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Ahmad S, Fariduddin Q. "Deciphering the enigmatic role of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in plants: Synthesis, transport, regulation, signaling, and biological roles in interaction with growth regulators and abiotic stresses.". PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 208:108502. [PMID: 38492486 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an amino acid with a four-carbon structure, widely distributed in various organisms. It exists as a zwitterion, possessing both positive and negative charges, enabling it to interact with other molecules and participate in numerous physiological processes. GABA is widely distributed in various plant cell compartments such as cytoplasm mitochondria, vacuoles, peroxisomes, and plastids. GABA is primarily synthesized from glutamate using glutamate decarboxylase and participates in the GABA shunt within mitochondria, regulating carbon and nitrogen metabolism in plants The transport of GABA is regulated by several intracellular and intercellular transporters such as aluminium-activated malate transporters (ALMTs), GABA transporters (GATs), bidirectional amino acid transporters (BATs), and cationic amino acid transporters (CATs). GABA plays a vital role in cellular transformations, gene expression, cell wall modifications, and signal transduction in plants. Recent research has unveiled the role of GABA as a signaling molecule in plants, regulating stomatal movement and pollen tube growth. This review provides insights into multifaceted impact of GABA on physiological and biochemical traits in plants, including cellular communication, pH regulation, Krebs cycle circumvention, and carbon and nitrogen equilibrium. The review highlights involvement of GABA in improving the antioxidant defense system of plants, mitigating levels of reactive oxygen species under normal and stressed conditions. Moreover, the interplay of GABA with other plant growth regulators (PGRs) have also been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif Ahmad
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Section, Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Qazi Fariduddin
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Section, Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
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Wishart DS, Hiebert-Giesbrecht M, Inchehborouni G, Cao X, Guo AC, LeVatte MA, Torres-Calzada C, Gautam V, Johnson M, Liigand J, Wang F, Zahraei S, Bhumireddy S, Wang Y, Zheng J, Mandal R, Dyck JRB. Chemical Composition of Commercial Cannabis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38181219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Cannabis is widely used for medicinal and recreational purposes. As a result, there is increased interest in its chemical components and their physiological effects. However, current information on cannabis chemistry is often outdated or scattered across many books and journals. To address this issue, we used modern metabolomics techniques and modern bioinformatics techniques to compile a comprehensive list of >6000 chemical constituents in commercial cannabis. The metabolomics methods included a combination of high- and low-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (MS), gas chromatography-MS, and inductively coupled plasma-MS. The bioinformatics methods included computer-aided text mining and computational genome-scale metabolic inference. This information, along with detailed compound descriptions, physicochemical data, known physiological effects, protein targets, and referential compound spectra, has been made available through a publicly accessible database called the Cannabis Compound Database (https://cannabisdatabase.ca). Such a centralized, open-access resource should prove to be quite useful for the cannabis community.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Wishart
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E8, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | | | - Gozal Inchehborouni
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Xuan Cao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - An Chi Guo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Marcia A LeVatte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Claudia Torres-Calzada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Vasuk Gautam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Mathew Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Jaanus Liigand
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E8, Canada
| | - Shirin Zahraei
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Sudarshana Bhumireddy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Yilin Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Jiamin Zheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Rupasri Mandal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Jason R B Dyck
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9, Canada
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Johnson AL, Verbitsky R, Hudson J, Dean R, Hamilton TJ. Cannabinoid type-2 receptors modulate terpene induced anxiety-reduction in zebrafish. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115760. [PMID: 37865998 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Terpenes are the most extensive and varied group of naturally occurring compounds mostly found in plants, including cannabis, and have an array of potential therapeutic benefits for pathological conditions. The endocannabinoid system can potently modulate anxiety in humans, rodents, and zebrafish. The 'entourage effect' suggests terpenes may target cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors, among others, but this requires further investigation. In this study we first tested for anxiety-altering effects of the predominant 'Super-Class' terpenes, bisabolol (0.001%, 0.0015%, and 0.002%) and terpinolene (TPL; 0.01%, 0.05%, and 0.1%), in zebrafish with the open field test. Bisabolol did not have an effect on zebrafish behaviour or locomotion. However, TPL caused a significant increase in time spent in the inner zone and decrease in time spent in the outer zone of the arena indicating an anxiolytic (anxiety decreasing) effect. Next, we assessed whether CB1 and CB2 receptor antagonists, rimonabant and AM630 (6-Iodopravadoline) respectively, could eliminate or reduce the anxiolytic effects of TPL (0.1%) and β-caryophyllene (BCP; 4%), another super-class terpene previously shown to be anxiolytic in zebrafish. Rimonabant and AM630 were administered prior to terpene exposure and compared to controls and fish exposed to only the terpenes. AM630, but not rimonabant, eliminated the anxiolytic effects of both BCP and TPL. AM630 modulated locomotion on its own, which was potentiated by terpenes. These findings suggest the behavioural effects of TPL and BCP on zebrafish anxiety-like behaviour are mediated by a selective preference for CB2 receptor sites. Furthermore, the CB2 pathways mediating the anxiolytic response are likely different from those altering locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa L Johnson
- Department of Psychology, MacEwan University 6-329 City Centre Campus, 10700 - 104 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T5J 4S2, Canada; Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ryan Verbitsky
- Department of Psychology, MacEwan University 6-329 City Centre Campus, 10700 - 104 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T5J 4S2, Canada
| | - James Hudson
- Department of Psychology, MacEwan University 6-329 City Centre Campus, 10700 - 104 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T5J 4S2, Canada
| | - Rachel Dean
- Department of Psychology, MacEwan University 6-329 City Centre Campus, 10700 - 104 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T5J 4S2, Canada
| | - Trevor J Hamilton
- Department of Psychology, MacEwan University 6-329 City Centre Campus, 10700 - 104 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T5J 4S2, Canada; Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Duan F, Li H, Lu H. In vivo and molecular docking studies of the pathological mechanism underlying adriamycin cardiotoxicity. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 256:114778. [PMID: 36989556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Adriamycin (ADR), one of the most effective broad-spectrum antitumor chemotherapeutic agents in clinical practice, is used to treat solid tumors as well as hematological malignancies in adults and children. However, long-term ADR use causes several adverse reactions, including time- and dose-dependent cardiotoxicity, which limit its clinical application. In addition, the mechanism by which ADR induces cardiotoxicity remains unclear. Therefore, we used zebrafish as animal models to evaluate ADR toxicity during embryonic heart development owing to the similarity of this process in zebrafish to that in humans. Exposure of zebrafish embryos to 1.25, 2.5, and 5 mg/L ADR induced abnormal embryonic development, with the occurrence of cardiac malformations, pericardial edema, decreased movement speed and activity, and increased distance between the venous sinus and the arterial bulb (SV-BA). ADR exposure induced dysregulated cardiogenesis during the precardiac mesoderm formation period. We also observed irregular expression of cardiac-related genes, an upregulation of apoptotic gene expression, and a dose-dependent increase in oxidative stress levels. Furthermore, oxidative stress-induced apoptosis exerted deleterious effects on cardiac development in zebrafish embryos, and treatment with astaxanthin (ATX) alleviated these heart defects. ADR- and Wnt pathway-related genes exhibited good energy and spatial matching, and ADR upregulated the Wnt signaling pathway in zebrafish. Moreover, IWR-1 effectively alleviated ADR-induced heart defects. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the toxic effects of ADR on cardiac development in zebrafish embryos could provide a theoretical basis for explaining the pathogenesis of ADR-induced cardiotoxicity, which occurs through the upregulation of oxidative stress and Wnt signaling pathway, as well as its prevention and treatment in humans. These findings will help develop effective treatment strategies to combat ADR-induced cardiotoxicity and broaden the application of ADR for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Duan
- Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang 330038, China
| | - Hong Li
- Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang 330038, China.
| | - Huiqiang Lu
- Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Center for Clinical Medicine Research of Jinggangshan University, Ji'an 343000, China.
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Silva-Reis R, Silva AMS, Oliveira PA, Cardoso SM. Antitumor Effects of Cannabis sativa Bioactive Compounds on Colorectal Carcinogenesis. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050764. [PMID: 37238634 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa is a multipurpose plant that has been used in medicine for centuries. Recently, considerable research has focused on the bioactive compounds of this plant, particularly cannabinoids and terpenes. Among other properties, these compounds exhibit antitumor effects in several cancer types, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Cannabinoids show positive effects in the treatment of CRC by inducing apoptosis, proliferation, metastasis, inflammation, angiogenesis, oxidative stress, and autophagy. Terpenes, such as β-caryophyllene, limonene, and myrcene, have also been reported to have potential antitumor effects on CRC through the induction of apoptosis, the inhibition of cell proliferation, and angiogenesis. In addition, synergy effects between cannabinoids and terpenes are believed to be important factors in the treatment of CRC. This review focuses on the current knowledge about the potential of cannabinoids and terpenoids from C. sativa to serve as bioactive agents for the treatment of CRC while evidencing the need for further research to fully elucidate the mechanisms of action and the safety of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Silva-Reis
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Artur M S Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paula A Oliveira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Susana M Cardoso
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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