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Shelomi M. Mitigation Strategies against Food Safety Contaminant Transmission from Black Soldier Fly Larva Bioconversion. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1590. [PMID: 38891637 PMCID: PMC11171339 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The black soldier fly larva, Hermetia illucens, can efficiently convert organic waste into biomatter for use in animal feed. This circularity comes with a risk of contaminating downstream consumers of the larval products with microbes, heavy metals, and other hazards potentially present in the initial substrate. This review examines research on mitigation techniques to manage these contaminants, from pretreatment of the substrate to post-treatment of the larvae. While much research has been done on such techniques, little of it focused on their effects on food safety contaminants. Cheap and low-technology heat treatment can reduce substrate and larval microbial load. Emptying the larval gut through starvation is understudied but promising. Black soldier fly larvae accumulate certain heavy metals like cadmium, and their ability to process certain hazards is unknown, which is why some government authorities are erring on the side of caution regarding how larval bioconversion can be used within feed production. Different substrates have different risks and some mitigation strategies may affect larval rearing performance and the final products negatively, so different producers will need to choose the right strategy for their system to balance cost-effectiveness with sustainability and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matan Shelomi
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, 106319 Taipei, Taiwan
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Pereira Filho AA, do Vale VF, de Oliveira Monteiro CM, Barrozo MM, Stanton MA, Yamaguchi LF, Kato MJ, Araújo RN. Effects of Piper aduncum (Piperales: Piperaceae) Essential Oil and Its Main Component Dillapiole on Detoxifying Enzymes and Acetylcholinesterase Activity of Amblyomma sculptum (Acari: Ixodidae). Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5420. [PMID: 38791458 PMCID: PMC11121842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Amblyomma sculptum is a species of tick in the family Ixodidae, with equids and capybaras among its preferred hosts. In this study, the acaricidal activity of the essential oil (EO) from Piper aduncum and its main component, Dillapiole, were evaluated against larvae of A. sculptum to establish lethal concentration values and assess the effects of these compounds on tick enzymes. Dillapiole exhibited slightly greater activity (LC50 = 3.38 mg/mL; 95% CI = 3.24 to 3.54) than P. aduncum EO (LC50 = 3.49 mg/mL; 95% CI = 3.36 to 3.62) against ticks. The activities of α-esterase (α-EST), β-esterase (β-EST), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) enzymes in A. sculptum larvae treated with Dillapiole showed a significant increase compared to the control at all concentrations (LC5, LC25, LC50 and LC75), similar results were obtained with P. aduncum EO, except for α-EST, which did not differ from the control at the highest concentration (LC75). The results of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity show an increase in enzyme activity at the two lower concentrations (LC5 and LC25) and a reduction in activity at the two higher, lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC75) compared to the control. These results suggest potential mechanisms of action for these natural acaricides and can provide guidance for the future development of potential plant-derived formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adalberto Alves Pereira Filho
- Laboratório de Artrópodes Hematófagos, Departamento de Parasitologia/ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Vladimir Fazito do Vale
- Grupo de Pesquisa Triatomíneos, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte 30190-009, MG, Brazil;
| | - Caio Marcio de Oliveira Monteiro
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil; (C.M.d.O.M.); (M.M.B.)
| | - Mayara Macedo Barrozo
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil; (C.M.d.O.M.); (M.M.B.)
| | - Mariana Alves Stanton
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais, Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05424-140, SP, Brazil; (M.A.S.); (L.F.Y.); (M.J.K.)
| | - Lydia Fumiko Yamaguchi
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais, Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05424-140, SP, Brazil; (M.A.S.); (L.F.Y.); (M.J.K.)
| | - Massuo Jorge Kato
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais, Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05424-140, SP, Brazil; (M.A.S.); (L.F.Y.); (M.J.K.)
| | - Ricardo Nascimento Araújo
- Laboratório de Artrópodes Hematófagos, Departamento de Parasitologia/ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
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Molina G, Laino A, Arrighetti F, Lacava M, Romero S, Mijailovsky S, Garcia CF. Effect of the Insecticide Chlorpyrifos on Behavioral and Metabolic Aspects of the Spider Polybetes pythagoricus. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:1293-1308. [PMID: 36919993 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of pesticides to organisms depends on the total amount of chemical exposure. Toxicity can be minimized if the organism recognizes the pesticide and alters its behavior. Furthermore, the physical barrier of cuticular hydrocarbons can prevent the entrance of the pesticide into the organism. Finally, if the pesticide enters the body, the organism experiences physiological changes favoring detoxification and the maintenance of homeostasis. We analyzed the behavioral and metabolic response of the spider Polybetes pythagoricus at different times of exposure to the organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos. First we observed that the individuals are capable of recognizing and avoiding surfaces treated with pesticides based on a behavioral analysis. Subsequently, we characterized cuticular hydrocarbons as a possible barrier against pesticides. Then we observed that the pesticide provoked histological damage, mainly at the level of the midgut diverticula. Finally, we analyzed the activity of several of the spider's enzymes linked to oxidative stress after exposure to chlorpyrifos for different lengths of time (6, 24, and 48 h). We observed that catalase activity was high at the start, whereas the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase changed significantly at 48 h. Lipid peroxidation became high at 6 h, but decreased at 48 h. In conclusion, although P. pythagoricus can avoid contact with chlorpyrifos, this pesticide causes activation of the antioxidant system when it enters the body. Our results make a significant contribution to the ecotoxicology of spiders. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;00:1-16. © 2023 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Molina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner,", La Plata, Argentina
| | - Aldana Laino
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner,", La Plata, Argentina
| | - Florencia Arrighetti
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia, Consejo National de Investigaciones Cientificas y Téchnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariangeles Lacava
- Centro Universitario de Rivera, Universidad de La República, Rivera, Uruguay
| | - Sofia Romero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner,", La Plata, Argentina
| | - Sergio Mijailovsky
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner,", La Plata, Argentina
| | - Carlos Fernando Garcia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner,", La Plata, Argentina
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