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Takaya K, Sunohara A, Sakai S, Aramaki-Hattori N, Okabe K, Kishi K. Twist2 contributes to skin regeneration and hair follicle formation in mouse fetuses. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10854. [PMID: 38740788 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60684-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Unlike adult mammalian wounds, early embryonic mouse skin wounds completely regenerate and heal without scars. Analysis of the underlying molecular mechanism will provide insights into scarless wound healing. Twist2 is an important regulator of hair follicle formation and biological patterning; however, it is unclear whether it plays a role in skin or skin appendage regeneration. Here, we aimed to elucidate Twist2 expression and its role in fetal wound healing. ICR mouse fetuses were surgically wounded on embryonic day 13 (E13), E15, and E17, and Twist2 expression in tissue samples from these fetuses was evaluated via in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Twist2 expression was upregulated in the dermis of E13 wound margins but downregulated in E15 and E17 wounds. Twist2 knockdown on E13 left visible marks at the wound site, inhibited regeneration, and resulted in defective follicle formation. Twist2-knockdown dermal fibroblasts lacked the ability to undifferentiate. Furthermore, Twist2 hetero knockout mice (Twist + /-) formed visible scars, even on E13, when all skin structures should regenerate. Thus, Twist2 expression correlated with skin texture formation and hair follicle defects in late mouse embryos. These findings may help develop a therapeutic strategy to reduce scarring and promote hair follicle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Takaya
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ayano Sunohara
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shigeki Sakai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Noriko Aramaki-Hattori
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Keisuke Okabe
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kishi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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Hamada M, Takaya K, Wang Q, Otaki M, Imbe Y, Nakajima Y, Sakai S, Okabe K, Aramaki-Hattori N, Kishi K. Regeneration of Panniculus Carnosus Muscle in Fetal Mice Is Characterized by the Presence of Actin Cables. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3350. [PMID: 38137571 PMCID: PMC10742160 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian skin, including human and mouse skin, does not regenerate completely after injury; it is repaired, leaving a scar. However, it is known that skin wounds up to a certain stage of embryonic development can regenerate. The mechanism behind the transition from regeneration to scar formation is not fully understood. Panniculus carnosus muscle (PCM) is present beneath the dermal fat layer and is a very important tissue for wound contraction. In rodents, PCM is present throughout the body. In humans, on the other hand, it disappears and becomes a shallow fascia on the trunk. Fetal cutaneous wounds, including PCM made until embryonic day 13 (E13), regenerate completely, but not beyond E14. We visualized the previously uncharacterized development of PCM in the fetus and investigated the temporal and spatial changes in PCM at different developmental stages, ranging from full regeneration to non-regeneration. Furthermore, we report that E13 epidermal closure occurs through actin cables, which are bundles of actomyosin formed at wound margins. The wound healing process of PCM suggests that actin cables may also be associated with PCM. Our findings reveal that PCM regenerates through a similar mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Hamada
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tachikawa Hospital, 4-2-22 Nishiki-cho, Tachikawa-shi, Tokyo 190-8531, Japan;
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (K.T.); (M.O.); (Y.N.); (S.S.); (K.O.); (N.A.-H.)
| | - Kento Takaya
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (K.T.); (M.O.); (Y.N.); (S.S.); (K.O.); (N.A.-H.)
| | - Qi Wang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shiba Koen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan; (Q.W.); (Y.I.)
| | - Marika Otaki
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (K.T.); (M.O.); (Y.N.); (S.S.); (K.O.); (N.A.-H.)
| | - Yuka Imbe
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shiba Koen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan; (Q.W.); (Y.I.)
| | - Yukari Nakajima
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (K.T.); (M.O.); (Y.N.); (S.S.); (K.O.); (N.A.-H.)
| | - Shigeki Sakai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (K.T.); (M.O.); (Y.N.); (S.S.); (K.O.); (N.A.-H.)
| | - Keisuke Okabe
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (K.T.); (M.O.); (Y.N.); (S.S.); (K.O.); (N.A.-H.)
| | - Noriko Aramaki-Hattori
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (K.T.); (M.O.); (Y.N.); (S.S.); (K.O.); (N.A.-H.)
| | - Kazuo Kishi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (K.T.); (M.O.); (Y.N.); (S.S.); (K.O.); (N.A.-H.)
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Takaya K, Okabe K, Sakai S, Aramaki-Hattori N, Asou T, Kishi K. Compound 13 Promotes Epidermal Healing in Mouse Fetuses via Activation of AMPK. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041013. [PMID: 37189631 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike adults, early developing fetuses can completely regenerate tissue, and replicating this could lead to the development of treatments to reduce scarring. Mice epidermal structures, including wound healing patterns, are regenerated until embryonic day (E) 13, leaving visible scars thereafter. These patterns require actin cable formation at the epithelial wound margin through AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation. We aimed to investigate whether the administration of compound 13 (C13), a recently discovered AMPK activator, to the wound could reproduce this actin remodeling and skin regeneration pattern through its AMPK activating effect. The C13 administration resulted in partial formations of actin cables, which would normally result in scarring, and scar reduction during the healing of full-layer skin defects that occurred in E14 and E15 fetuses. Furthermore, C13 was found to cause AMPK activation in these embryonic mouse epidermal cells. Along with AMPK activation, Rac1 signaling, which is involved in leaflet pseudopodia formation and cell migration, was suppressed in C13-treated wounds, indicating that C13 inhibits epidermal cell migration. This suggests that actin may be mobilized by C13 for cable formation. Administration of C13 to wounds may achieve wound healing similar to regenerative wound healing patterns and may be a potential candidate for new treatments to heal scars.
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Sakai S, Aramaki-Hattori N, Kishi K. Fetal Fibroblast Transplantation via Ablative Fractional Laser Irradiation Reduces Scarring. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020347. [PMID: 36830884 PMCID: PMC9953175 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Scar treatments include fractional laser treatment, cell transplantation, surgery, skin needling, and dermal fillers. Fractional laser treatments are used to reduce scarring and blurring. Cell transplantation is promising, with mature fibroblasts and adipose-derived stem cells being used clinically, while embryonic fibroblasts are used experimentally. Herein, we developed a combination of ablative CO2 (carbon dioxide) fractional laser and cell transplantation for the treatment of scars. Eight-week-old male C57Bl/6 mice were used to create a full-layer skin defect in the back skin and create scars. The scar was then irradiated using a CO2 fractional laser. The cells were then transplanted onto the scar surface and sealed with a film agent. The transplanted cells were GFP-positive murine fetal fibroblasts (FB), fetal fibroblasts with a long-term sphere-forming culture (LS), and fetal skin with a short-term sphere-forming culture (SS). After transplantation, green fluorescent protein (GFP)-positive cells were scattered in the dermal papillary layer and subcutis in all the groups. LS significantly reduced the degree of scarring, which was closest to normal skin. In conclusion, the combination of ablative fractional laser irradiation and fetal fibroblast transplantation allowed us to develop new methods for scar treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kazuo Kishi
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-5363-3814; Fax: +81-3-3352-1054
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Effect of Sonic Hedgehog on the Regeneration of Epidermal Texture Patterns. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123099. [PMID: 36551853 PMCID: PMC9776110 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Wounds on embryonic mouse fetuses regenerate up to embryonic day (E) 13, but after E14, the pattern is lost and a visible scar remains. We hypothesized that the sonic hedgehog (Shh), which is involved in patterning during development, is involved in the regeneration of texture. Embryos of ICR mice were surgically injured at E13, E14, and E15 and analyzed for the expression of Shh. For external Shh administration, recombinant Shh-containing slow-release beads were implanted in the wounds of mice. In contrast, cyclopamine was administered to wounds of adult mice to inhibit Shh. The expression of Shh was unaltered at E13, whereas it was upregulated in the epidermis of the wound from E14 onward. Implantation of recombinant Shh-containing beads into E13 wounds inhibited skin texture regeneration. Cyclopamine treatment inhibited epithelialization and thickening of the epidermis in the wounds of adult mice. In vitro, Shh promoted proliferation and inhibited the migration of epidermal keratinocytes through the activation of cyclin D proteins. Thus, our results suggested that the expression of Shh is involved in the regeneration of texture during wound healing, especially in epidermal keratinocyte migration and division, and could inhibit skin texture regeneration after E14.
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