
Clonal Dynamics Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO),
Barcelona, Spain (R.T.); Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre
for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
(A.T.B.); and National Pre-clinical Imaging Centre, Dublin, Ireland
(A.T.B.)
| | - Víctor Navarro
- From the Radiomics Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology,
Carrer de Natzaret 115–117, Barcelona 08035, Spain (O.P., C. Macarro, C.
Monreal, M.L., A.G.R., F.G., K.B., R.P.L.); Oncology Data Science Group, Vall
d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (V.N., R.D.); Molecular
Pathology Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
(G.S., S.S., P.N.); Department of Medical Oncology, Vall d’Hebron
University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain (I.B., M.V., E.G., J.C.); Molecular
Therapeutic Research Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology,
Barcelona, Spain (I.B., M.V., E.G., J.C.); Department of Radiology, Vall
d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain (M.E.); Biomakers and
Clonal Dynamics Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO),
Barcelona, Spain (R.T.); Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre
for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
(A.T.B.); and National Pre-clinical Imaging Centre, Dublin, Ireland
(A.T.B.)
| | - Camilo Monreal
- From the Radiomics Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology,
Carrer de Natzaret 115–117, Barcelona 08035, Spain (O.P., C. Macarro, C.
Monreal, M.L., A.G.R., F.G., K.B., R.P.L.); Oncology Data Science Group, Vall
d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (V.N., R.D.); Molecular
Pathology Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
(G.S., S.S., P.N.); Department of Medical Oncology, Vall d’Hebron
University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain (I.B., M.V., E.G., J.C.); Molecular
Therapeutic Research Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology,
Barcelona, Spain (I.B., M.V., E.G., J.C.); Department of Radiology, Vall
d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain (M.E.); Biomakers and
Clonal Dynamics Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO),
Barcelona, Spain (R.T.); Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre
for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
(A.T.B.); and National Pre-clinical Imaging Centre, Dublin, Ireland
(A.T.B.)
| | - Marta Ligero
- From the Radiomics Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology,
Carrer de Natzaret 115–117, Barcelona 08035, Spain (O.P., C. Macarro, C.
Monreal, M.L., A.G.R., F.G., K.B., R.P.L.); Oncology Data Science Group, Vall
d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (V.N., R.D.); Molecular
Pathology Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
(G.S., S.S., P.N.); Department of Medical Oncology, Vall d’Hebron
University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain (I.B., M.V., E.G., J.C.); Molecular
Therapeutic Research Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology,
Barcelona, Spain (I.B., M.V., E.G., J.C.); Department of Radiology, Vall
d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain (M.E.); Biomakers and
Clonal Dynamics Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO),
Barcelona, Spain (R.T.); Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre
for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
(A.T.B.); and National Pre-clinical Imaging Centre, Dublin, Ireland
(A.T.B.)
| | - Alonso Garcia-Ruiz
- From the Radiomics Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology,
Carrer de Natzaret 115–117, Barcelona 08035, Spain (O.P., C. Macarro, C.
Monreal, M.L., A.G.R., F.G., K.B., R.P.L.); Oncology Data Science Group, Vall
d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (V.N., R.D.); Molecular
Pathology Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
(G.S., S.S., P.N.); Department of Medical Oncology, Vall d’Hebron
University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain (I.B., M.V., E.G., J.C.); Molecular
Therapeutic Research Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology,
Barcelona, Spain (I.B., M.V., E.G., J.C.); Department of Radiology, Vall
d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain (M.E.); Biomakers and
Clonal Dynamics Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO),
Barcelona, Spain (R.T.); Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre
for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
(A.T.B.); and National Pre-clinical Imaging Centre, Dublin, Ireland
(A.T.B.)
| | - Garazi Serna
- From the Radiomics Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology,
Carrer de Natzaret 115–117, Barcelona 08035, Spain (O.P., C. Macarro, C.
Monreal, M.L., A.G.R., F.G., K.B., R.P.L.); Oncology Data Science Group, Vall
d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (V.N., R.D.); Molecular
Pathology Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
(G.S., S.S., P.N.); Department of Medical Oncology, Vall d’Hebron
University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain (I.B., M.V., E.G., J.C.); Molecular
Therapeutic Research Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology,
Barcelona, Spain (I.B., M.V., E.G., J.C.); Department of Radiology, Vall
d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain (M.E.); Biomakers and
Clonal Dynamics Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO),
Barcelona, Spain (R.T.); Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre
for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
(A.T.B.); and National Pre-clinical Imaging Centre, Dublin, Ireland
(A.T.B.)
| | - Sara Simonetti
- From the Radiomics Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology,
Carrer de Natzaret 115–117, Barcelona 08035, Spain (O.P., C. Macarro, C.
Monreal, M.L., A.G.R., F.G., K.B., R.P.L.); Oncology Data Science Group, Vall
d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (V.N., R.D.); Molecular
Pathology Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
(G.S., S.S., P.N.); Department of Medical Oncology, Vall d’Hebron
University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain (I.B., M.V., E.G., J.C.); Molecular
Therapeutic Research Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology,
Barcelona, Spain (I.B., M.V., E.G., J.C.); Department of Radiology, Vall
d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain (M.E.); Biomakers and
Clonal Dynamics Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO),
Barcelona, Spain (R.T.); Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre
for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
(A.T.B.); and National Pre-clinical Imaging Centre, Dublin, Ireland
(A.T.B.)
| | - Irene Braña
- From the Radiomics Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology,
Carrer de Natzaret 115–117, Barcelona 08035, Spain (O.P., C. Macarro, C.
Monreal, M.L., A.G.R., F.G., K.B., R.P.L.); Oncology Data Science Group, Vall
d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (V.N., R.D.); Molecular
Pathology Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
(G.S., S.S., P.N.); Department of Medical Oncology, Vall d’Hebron
University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain (I.B., M.V., E.G., J.C.); Molecular
Therapeutic Research Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology,
Barcelona, Spain (I.B., M.V., E.G., J.C.); Department of Radiology, Vall
d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain (M.E.); Biomakers and
Clonal Dynamics Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO),
Barcelona, Spain (R.T.); Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre
for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
(A.T.B.); and National Pre-clinical Imaging Centre, Dublin, Ireland
(A.T.B.)
| | - Maria Vieito
- From the Radiomics Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology,
Carrer de Natzaret 115–117, Barcelona 08035, Spain (O.P., C. Macarro, C.
Monreal, M.L., A.G.R., F.G., K.B., R.P.L.); Oncology Data Science Group, Vall
d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (V.N., R.D.); Molecular
Pathology Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
(G.S., S.S., P.N.); Department of Medical Oncology, Vall d’Hebron
University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain (I.B., M.V., E.G., J.C.); Molecular
Therapeutic Research Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology,
Barcelona, Spain (I.B., M.V., E.G., J.C.); Department of Radiology, Vall
d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain (M.E.); Biomakers and
Clonal Dynamics Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO),
Barcelona, Spain (R.T.); Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre
for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
(A.T.B.); and National Pre-clinical Imaging Centre, Dublin, Ireland
(A.T.B.)
| | - Manuel Escobar
- From the Radiomics Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology,
Carrer de Natzaret 115–117, Barcelona 08035, Spain (O.P., C. Macarro, C.
Monreal, M.L., A.G.R., F.G., K.B., R.P.L.); Oncology Data Science Group, Vall
d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (V.N., R.D.); Molecular
Pathology Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
(G.S., S.S., P.N.); Department of Medical Oncology, Vall d’Hebron
University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain (I.B., M.V., E.G., J.C.); Molecular
Therapeutic Research Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology,
Barcelona, Spain (I.B., M.V., E.G., J.C.); Department of Radiology, Vall
d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain (M.E.); Biomakers and
Clonal Dynamics Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO),
Barcelona, Spain (R.T.); Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre
for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
(A.T.B.); and National Pre-clinical Imaging Centre, Dublin, Ireland
(A.T.B.)
| | - Jaume Capdevila
- From the Radiomics Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology,
Carrer de Natzaret 115–117, Barcelona 08035, Spain (O.P., C. Macarro, C.
Monreal, M.L., A.G.R., F.G., K.B., R.P.L.); Oncology Data Science Group, Vall
d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (V.N., R.D.); Molecular
Pathology Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
(G.S., S.S., P.N.); Department of Medical Oncology, Vall d’Hebron
University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain (I.B., M.V., E.G., J.C.); Molecular
Therapeutic Research Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology,
Barcelona, Spain (I.B., M.V., E.G., J.C.); Department of Radiology, Vall
d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain (M.E.); Biomakers and
Clonal Dynamics Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO),
Barcelona, Spain (R.T.); Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre
for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
(A.T.B.); and National Pre-clinical Imaging Centre, Dublin, Ireland
(A.T.B.)
| | - Annette T. Byrne
- From the Radiomics Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology,
Carrer de Natzaret 115–117, Barcelona 08035, Spain (O.P., C. Macarro, C.
Monreal, M.L., A.G.R., F.G., K.B., R.P.L.); Oncology Data Science Group, Vall
d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (V.N., R.D.); Molecular
Pathology Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
(G.S., S.S., P.N.); Department of Medical Oncology, Vall d’Hebron
University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain (I.B., M.V., E.G., J.C.); Molecular
Therapeutic Research Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology,
Barcelona, Spain (I.B., M.V., E.G., J.C.); Department of Radiology, Vall
d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain (M.E.); Biomakers and
Clonal Dynamics Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO),
Barcelona, Spain (R.T.); Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre
for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
(A.T.B.); and National Pre-clinical Imaging Centre, Dublin, Ireland
(A.T.B.)
| | - Rodrigo Dienstmann
- From the Radiomics Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology,
Carrer de Natzaret 115–117, Barcelona 08035, Spain (O.P., C. Macarro, C.
Monreal, M.L., A.G.R., F.G., K.B., R.P.L.); Oncology Data Science Group, Vall
d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (V.N., R.D.); Molecular
Pathology Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
(G.S., S.S., P.N.); Department of Medical Oncology, Vall d’Hebron
University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain (I.B., M.V., E.G., J.C.); Molecular
Therapeutic Research Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology,
Barcelona, Spain (I.B., M.V., E.G., J.C.); Department of Radiology, Vall
d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain (M.E.); Biomakers and
Clonal Dynamics Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO),
Barcelona, Spain (R.T.); Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre
for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
(A.T.B.); and National Pre-clinical Imaging Centre, Dublin, Ireland
(A.T.B.)
| | - Rodrigo Toledo
- From the Radiomics Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology,
Carrer de Natzaret 115–117, Barcelona 08035, Spain (O.P., C. Macarro, C.
Monreal, M.L., A.G.R., F.G., K.B., R.P.L.); Oncology Data Science Group, Vall
d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (V.N., R.D.); Molecular
Pathology Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
(G.S., S.S., P.N.); Department of Medical Oncology, Vall d’Hebron
University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain (I.B., M.V., E.G., J.C.); Molecular
Therapeutic Research Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology,
Barcelona, Spain (I.B., M.V., E.G., J.C.); Department of Radiology, Vall
d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain (M.E.); Biomakers and
Clonal Dynamics Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO),
Barcelona, Spain (R.T.); Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre
for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
(A.T.B.); and National Pre-clinical Imaging Centre, Dublin, Ireland
(A.T.B.)
| | - Paolo Nuciforo
- From the Radiomics Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology,
Carrer de Natzaret 115–117, Barcelona 08035, Spain (O.P., C. Macarro, C.
Monreal, M.L., A.G.R., F.G., K.B., R.P.L.); Oncology Data Science Group, Vall
d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (V.N., R.D.); Molecular
Pathology Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
(G.S., S.S., P.N.); Department of Medical Oncology, Vall d’Hebron
University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain (I.B., M.V., E.G., J.C.); Molecular
Therapeutic Research Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology,
Barcelona, Spain (I.B., M.V., E.G., J.C.); Department of Radiology, Vall
d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain (M.E.); Biomakers and
Clonal Dynamics Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO),
Barcelona, Spain (R.T.); Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre
for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
(A.T.B.); and National Pre-clinical Imaging Centre, Dublin, Ireland
(A.T.B.)
| | - Elena Garralda
- From the Radiomics Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology,
Carrer de Natzaret 115–117, Barcelona 08035, Spain (O.P., C. Macarro, C.
Monreal, M.L., A.G.R., F.G., K.B., R.P.L.); Oncology Data Science Group, Vall
d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (V.N., R.D.); Molecular
Pathology Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
(G.S., S.S., P.N.); Department of Medical Oncology, Vall d’Hebron
University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain (I.B., M.V., E.G., J.C.); Molecular
Therapeutic Research Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology,
Barcelona, Spain (I.B., M.V., E.G., J.C.); Department of Radiology, Vall
d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain (M.E.); Biomakers and
Clonal Dynamics Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO),
Barcelona, Spain (R.T.); Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre
for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
(A.T.B.); and National Pre-clinical Imaging Centre, Dublin, Ireland
(A.T.B.)
| | - Francesco Grussu
- From the Radiomics Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology,
Carrer de Natzaret 115–117, Barcelona 08035, Spain (O.P., C. Macarro, C.
Monreal, M.L., A.G.R., F.G., K.B., R.P.L.); Oncology Data Science Group, Vall
d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (V.N., R.D.); Molecular
Pathology Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
(G.S., S.S., P.N.); Department of Medical Oncology, Vall d’Hebron
University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain (I.B., M.V., E.G., J.C.); Molecular
Therapeutic Research Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology,
Barcelona, Spain (I.B., M.V., E.G., J.C.); Department of Radiology, Vall
d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain (M.E.); Biomakers and
Clonal Dynamics Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO),
Barcelona, Spain (R.T.); Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre
for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
(A.T.B.); and National Pre-clinical Imaging Centre, Dublin, Ireland
(A.T.B.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|