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Ioos R, Mannai S, Jeandel C, Benfradj N, Vicent A, Boughalleb-M'hamdi N, Aguayo J. Mating type and microsatellite genotyping indicate that the Tunisian population of Phyllosticta citricarpa is clonal and thrives only asexually. Fungal Biol 2024; 128:1806-1813. [PMID: 38796265 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Citrus black spot (CBS) caused by Phyllosticta citricarpa was reported for the first time in Tunisia in 2019. This was also the first reported occurrence of the disease in a Mediterranean climate. In Tunisia, CBS is mainly found in lemon (Citrus limon) orchards, and is seldom observed on sweet orange (Citrus × sinensis). This recent finding in North Africa raises questions about how the disease has been able to spread under Mediterranean climatic conditions. In this work, 216 Phyllosticta strains collected from lemon orchards in 2021, 2022 and 2023 throughout the country's main citrus-growing provinces were characterised by species morphological and molecular identification, mating type and Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) microsatellite genotyping (MLG). P. citricarpa was the only species found to be associated with CBS in Tunisia. Although P. citricarpa is a heterothallic fungal species, potentially able to reproduce both sexually and asexually, a single mating type (MAT 1-1-1) idiomorph was found in the population. In addition, three MLGs were observed, across ten microsatellite loci, one of which was massively represented (93 %), indicating a clonal population. The clonality observed suggests a single recent introduction of the pathogen into the country. These findings support the idea that in Tunisia, P. citricarpa only reproduces asexually by pycniospores, with a relatively limited dispersal potential. This is consistent with the absence of pseudothecia on the leaf litter. These results show that CBS is able to thrive under Mediterranean conditions, even in the absence of sexual reproduction. This should be taken into consideration for CBS risk assessment and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Ioos
- ANSES Plant Health Laboratory, Mycology Unit, USC INRAE 1480, Domaine de Pixérécourt, 54220, Malzéville, France.
| | - Sabrine Mannai
- Institut Supérieur Agronomique de Chott Mariem, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, LR21AGR05, University of Sousse, 4042, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Céline Jeandel
- ANSES Plant Health Laboratory, Mycology Unit, USC INRAE 1480, Domaine de Pixérécourt, 54220, Malzéville, France
| | - Najwa Benfradj
- Institut Supérieur Agronomique de Chott Mariem, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, LR21AGR05, University of Sousse, 4042, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Antonio Vicent
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Ctra. CV-315, Km 10.7 - 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Naima Boughalleb-M'hamdi
- Institut Supérieur Agronomique de Chott Mariem, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, LR21AGR05, University of Sousse, 4042, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Jaime Aguayo
- ANSES Plant Health Laboratory, Mycology Unit, USC INRAE 1480, Domaine de Pixérécourt, 54220, Malzéville, France
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Silva E, Dantas R, Barbosa JC, Berlinck RGS, Fill T. Metabolomics approach to understand molecular mechanisms involved in fungal pathogen-citrus pathosystems. Mol Omics 2024; 20:154-168. [PMID: 38273771 DOI: 10.1039/d3mo00182b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Citrus is a crucial crop with a significant economic impact globally. However, postharvest decay caused by fungal pathogens poses a considerable threat, leading to substantial financial losses. Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium italicum, Geotrichum citri-aurantii and Phyllosticta citricarpa are the main fungal pathogens, causing green mold, blue mold, sour rot and citrus black spot diseases, respectively. The use of chemical fungicides as a control strategy in citrus raises concerns about food and environmental safety. Therefore, understanding the molecular basis of host-pathogen interactions is essential to find safer alternatives. This review highlights the potential of the metabolomics approach in the search for bioactive compounds involved in the pathogen-citrus interaction, and how the integration of metabolomics and genomics contributes to the understanding of secondary metabolites associated with fungal virulence and the fungal infection mechanisms. Our goal is to provide a pipeline combining metabolomics and genomics that can effectively guide researchers to perform studies aiming to contribute to the understanding of the fundamental chemical and biochemical aspects of pathogen-host interactions, in order to effectively develop new alternatives for fungal diseases in citrus cultivation. We intend to inspire the scientific community to question unexplored biological systems, and to employ diverse analytical approaches and metabolomics techniques to address outstanding questions about the non-studied pathosystems from a chemical biology perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evandro Silva
- State University of Campinas, Institute of Chemistry, CEP, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
- University of São Paulo, Institute of Chemistry, CEP 13566-590, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Dantas
- State University of Campinas, Institute of Chemistry, CEP, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Júlio César Barbosa
- State University of Campinas, Institute of Chemistry, CEP, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Roberto G S Berlinck
- University of São Paulo, Institute of Chemistry, CEP 13566-590, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Taicia Fill
- State University of Campinas, Institute of Chemistry, CEP, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Galvañ A, Bassanezi RB, Luo W, Vanaclocha P, Vicent A, Lázaro E. Risk-based regionalization approach for area-wide management of HLB vectors in the Mediterranean Basin. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1256935. [PMID: 38111874 PMCID: PMC10725980 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1256935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is one of the most devastating citrus diseases worldwide. It is associated with the non-culture bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter spp., which can be transmitted by grafting and/or the psyllid vectors Diaphorina citri (ACP) and Trioza erytreae (AfCP). Although HLB has not been reported in the Mediterranean Basin to date, both vectors are present, and thus represent a serious threat to the citrus industry in this region. Resistant citrus cultivars or effective therapeutic treatments are not currently available for HLB. Nevertheless, area-wide pest management via coordinated management efforts over large areas has been implemented in Brazil, China and the USA for HLB control. This study proposes an open access flexible methodology to address area-wide management of both HLB vectors in the Mediterranean Basin. Based on a risk-based approach which considers climatic information and other variables that may influence vector introduction and spread, such as conventional, organic, abandoned and residential citrus areas as well as transportation corridors, an area-wide management division in pest management areas (PMAs) is proposed. The size and location of these PMAs were estimated by means of a hierarchical clustering algorithm with spatial constraints whose performance was assessed under different configuration scenarios. This proposal may assist policymakers and the citrus industry of the citrus-growing areas of the Mediterranean Basin in risk management planning in the case of the spread of HLB vectors or a possible introduction of the disease. Additionally, it may be a valuable resource to inform opinion dynamic models, enabling the identification of pivotal factors for the success of control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Galvañ
- Centre de Protecció Vegetal i Biotecnologia, Institut Valencià d’Investigacions Agràries (IVIA), Moncada, Spain
| | - Renato Beozzo Bassanezi
- Departamento de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundo de Defesa da Citricultura, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Weiqi Luo
- Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Pierce, FL, United States
- Center for Integrated Pest Management, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Pilar Vanaclocha
- Centre de Protecció Vegetal i Biotecnologia, Institut Valencià d’Investigacions Agràries (IVIA), Moncada, Spain
| | - Antonio Vicent
- Centre de Protecció Vegetal i Biotecnologia, Institut Valencià d’Investigacions Agràries (IVIA), Moncada, Spain
| | - Elena Lázaro
- Centre de Protecció Vegetal i Biotecnologia, Institut Valencià d’Investigacions Agràries (IVIA), Moncada, Spain
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Ioos R, Puertolas A, Renault C, Ndiaye A, Cerf-Wendling I, Hubert J, Wang W, Jiao C, Li H, Armengol J, Aguayo J. Harnessing the power of comparative genomics to support the distinction of sister species within Phyllosticta and development of highly specific detection of Phyllosticta citricarpa causing citrus black spot by real-time PCR. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16354. [PMID: 37901471 PMCID: PMC10601906 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrus crops are affected by many fungal diseases. Among them, Citrus Black Spot caused by the ascomycete Phyllosticta citricarpa is particularly economically damaging wherever it occurs. Many other species of Phyllosticta are described on Citrus, but only P. citricarpa is considered a quarantine pest on the European continent. In order to prevent the introduction of this species into Europe, it is essential to have a detection test which can reliably identify it, and not confuse it with other species present on citrus, notably P. paracitricarpa. The latter taxon has recently been described as very close to P. citricarpa, and most detection tests do not allow to distinguish the two species. In this work, we exploited the genomic data of 37 isolates of Phyllosticta spp. from citrus, firstly to assess their phylogenetic relationships, and secondly to search for genomic regions that allowed the definition of species-specific markers of P. citricarpa. Analysis of 51 concatenated genes separated P. citricarpa and P. paracitricarpa in two phylogenetic clades. A locus was selected to define a hydrolysis probe and primers combination that could be used in real-time PCR for the specific detection of the quarantine species, to the exclusion of all others present on Citrus. This test was then thoroughly validated on a set of strains covering a wide geographical diversity, and on numerous biological samples to demonstrate its reliability for regulatory control. The validation data highlighted the need to check the reliability of the test in advance, when a change of reagents was being considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Ioos
- Laboratoire de la Santé des Végétaux, Unité de Mycologie, USC INRAE, ANSES, Malzéville, France
| | - Alexandra Puertolas
- Laboratoire de la Santé des Végétaux, Unité de Mycologie, USC INRAE, ANSES, Malzéville, France
- ANSES, European Union Reference Laboratory on Plant Pathogenic Fungi and Oomycetes, Malzéville, France
| | - Camille Renault
- Laboratoire de la Santé des Végétaux, Unité de Mycologie, USC INRAE, ANSES, Malzéville, France
- ANSES, European Union Reference Laboratory on Plant Pathogenic Fungi and Oomycetes, Malzéville, France
| | - Aida Ndiaye
- Laboratoire de la Santé des Végétaux, Unité de Mycologie, USC INRAE, ANSES, Malzéville, France
| | - Isabelle Cerf-Wendling
- Laboratoire de la Santé des Végétaux, Unité de Mycologie, USC INRAE, ANSES, Malzéville, France
| | - Jacqueline Hubert
- Laboratoire de la Santé des Végétaux, Unité de Mycologie, USC INRAE, ANSES, Malzéville, France
| | - Wen Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen Jiao
- The Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongye Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Josep Armengol
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jaime Aguayo
- Laboratoire de la Santé des Végétaux, Unité de Mycologie, USC INRAE, ANSES, Malzéville, France
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