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Shabanur Matada MS, Kuppuswamy GP, Sasi S, Velappa Jayaraman S, Nutalapati V, Senthil Kumar S, Sivalingam Y. Pyrene Derivative Incorporated Ni MOF as an Enzyme Mimic for Noninvasive Salivary Glucose Detection Toward Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:17219-17231. [PMID: 38561895 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c19431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate the detection of glucose in a noninvasive and nonenzymatic manner by utilizing an extended gate field-effect transistor (EGFET) based on the organic molecule pyrene phosphonic acid (PyP4OH8) incorporated nickel metal-organic framework (NiOM-MOF). The prepared electrode responds selectively to glucose instead of sucrose, fructose, maltose, ascorbic acid, and uric acid in a 1× phosphate buffer saline solution. Also, utilizing the scanning Kelvin probe system, the sensing electrode's work function (Φ) is measured to validate the glucose-sensing mechanism. The sensitivity, detection range, response time, limit of detection, and limit of quantification of the electrode are determined to be 24.5 μA mM-1 cm-2, 20 μM to 10 mM, less than 5 s, 2.73 μM, and 8.27 μM, respectively. Most interestingly, the developed electrode follows the Michaelis-Menten kinetics, and the calculated rate constant (km) 0.07 mM indicates a higher affinity of NiOM-MOF toward glucose. The real-time analysis has revealed that the prepared electrode is sensitive to detect glucose in real human saliva, and it can be an alternative device for the noninvasive detection of glucose. Overall, the outcomes of the EGFET studies demonstrate that the prepared electrodes are well-suited for expeditious detection of glucose levels in saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallikarjuna Swamy Shabanur Matada
- Laboratory of Sensors, Energy and Electronic Devices (Lab SEED), Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRMIST, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Guru Prasad Kuppuswamy
- Laboratory of Sensors, Energy and Electronic Devices (Lab SEED), Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRMIST, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Sheethal Sasi
- Laboratory of Sensors, Energy and Electronic Devices (Lab SEED), Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRMIST, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Surya Velappa Jayaraman
- Novel, Advanced, and Applied Materials (NAAM) Laboratory, Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRMIST, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Venkatramaiah Nutalapati
- Functional Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Shanmugam Senthil Kumar
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CSIR-CECRI) Campus, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630006, India
| | - Yuvaraj Sivalingam
- Laboratory of Sensors, Energy and Electronic Devices (Lab SEED), Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRMIST, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
- Sensors Lab, Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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2
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Pushparaj K, Catini A, Capuano R, Allegra V, Magna G, Antonelli G, Martinelli E, Agresti A, Pescetelli S, Sivalingam Y, Paolesse R, Di Natale C. Nonenzymatic Potentiometric Detection of Ascorbic Acid with Porphyrin/ZnO-Functionalized Laser-Induced Graphene as an Electrode of EGFET Sensors. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:10650-10659. [PMID: 38463246 PMCID: PMC10918774 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has emerged as a highly versatile material with significant potential in the development of electrochemical sensors. In this paper, we investigate the use of LIG and LIG functionalized with ZnO and porphyrins-ZnO as the gate electrodes of the extended gate field effect transistors (EGFETs). The resultant sensors exhibit remarkable sensitivity and selectivity, particularly toward ascorbic acid. The intrinsic sensitivity of LIG undergoes a notable enhancement through the incorporation of hybrid organic-inorganic materials. Among the variations tested, the LIG electrode coated with zinc tetraphenylporphyrin-capped ZnO nanoparticles demonstrates superior performance, reaching a limit of detection of approximately 3 nM. Furthermore, the signal ratio for 5 μM ascorbic acid relative to the same concentration of dopamine exceeds 250. The practical applicability of these sensors is demonstrated through the detection of ascorbic acid in real-world samples, specifically in a commercially available food supplement containing l-arginine. Notably, formulations with added vitamin C exhibit signals at least 25 times larger than those without, underscoring the sensors' capability to discern and quantify the presence of ascorbic acid in complex matrices. This research not only highlights the enhanced performance of LIG-based sensors through functionalization but also underscores their potential for practical applications in the analysis of vitamin-rich supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Pushparaj
- Department
of Electronic Engineering, University of
Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Alexandro Catini
- Department
of Electronic Engineering, University of
Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Capuano
- Department
of Electronic Engineering, University of
Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Allegra
- Department
of Electronic Engineering, University of
Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Magna
- Department
of Chemical Science and Technologies, University
of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianni Antonelli
- Department
of Electronic Engineering, University of
Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Martinelli
- Department
of Electronic Engineering, University of
Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Agresti
- Department
of Electronic Engineering, University of
Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Pescetelli
- Department
of Electronic Engineering, University of
Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Yuvaraj Sivalingam
- Department
of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute
of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Roberto Paolesse
- Department
of Chemical Science and Technologies, University
of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Corrado Di Natale
- Department
of Electronic Engineering, University of
Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
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AlQahtani HR, Al-Odayni ABM, Alhamed Y, Grell M. Bridged EGFET Design for the Rapid Screening of Sorbents as Sensitisers in Water-Pollution Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7554. [PMID: 37688010 PMCID: PMC10490669 DOI: 10.3390/s23177554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
We further simplify the most 'user-friendly' potentiometric sensor for waterborne analytes, the 'extended-gate field effect transistor' (EGFET). This is accomplished using a 'bridge' design, that links two separate water pools, a 'control gate' (CG) pool and a 'floating gate' (FG) pool, by a bridge filled with agar-agar hydrogel. We show electric communication between electrodes in the pools across the gel bridge to the gate of an LND150 FET. When loading the gel bridge with a sorbent that is known to act as a sensitiser for Cu2+ water pollution, namely, the ion exchanging zeolite 'clinoptilolite', the bridged EGFET acts as a potentiometric sensor to waterborne Cu2+. We then introduce novel sensitisers into the gel bridge, the commercially available resins PurometTM MTS9140 and MTS9200, which are sorbents for the extraction of mercury (Hg2+) pollution from water. We find a response of the bridged EGFET to Hg2+ water pollution, setting a template for the rapid screening of ion exchange resins that are readily available for a wide range of harmful (or precious) metal ions. We fit the potentiometric sensor response vs. pollutant concentration characteristics to the Langmuir-Freundlich (LF) model which is discussed in context with other ion-sensor characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Rasam AlQahtani
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdel-Basit M. Al-Odayni
- Engineer Abdullah Bugshan Research Chair for Dental and Oral Rehabilitation, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yusif Alhamed
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Martin Grell
- Llyfrgell Bangor, Ffordd Gwynedd, Bangor LL57 1DT, UK;
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Rahn KL, Peramune U, Zhang T, Anand RK. Label-Free Electrochemical Methods for Disease Detection. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2023; 16:49-69. [PMID: 36854209 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091622-085754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Label-free electrochemical biosensing leverages the advantages of label-free techniques, low cost, and fewer user steps, with the sensitivity and portability of electrochemical analysis. In this review, we identify four label-free electrochemical biosensing mechanisms: (a) blocking the electrode surface, (b) allowing greater access to the electrode surface, (c) changing the intercalation or electrostatic affinity of a redox probe to a biorecognition unit, and (d) modulating ion or electron transport properties due to conformational and surface charge changes. Each mechanism is described, recent advancements are summarized, and relative advantages and disadvantages of the techniques are discussed. Furthermore, two avenues for gaining further diagnostic information from label-free electrochemical biosensors, through multiplex analysis and incorporating machine learning, are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira L Rahn
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA;
| | - Umesha Peramune
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA;
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA;
| | - Robbyn K Anand
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA;
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Hyun TH, Cho WJ. High-Performance Potassium-Selective Biosensor Platform Based on Resistive Coupling of a-IGZO Coplanar-Gate Thin-Film Transistor. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076164. [PMID: 37047143 PMCID: PMC10094190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The potassium (K+) ion is an essential mineral for balancing body fluids and electrolytes in biological systems and regulating bodily function. It is associated with various disorders. Given that it exists at a low concentration in the human body and should be maintained at a precisely stable level, the development of highly efficient potassium-selective sensors is attracting considerable interest in the healthcare field. Herein, we developed a high-performance, potassium-selective field-effect transistor-type biosensor platform based on an amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide coplanar-gate thin-film transistor using a resistive coupling effect with an extended gate containing a potassium-selective membrane. The proposed sensor can detect potassium in KCl solutions with a high sensitivity of 51.9 mV/dec while showing a low sensitivity of <6.6 mV/dec for NaCl, CaCl2, and pH buffer solutions, indicating its high selectivity to potassium. Self-amplification through the resistive-coupling effect enabled an even greater potassium sensitivity of 597.1 mV/dec. Additionally, we ensured the stability and reliability of short- and long-term detection through the assessment of non-ideal behaviors, including hysteresis and drift effects. Therefore, the proposed potassium-sensitive biosensor platform is applicable to high-performance detection in a living body, with high sensitivity and selectivity for potassium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hwan Hyun
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20, Gwangun-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ju Cho
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20, Gwangun-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
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Si H, Huang G, Liao J, Fisher AC, Lin S. Light-Activated Interface Charge-Alternating Interaction on an Extended Gate Photoelectrode: A New Sensing Strategy for EGFET-Based Photoelectrochemical Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:11866-11874. [PMID: 36826809 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Integration of extended gate field-effect transistors (EGFET) and photoelectrochemical (PEC) measurement to construct highly sensitive sensors is an innovative research field that was proven feasible by our previous work. However, it remains a challenge on how to adjust the interaction between the extended gate and the analyte and study its influence on EGFET-based PEC sensors. Herein, a new sensing strategy was proposed by a mutual electrostatic interaction. Three-dimensional TiO2 and g-C3N4 core-shell heterojunction on flexible carbon cloth (TCN) was designed as the extended sensing gate. Tetracycline (TC) was also used as a model analyte, and it contains electron-donating groups (-NH2 and -OH) with negative charge. The designed TCN-extended sensing gate was negatively charged in the dark by introducing carbon vacancies with oxygen doping in the g-C3N4 shell, while it was positively charged under illustration due to the aggregation of photogenerated holes on the surface. Therefore, a light-activated PEC sensing platform for the sensitive and selective determination of tetracycline (TC) was demonstrated. Such a PEC sensor exhibited wide linear ranges within 100 pM to 1 μM and 1-100 μM with a low detection limit of 0.42 pM. Furthermore, the sensing platform possessed excellent selectivity, good reproducibility, and stability. The proposed sensing strategy in this work can expand the paradigm for developing a light-regulated FET-based PEC sensor by mutual electrostatic interaction, and we believe that this work will offer a new perspective for the design of interface interaction in PEC devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hewei Si
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in the South China Sea, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Gu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in the South China Sea, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Jianjun Liao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Adrian C Fisher
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, West Cambridge Site, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
| | - Shiwei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in the South China Sea, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
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Label-free and portable field-effect sensor for monitoring RT-LAMP products to detect SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater. Talanta 2022. [PMCID: PMC9637047 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has proven the need for developing reliable and affordable technologies to detect pathogens. Particularly, the detecting the genome in wastewater could be an indicator of the transmission rate to alert on new outbreaks. However, wastewater-based epidemiology remains a technological challenge to develop affordable technologies for sensing pathogens. In this work, we introduce a label-free and portable field-effect transistor (FET)-based sensor to detect N and ORF1ab genes of the SARS-CoV-2 genome. Our sensor integrates the reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) reaction as a cost-effective molecular detection exhibiting high specificity. The detection relies upon pH changes, due to the RT-LAMP reaction products, which are detected through a simple, but effective, extended-gate FET sensor (EGFET). We evaluate the proposed device by measuring real wastewater samples to detect the presence of SARS-CoV-2 genome, achieving a limit of detection of 0.31 × 10−3 ng/μL for end-point measurement. Moreover, we find the ability of the sensor to perform real-time-like analysis, showing that the RT-LAMP reaction provides a good response after 15 min for concentrations as low as 0.37 ng/μL. Hence, we show that our EGFET sensor offers a powerful tool to detect the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 genome with a naked-eye method, in a straightforward way than the conventional molecular methods for wastewater analysis.
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Time-Dependent Sensitivity Tunable pH Sensors Based on the Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Electric-Double-Layer Transistor. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810842. [PMID: 36142756 PMCID: PMC9503050 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we propose tunable pH sensors based on the electric-double-layer transistor (EDLT) with time-dependent sensitivity characteristics. The EDLT is able to modulate the drain current by using the mobile ions inside the electrolytic gate dielectric. This property allows the implementation of a device with sensitivity characteristics that are simply adjusted according to the measurement time. An extended gate-type, ion-sensitive, field-effect transistor consisting of a chitosan/Ta2O5 hybrid dielectric EDLT transducer, and an SnO2 sensing membrane, were fabricated to evaluate the sensing behavior at different buffer pH levels. As a result, we were able to achieve tunable sensitivity by only adjusting the measurement time by using a single EDLT and without additional gate electrodes. In addition, to demonstrate the unique sensing behavior of the time-dependent tunable pH sensors based on organic−inorganic hybrid EDLT, comparative sensors consisting of a normal FET with a SiO2 gate dielectric were prepared. It was found that the proposed pH sensors exhibit repeatable and stable sensing operations with drain current deviations <1%. Therefore, pH sensors using a chitosan electrolytic EDLT are suitable for biosensor platforms, possessing tunable sensitivity and high-reliability characteristics.
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