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Zhang T, Pan W, Tan X, Yu J, Cheng S, Wei S, Fan K, Wang L, Luo H, Hu X. A novel L-shaped ortho-quinone analog suppresses glioblastoma progression by targeting acceleration of AR degradation and regulating PI3K/AKT pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 226:116398. [PMID: 38944395 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a primary intracranial malignant tumor with the highest mortality and morbidity among all malignant central nervous system tumors. Tanshinone IIA is a fat-soluble active ingredient obtained from Salvia miltiorrhiza, which has an inhibitory effect against various cancers. We designed and synthesized a novel L-shaped ortho-quinone analog TE5 with tanshinone IIA as the lead compound and tested its antitumor activity against GBM. The results indicated that TE5 effectively inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of GBM cells, and demonstrated low toxicity in vitro. We found that TE5 may bind to androgen receptors and promote their degradation through the proteasome. Inhibition of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was also observed in TE5 treated GBM cells. Additionally, TE5 arrested the cell cycle at the G2/M phase and induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. In vivo experiments further confirmed the anti-tumor activity, safety, and effect on androgen receptor level of TE5 in animal models of GBM. Our results suggest that TE5 may be a potential therapeutic drug to treat GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- GuiZhou University Medical College, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China; State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, Guizhou Province, China; Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, Guizhou Province, China; Department of Neurology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550002, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Weidong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, Guizhou Province, China; Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xin Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, Guizhou Province, China; Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Jia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, Guizhou Province, China; Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Sha Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, Guizhou Province, China; Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Shinan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, Guizhou Province, China; Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Kuan Fan
- Department of Neurology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550002, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550002, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Heng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, Guizhou Province, China; Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, Guizhou Province, China.
| | - Xiao Hu
- GuiZhou University Medical College, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China; Department of Neurology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550002, Guizhou Province, China.
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Kinhikar A, Hassanein M, Harman J, Soderstrom C, Honrine K, Lavelle A, Valentin MA, Mathews J. Recommendations for Development and Validation of a Fit-For-Purpose Biomarker Assays Using Western Blotting; An-AAPS Sponsored Initiative to Harmonize Industry Practices. AAPS J 2024; 26:87. [PMID: 39060472 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-024-00946-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Western blot (WB) assays are routinely used for detection and quantification of biomarkers. Although assay validation to measure biomarkers in complex matrices has become a mainstay process for ligand binding assays (LBA) and mass spectrometry (MS), no guidelines exist yet validate biomarker methods using WB techniques. In this cross-industry white paper, we outlined in detail the key steps for development and for validation of WB assays for protein biomarkers under different contexts of use (COU). In addition, we described how to determine the level of assay validation needed for biomarker assays using Western blotting. For simplicity, we described two paths of WB assay validation. The first path (Path 1) is for biomarkers being analyzed for exploratory research or for internal go- or no/go- decision making. The second path (Path 2) is for clinical decision making such as dose determination or drug response that need to be run in a regulated environment. This work is supported through AAPS Biomarkers and Precision Medicine subteam and represents AAPS members opinion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Kinhikar
- BioMedical Research, Novartis, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 6A148, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Mohamed Hassanein
- Early Clinical Development, Precision Medicine, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jake Harman
- Biomarker Services, Pharmaceutical Product Development (PPD) Laboratories, Richmond, VA, USA
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Goff PS, Patel S, Carter T, Marks MS, Sviderskaya EV. Enhanced MC1R-signalling and pH modulation facilitate melanogenesis within late endosomes of BLOC-1-deficient melanocytes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.08.602505. [PMID: 39026869 PMCID: PMC11257453 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.08.602505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Photoprotective melanins in the skin are synthesised by epidermal melanocytes within specialised lysosome-related organelles called melanosomes. Melanosomes coexist with lysosomes; thus, melanocytes employ specific trafficking machineries to ensure correct cargo delivery to either the endolysosomal system or maturing melanosomes. Mutations in some of the protein complexes required for melanogenic cargo delivery, such as biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex 1 (BLOC-1), result in hypopigmentation due to mistrafficking of cargo to endolysosomes. We show that hypopigmented BLOC-1-deficient melanocytes retain melanogenic capacity that can be enhanced by treatment with cAMP elevating agents despite the mislocalisation of melanogenic proteins. The melanin formed in BLOC-1-deficient melanocytes is not generated in melanosomes but rather within late endosomes/lysosomes to which some cargoes mislocalise. Although these organelles generally are acidic, a cohort of late endosomes/lysosomes have a sufficiently neutral pH to facilitate melanogenesis, perhaps due to mislocalised melanosomal transporters and melanogenic enzymes. Modulation of the pH of late endosomes/lysosomes by genetic manipulation or via treatment with lysosomotropic agents significantly enhances the melanin content of BLOC-1-deficient melanocytes. Our data suggest that upregulation of mistargeted cargoes can facilitate reprogramming of a subset of endolysosomes to generate some functions of lysosome-related organelles.
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Fuchs ACD. Detection and quantification of C-terminally tagged proteins by in-gel fluorescence. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15697. [PMID: 38977739 PMCID: PMC11231263 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66132-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The analysis of recombinant proteins in complex solutions is often accomplished with tag-specific antibodies in western blots. Recently, I introduced an antibody-free alternative wherein tagged proteins are visualized directly within polyacrylamide gels. For this, I used the protein ligase Connectase to selectively attach fluorophores to target proteins possessing an N-terminal recognition sequence. In this study, I extend this methodology to encompass the detection and quantification of C-terminally tagged proteins. Similar to the N-terminal labeling method, this adapted procedure offers increased speed, heightened sensitivity, and an improved signal-to-noise ratio when compared to western blots. It also eliminates the need for sample-specific optimization, enables more consistent and precise quantifications, and uses freely available reagents. This study broadens the applicability of in-gel fluorescence detection methods and thereby facilitates research on recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C D Fuchs
- Department of Protein Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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Jeong J, Choe J. Akt, IL-4, and STAT Proteins Play Distinct Roles in Prostaglandin Production in Human Follicular Dendritic Cell-like Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16692. [PMID: 38069015 PMCID: PMC10706142 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the role of Akt protein in the induction and inhibition of prostaglandin (PG) in human follicular dendritic cell (FDC)-like cells. FDC-like cells and B cells were isolated from human tonsils. PG production was assessed using enzyme immunoassay, while the upstream cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein levels were measured using immunoblotting with FDC-like cells transfected with Akt siRNA to analyze the impact of Akt knockdown. The COX-2 expression and PG production induced with IL-1β were significantly increased by Akt knockdown. However, IL-1β did not significantly alter either total or phosphorylated Akt protein levels. Akt knockdown resulted in the augmentation of COX-2 expression induced by B cells, although the addition of B cells did not significantly modulate both total and phosphorylated Akt proteins. In contrast, IL-4 specifically exhibited a potent inhibitory effect on COX-2 protein induction and PG production via STAT6. The inhibitory activity of IL-4 was not hampered by Akt knockdown. Interestingly, COX-2 expression levels induced with IL-1β were markedly modulated with STAT1 and STAT3 knockdown. STAT1 silencing resulted in further augmentation of COX-2, whereas STAT3 silencing prohibited IL-1β from stimulating COX-2 expression. The current results suggest that Akt, IL-4, and STAT1 play inhibitory roles in PG production in FDC-like cells and expand our knowledge of the immune inflammatory milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jongseon Choe
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in BIT Medical Convergence, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
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Yu H, Zhu K, Wang M, Jiang X. TXNDC12 knockdown promotes ferroptosis by modulating SLC7A11 expression in glioma. Clin Transl Sci 2023; 16:1957-1971. [PMID: 37503932 PMCID: PMC10582671 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent cell death process mainly triggered by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation. Thioredoxin domain protein 12 (TXNDC12) promotes the development of some tumors; however, its function in tumor ferroptosis remains unclear. In this study, we found that knockdown of TXNDC12 promoted erastin-induced increase in ROS, lipid peroxidation, and Fe2+ levels, and decreased glutathione content. TXNDC12 is involved in ferroptosis by regulating SLC7A11. Further studies showed that TXNDC12 knockdown promoted an erastin-induced decrease in glioma cell viability. Overall, TXNDC12 played a significant role in ferroptosis by modulating SLC7A11 expression. Thus, TXNDC12 and ferroptosis may provide new targets for the treatment of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Kai Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Minjie Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Xiaobing Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
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Rees PA, Lowy RJ. Optimizing reduction of western blotting analytical variations: Use of replicate test samples, multiple normalization methods, and sample loading positions. Anal Biochem 2023:115198. [PMID: 37302777 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Western blot (WB) analysis is widely used, but obtaining consistent results can be problematic, especially when using multiple gels. This study examines WB performance by explicitly applying a method commonly used to test analytical instrumentation. Test samples were lysates from RAW 264.7 murine macrophages treated with LPS to activate MAPK and NF-kB signaling targets. Samples from the pooled cell lysates placed in every lane on multiple gels were analyzed by WBs for levels of p-ERK, ERK, IkBβ and non-target protein. Different normalization methods and sample groupings were applied to the density values and the resulting coefficients of variation (CV) and ratios of maximal to minimal values (Max/Min) were compared. Ideally with identical sample replicates the CVs would be 0 and the Max/Min 1; deviation indicating introduction of variability by the WB process. Common normalizations to reduce analytical variance, total lane protein, % Control, and p-ERK/ERK ratios, did not have the lowest CVs or Max/Min values. Normalization using the sum of target protein values combined with analytical replication most effectively reduced variability, resulting CV and Max/Min values as low as 5-10% and 1.1. These methods should allow reliable interpretation of complex experiments that require samples to be placed on multiple gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyllis A Rees
- Scientific Research Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R Joel Lowy
- Scientific Research Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Fuchs ACD. Specific, sensitive and quantitative protein detection by in-gel fluorescence. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2505. [PMID: 37130834 PMCID: PMC10154401 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38147-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant proteins in complex solutions are typically detected with tag-specific antibodies in Western blots. Here we describe an antibody-free alternative in which tagged proteins are detected directly in polyacrylamide gels. For this, the highly specific protein ligase Connectase is used to selectively fuse fluorophores to target proteins carrying a recognition sequence, the CnTag. Compared to Western blots, this procedure is faster, more sensitive, offers a better signal-to-noise ratio, requires no optimization for different samples, allows more reproducible and accurate quantifications, and uses freely available reagents. With these advantages, this method represents a promising alternative to the state of the art and may facilitate studies on recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C D Fuchs
- Department of Protein Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Biology, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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