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Pla M, Burgas A, Carrion G, Hermoso V, Feliu P, Romero S, Casanovas P, Sainz de la Maza P, Arnau P, Pino J, Brotons L. Mapping drivers of change for biodiversity risk assessment to target conservation actions: Human frequentation in protected areas. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25312. [PMID: 38322964 PMCID: PMC10844254 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Mapping the drivers of change that pose negative pressures or threats to biodiversity can help to identify where biodiversity is most threatened and can be used to determine priority sites to target conservation actions. Overlapping drivers of change maps with distribution maps of sensitive species provides valuable information to identify where and when it would be better to target actions to minimize the risk. The overall aim of this study was to develop a methodology for the integration of risk mapping associated with high human frequentation to guide conservation actions in two case study: the Kentish plover (Charadrius alexandrinus) and Posidonia meadows (Posidonia oceanica), both sensitive to human frequentation. To achieve this, we used two types of geolocated mobile phone information from the STRAVA platform: mapped paths and roads number of visitors at hourly precisions and a sporting activities heatmap representative of a wider period, together with species ecological information and complementary human frequentation data. The final, monthly risk maps identified the areas for Kentish plover with null, low, moderate, high, very high risk attributed to different aspects of the breeding biology of the species, nests, nestlings, and adults. The risk thresholds for nests are lower than for nestlings and adults, thought nestlings were generally less sensitive to human frequentation than adults. Visitors number ranges between 250 and 700 approximately suppose a moderate risk for the three assessed periods, and more than 1200 visitors appeared to prevent the nesting of the species completely. The final risk maps for Posidonia meadows determine the areas with low, moderate, hight and very high risk for human marine activities. Human frequentation values in this case study are scaled between 0 and 1, the results shows that values above 0.1 imply a high risk for the species. Both types of information can be used to target concrete, spatially explicit actions to minimize the risk caused by human frequentation. Furthermore, the first case study would allow to adapt the target actions to the species breeding phenology. The proposed risk assessment workflow is flexible and may be adjusted to match the available information and eventually could be adapted to other conservation objectives arising from different threats. In addition, data gathered from mobile mobility applications show great potential to accurately identify human frequentation, both spatially and temporally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Pla
- CREAF, E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
- Forest Sciences and Technology Centre of Catalonia (CTFC), 25280 Solsona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Albert Burgas
- Aiguamolls de l’Empordà Natural Park, 17486 Castelló d'Empúries, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Gerard Carrion
- Cap de Creus Natural Park, 17489 El Port de la Selva, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Virgilio Hermoso
- Universidad de Sevilla, Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, 41011 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ponç Feliu
- Cap de Creus Natural Park, 17489 El Port de la Selva, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sergi Romero
- Aiguamolls de l’Empordà Natural Park, 17486 Castelló d'Empúries, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pilar Casanovas
- Department of Climate Action, Food and Rural Agenda, Catalan Government, 08038 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pau Sainz de la Maza
- Department of Climate Action, Food and Rural Agenda, Catalan Government, 08038 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pedro Arnau
- International Centre for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE-UPC), 08860 Castelldefels, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan Pino
- CREAF, E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lluís Brotons
- CREAF, E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
- Forest Sciences and Technology Centre of Catalonia (CTFC), 25280 Solsona, Catalonia, Spain
- CSIC, E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
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Hubbard T, Cove MV, Lafferty DJR. Human recreation impacts seasonal activity and occupancy of American black bears (Ursus americanus) across the anthropogenic-wildland interface. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12201. [PMID: 35842446 PMCID: PMC9287820 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15665-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protected areas serve an important role in wildlife conservation, yet most wildlife occur outside these areas, subject to varying degrees of human disturbance. In the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, American black bears (Ursus americanus), a highly mobile, opportunistic species, are common despite an extensive outdoor recreation industry with the potential to affect black bear spatial and temporal activity. We investigated how environmental and anthropogenic factors influence black bear occupancy, detection, and diel activity patterns across the anthropogenic-wildland interface before and after hibernation. Using 30 camera traps deployed across a rural-wildland interface, we captured black bears at 23 camera sites (~ 77%), which exhibited co-occurrence with humans at 10 sites (~ 33%), revealing that human presence and human population density exert negative effects on black bear seasonal occupancy. Bears were more nocturnal during the hunting season, before hibernation. Human recreational activity increased ~ 38% after hibernation, but bear diurnal activity also increased ~ 36%, except when cubs were present. Our results suggest bears prioritize avoiding humans spatially, rather than temporally, except during the hunting season and when cubs are present. Understanding black bear responses to human recreation patterns and environmental variation is essential for minimizing human-mediated disturbance, and fueling conservation efforts of large, charismatic carnivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tru Hubbard
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Science Lab, Department of Biology, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, MI, 49855, USA.
| | - Michael V Cove
- Mammalogy Unit, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC, 27601, USA
| | - Diana J R Lafferty
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Science Lab, Department of Biology, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, MI, 49855, USA
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