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Gallagher S, Josyula K, Rahul, Kruger U, Gong A, Song A, Eschelbach E, Crawford D, Pham T, Sweet R, Parsey C, Norfleet J, De S. Mechanical behavior of full-thickness burn human skin is rate-independent. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11096. [PMID: 38750077 PMCID: PMC11096406 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61556-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Skin tissue is recognized to exhibit rate-dependent mechanical behavior under various loading conditions. Here, we report that the full-thickness burn human skin exhibits rate-independent behavior under uniaxial tensile loading conditions. Mechanical properties, namely, ultimate tensile stress, ultimate tensile strain, and toughness, and parameters of Veronda-Westmann hyperelastic material law were assessed via uniaxial tensile tests. Univariate hypothesis testing yielded no significant difference (p > 0.01) in the distributions of these properties for skin samples loaded at three different rates of 0.3 mm/s, 2 mm/s, and 8 mm/s. Multivariate multiclass classification, employing a logistic regression model, failed to effectively discriminate samples loaded at the aforementioned rates, with a classification accuracy of only 40%. The median values for ultimate tensile stress, ultimate tensile strain, and toughness are computed as 1.73 MPa, 1.69, and 1.38 MPa, respectively. The findings of this study hold considerable significance for the refinement of burn care training protocols and treatment planning, shedding new light on the unique, rate-independent behavior of burn skin.
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Grants
- W911NF-17-2-0022 U.S. Army Futures Command, Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center STTC
- W911NF-17-2-0022 U.S. Army Futures Command, Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center STTC
- W911NF-17-2-0022 U.S. Army Futures Command, Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center STTC
- W911NF-17-2-0022 U.S. Army Futures Command, Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center STTC
- W912CG-20-2-0004 U.S. Army Futures Command, Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center STTC
- W912CG-20-2-0004 U.S. Army Futures Command, Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center STTC
- W912CG-20-2-0004 U.S. Army Futures Command, Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center STTC
- W912CG-20-2-0004 U.S. Army Futures Command, Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center STTC
- W912CG-20-2-0004 U.S. Army Futures Command, Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center STTC
- W912CG-20-2-0004 U.S. Army Futures Command, Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center STTC
- W911NF-17-2-0022 U.S. Army Futures Command, Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center STTC
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Affiliation(s)
- Samara Gallagher
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
- Center for Modeling, Simulation, and Imaging in Medicine, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Kartik Josyula
- Center for Modeling, Simulation, and Imaging in Medicine, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Rahul
- Center for Modeling, Simulation, and Imaging in Medicine, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.
| | - Uwe Kruger
- Center for Modeling, Simulation, and Imaging in Medicine, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Alex Gong
- Center for Research in Education and Simulation Technologies, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Agnes Song
- Center for Research in Education and Simulation Technologies, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Emily Eschelbach
- UW Medicine Regional Burn Center at Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Crawford
- UW Medicine Regional Burn Center at Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tam Pham
- UW Medicine Regional Burn Center at Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert Sweet
- Center for Research in Education and Simulation Technologies, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Conner Parsey
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command - Soldier Center, Simulation and Training Technology Center, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Jack Norfleet
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command - Soldier Center, Simulation and Training Technology Center, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Suvranu De
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
- Center for Modeling, Simulation, and Imaging in Medicine, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
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Rimal R, Muduli S, Desai P, Marquez AB, Möller M, Platzman I, Spatz J, Singh S. Vascularized 3D Human Skin Models in the Forefront of Dermatological Research. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303351. [PMID: 38277705 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
In vitro engineered skin models are emerging as an alternative platform to reduce and replace animal testing in dermatological research. Despite the progress made in recent years, considerable challenges still exist for the inclusion of diverse cell types within skin models. Blood vessels, in particular, are essential in maintaining tissue homeostasis and are one of many primary contributors to skin disease inception and progression. Substantial efforts in the past have allowed the successful fabrication of vascularized skin models that are currently utilized for disease modeling and drugs/cosmetics testing. This review first discusses the need for vascularization within tissue-engineered skin models, highlighting their role in skin grafting and disease pathophysiology. Second, the review spotlights the milestones and recent progress in the fabrication and utilization of vascularized skin models. Additionally, advances including the use of bioreactors, organ-on-a-chip devices, and organoid systems are briefly explored. Finally, the challenges and future outlook for vascularized skin models are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Rimal
- Max-Planck-Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- DWI Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Saradaprasan Muduli
- Max-Planck-Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Prachi Desai
- DWI Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrea Bonnin Marquez
- DWI Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Möller
- DWI Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ilia Platzman
- Max-Planck-Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials (IMSEAM), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Spatz
- Max-Planck-Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials (IMSEAM), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Max Planck School Matter to Life, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Smriti Singh
- Max-Planck-Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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3
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Pereira MN, Nogueira LL, Cunha-Filho M, Gratieri T, Gelfuso GM. Methodologies to Evaluate the Hair Follicle-Targeted Drug Delivery Provided by Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2002. [PMID: 37514188 PMCID: PMC10383440 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15072002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has been investigated for treatments of hair follicle disorders mainly because of the natural accumulation of solid nanoparticles in the follicular openings following a topical application, which provides a drug "targeting effect". Despite the promising results regarding the therapeutic efficacy of topically applied nanoparticles, the literature has often presented controversial results regarding the targeting of hair follicle potential of nanoformulations. A closer look at the published works shows that study parameters such as the type of skin model, skin sections analyzed, employed controls, or even the extraction methodologies differ to a great extent among the studies, producing either unreliable results or precluding comparisons altogether. Hence, the present study proposes to review different skin models and methods for quantitative and qualitative analysis of follicular penetration of nano-entrapped drugs and their influence on the obtained results, as a way of providing more coherent study protocols for the intended application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra N Pereira
- Laboratory of Food, Drug, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Luma L Nogueira
- Laboratory of Food, Drug, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Marcilio Cunha-Filho
- Laboratory of Food, Drug, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Tais Gratieri
- Laboratory of Food, Drug, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Guilherme M Gelfuso
- Laboratory of Food, Drug, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
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van Haasterecht L, Zhou M, Ma Y, Bartolini L, Van Mourik F, Van Zuijlen PPM, Groot ML. Visualizing dynamic three-dimensional changes of human reticular dermal collagen under mechanical strain. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2023; 9:035033. [PMID: 37054703 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/accc8e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
In clinical practice, plastic surgeons are often faced with large skin defects that are difficult to close primarily. Management of large skin wounds e.g. burns or traumatic lacerations requires knowledge of skin biomechanic properties. Research into skin microstructural adaptation to mechanical deformation has only been performed using static regimes due to technical limitations. Here, we combine uniaxial stretch tests with fast second harmonic generation imaging and we apply this for the first time to investigate dynamic collagen rearrangement in reticular human dermis.Ex vivohuman skin from the abdomen and upper thigh was simultaneously uniaxially stretched while either periodically visualizing 3D reorganization, or visualizing 2D changes in real time. We determined collagen alignment via orientation indices and found pronounced variability across samples. Comparing mean orientation indices at the different stages of the stress strain curves (toe, heel, linear) showed a significant increase in collagen alignment during the linear part of the mechanical response. We conclude that fast SHG imaging during uni-axial extension is a promising research tool for future studies on skin biomechanic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- L van Haasterecht
- LaserLab Amsterdam, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Burn Center, Red Cross Hospital, PO Box 1074, 1940 EB Beverwijk, The Netherlands
| | - M Zhou
- LaserLab Amsterdam, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Y Ma
- LaserLab Amsterdam, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Bartolini
- LaserLab Amsterdam, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F Van Mourik
- LaserLab Amsterdam, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P P M Van Zuijlen
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Burn Center, Red Cross Hospital, PO Box 1074, 1940 EB Beverwijk, The Netherlands
| | - M L Groot
- LaserLab Amsterdam, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Kruger U, Josyula K, Rahul, Kruger M, Ye H, Parsey C, Norfleet J, De S. A statistical machine learning approach linking molecular conformational changes to altered mechanical characteristics of skin due to thermal injury. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 141:105778. [PMID: 36965215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
This article develops statistical machine learning models to predict the mechanical properties of skin tissue subjected to thermal injury based on the Raman spectra associated with conformational changes of the molecules in the burned tissue. Ex vivo porcine skin tissue samples were exposed to controlled burn conditions at 200 °F for five different durations: (i) 10s, (ii) 20s, (iii) 30s, (iv) 40s, and (v) 50s. For each burn condition, Raman spectra of wavenumbers 500-2000 cm-1 were measured from the tissue samples, and tensile testing on the same samples yielded their material properties, including, ultimate tensile strain, ultimate tensile stress, and toughness. Partial least squares regression models were established such that the Raman spectra, describing conformational changes in the tissue, could accurately predict ultimate tensile stress, toughness, and ultimate tensile strain of the burned skin tissues with R2 values of 0.8, 0.8, and 0.7, respectively, using leave-two-out cross validation scheme. An independent assessment of the resultant models showed that amino acids, proteins & lipids, and amide III components of skin tissue significantly influence the prediction of the properties of the burned skin tissue. In contrast, amide I has a lesser but still noticeable effect. These results are consistent with similar observations found in the literature on the mechanical characterization of burned skin tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Kruger
- Center for Modeling, Simulation & Imaging in Medicine, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Kartik Josyula
- Center for Modeling, Simulation & Imaging in Medicine, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA; Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Rahul
- Center for Modeling, Simulation & Imaging in Medicine, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.
| | - Melanie Kruger
- Center for Modeling, Simulation & Imaging in Medicine, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA; Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Hanglin Ye
- Center for Modeling, Simulation & Imaging in Medicine, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Conner Parsey
- U.S. Army Futures Command, Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center STTC, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Jack Norfleet
- U.S. Army Futures Command, Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center STTC, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Suvranu De
- Center for Modeling, Simulation & Imaging in Medicine, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA; Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
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