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Cannito L, Anzani S, Bortolotti A, Di Domenico A, Palumbo R. Face Mask Reduces the Effect of Proposer's (Un)Trustworthiness on Intertemporal and Risky Choices. Front Psychol 2022; 13:926520. [PMID: 35783730 PMCID: PMC9243543 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.926520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous literature suggested that individuals increase temporal and risk discounting at the presence of a proposer whose face is perceived as untrustworthy, suggesting the activation of protective choice patterns. By the way, the COVID-19 pandemic has substantially transformed the way we interact with other people, even bringing us into situations where the face of the person making a proposal is not fully visible, because of the mask. With the current study, we aimed at verifying if the effect of proposer's facial (un)trustworthiness on discounting behavior is modulated by mask wearing. In two different experiments, participants performed traditional delay and probability discounting tasks with masked proposers manipulated across trustworthiness levels. Results highlighted that, even after checking for subject-specific emotion recognition ability with masked faces, the presence of a masked untrustworthy proposer increases both delay and probability discounting parameters, although the effect is not statistically significant and smaller than the one detected at the presence of an untrustworthy proposer without a mask. These results suggest that the ability to perceive the proposer's (un)trustworthiness is affected by the mask, with a consequent less strong effect of proposer's (un)trustworthiness on choice behavior on both intertemporal and risky choices. Limits and possible implications are outlined and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreta Cannito
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Health and Territory (DiSpuTer), University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti Scalo, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti Scalo, Italy
| | - Stefano Anzani
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti Scalo, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (DNISC), University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti Scalo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bortolotti
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti Scalo, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (DNISC), University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti Scalo, Italy
| | - Alberto Di Domenico
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Health and Territory (DiSpuTer), University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti Scalo, Italy
| | - Riccardo Palumbo
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti Scalo, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (DNISC), University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti Scalo, Italy
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Cannito L, Annunzi E, Viganò C, Dell’Osso B, Vismara M, Sacco PL, Palumbo R, D’Addario C. The Role of Stress and Cognitive Absorption in Predicting Social Network Addiction. Brain Sci 2022; 12:643. [PMID: 35625029 PMCID: PMC9139642 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12050643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the use of social networks (SNs) is pervasive and ubiquitous. Among other things, SNs have become a key resource for establishing and maintaining personal relationships, as further demonstrated by the emergence of the pandemic. However, easy access to SNs may be a source of addictive behaviour, especially among the younger population. The literature highlights various psychological and physiological factors as possible predictors of vulnerability to SN addiction. This paper explores the joint effects of stress level and cognitive absorption, in the form of temporal dissociation while on SNs, on the addiction of university students to SNs. Here, 312 participants were involved in an online survey. About 14% of the sample presented a risk for SN addiction. Moreover, it was found that stress level predicted SN addiction both directly and indirectly through the effect of individual temporal dissociation, as experienced during SN usage. These results suggest a significant role of perceived stress level on addiction risk, while also pointing out additional vulnerability to SN addiction for cognitive profiles that are relatively more prone to temporal dissociation while online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreta Cannito
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, University “G. d’ Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, University “G. d’ Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Eugenia Annunzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’ Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Caterina Viganò
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy; (C.V.); (B.D.); (M.V.)
- Department of Psychiatry, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Bernardo Dell’Osso
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy; (C.V.); (B.D.); (M.V.)
- Department of Psychiatry, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Vismara
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy; (C.V.); (B.D.); (M.V.)
- Department of Psychiatry, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Sacco
- Department of Philosophical, Pedagogical and Economic-Quantitative Sciences, University “G. d’ Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
- MetaLAB (at) Harvard, Cambridge, MA 01451, USA
- ISPC-CNR, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Riccardo Palumbo
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, University “G. d’ Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’ Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Claudio D’Addario
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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