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Correia I, Antunes M, Tecelão C, Neves M, Pires CL, Cruz PF, Rodrigues M, Peralta CC, Pereira CD, Reboredo F, Moreno MJ, Brito RMM, Ribeiro VS, Vaz DC, Campos MJ. Nutritive Value and Bioactivities of a Halophyte Edible Plant: Crithmum maritimum L. (Sea Fennel). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:427. [PMID: 38337960 PMCID: PMC10857157 DOI: 10.3390/plants13030427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Crithmum maritimum L. (sea fennel), an edible xerophyte of coastal habitats, is considered an emerging cash crop for biosaline agriculture due to its salt-tolerance ability and potential applications in the agri-food sector. Here, the nutritional value and bioactive properties of sea fennel are described. Sea fennel leaves, flowers, and schizocarps are composed of carbohydrates (>65%) followed by ash, proteins, and lipids. Sea fennel's salty, succulent leaves are a source of omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic acid. Extracts obtained from flowers and fruits/schizocarps are rich in antioxidants and polyphenols and show antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermis, Candida albicans, and Candida parapsilosis. Plant material is particularly rich in sodium (Na) but also in other nutritionally relevant minerals, such as calcium (Ca), chlorine (Cl), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S), beyond presenting a potential prebiotic effect on Lactobacillus bulgaricus and being nontoxic to human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 model cells, up to 1.0% (w/v). Hence, the rational use of sea fennel can bring nutrients, aroma, and flavor to culinary dishes while balancing microbiomes and contributing to expanding the shelf life of food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Correia
- Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2520-630 Peniche, Portugal (M.N.)
| | - Madalena Antunes
- Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2520-630 Peniche, Portugal (M.N.)
| | - Carla Tecelão
- Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2520-630 Peniche, Portugal (M.N.)
- School of Tourism and Marine Technology, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2520-630 Peniche, Portugal
| | - Marta Neves
- Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2520-630 Peniche, Portugal (M.N.)
- School of Tourism and Marine Technology, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2520-630 Peniche, Portugal
| | - Cristiana L. Pires
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre (CQC), Institute of Molecular Sciences, Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal (P.F.C.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Pedro F. Cruz
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre (CQC), Institute of Molecular Sciences, Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal (P.F.C.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Maria Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering–Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), ESTG-IPLeiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal; (M.R.); (V.S.R.)
- ALiCE–Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Claúdia C. Peralta
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre (CQC), Institute of Molecular Sciences, Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal (P.F.C.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Cidália D. Pereira
- School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal;
- Centre for Innovative Care and Health Technology, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
| | - Fernando Reboredo
- GeoBioTec, FCT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Maria João Moreno
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre (CQC), Institute of Molecular Sciences, Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal (P.F.C.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Rui M. M. Brito
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre (CQC), Institute of Molecular Sciences, Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal (P.F.C.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Vânia S. Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering–Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), ESTG-IPLeiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal; (M.R.); (V.S.R.)
- ALiCE–Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal;
- Centre for Innovative Care and Health Technology, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
| | - Daniela C. Vaz
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre (CQC), Institute of Molecular Sciences, Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal (P.F.C.); (M.J.M.)
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering–Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), ESTG-IPLeiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal; (M.R.); (V.S.R.)
- ALiCE–Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal;
| | - Maria Jorge Campos
- Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2520-630 Peniche, Portugal (M.N.)
- School of Tourism and Marine Technology, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2520-630 Peniche, Portugal
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Turcios AE, Braem L, Jonard C, Lemans T, Cybulska I, Papenbrock J. Compositional Changes in Hydroponically Cultivated Salicornia europaea at Different Growth Stages. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2472. [PMID: 37447033 DOI: 10.3390/plants12132472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stress conditions, such as salinity, affect plant development and productivity and threaten the sustainability of agricultural production. Salt has been proven to accumulate in soil and water over time as a result of various anthropogenic activities and climatic changes. Species of the genus Salicornia thrive in the most saline environments and have a wide climatic tolerance. They can be found in a variety of subtropical, oceanic, and continental environments. This study aims to establish Salicornia europaea as a novel source of plant-based compounds that can grow in areas unsuitable for other crops. The morphological and compositional changes in the tissues of S. europaea in different consecutive developmental stages have not been investigated so far. Therefore, a comprehensive study of changes during the lifecycle of S. europaea was carried out, following changes in the plant's composition, including biomass yield, and soluble and insoluble compounds. For this, plants were cultivated in hydroponics for 15 weeks and harvested weekly to analyze biomass production, to determine soluble and insoluble compounds, protein content, and polyphenols. According to the results, glucan, xylan, and lignin increase with plant age, while water extractives decrease. Protein content is higher in young plants, while flavonoid content depends on the phenological stage, decreasing in the early flowering stage and then increasing as plants enter early senescence. Our results can aid in finding the optimal harvesting stage of S. europaea, depending on the component of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel E Turcios
- Institute of Botany, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuserstr, 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Lukas Braem
- Earth and Life Institute-Applied Microbiology, Unit of Bioengineering, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Camille Jonard
- Earth and Life Institute-Applied Microbiology, Unit of Bioengineering, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Tom Lemans
- Earth and Life Institute-Applied Microbiology, Unit of Bioengineering, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Iwona Cybulska
- Earth and Life Institute-Applied Microbiology, Unit of Bioengineering, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jutta Papenbrock
- Institute of Botany, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuserstr, 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
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Hulkko LSS, Chaturvedi T, Custódio L, Thomsen MH. Harnessing the Value of Tripolium pannonicum and Crithmum maritimum Halophyte Biomass through Integrated Green Biorefinery. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:380. [PMID: 37504911 PMCID: PMC10381832 DOI: 10.3390/md21070380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioactive extracts are often the target fractions in bioprospecting, and halophyte plants could provide a potential source of feedstock for high-value applications as a part of integrated biorefineries. Tripolium pannonicum (Jacq.) Dobrocz. (sea aster) and Crithmum maritimum L. (sea fennel) are edible plants suggested for biosaline halophyte-based agriculture. After food production and harvesting of fresh leaves for food, the inedible plant fractions could be utilized to produce extracts rich in bioactive phytochemicals to maximize feedstock application and increase the economic feasibility of biomass processing to bioenergy. This study analyzed fresh juice and extracts from screw-pressed sea aster and sea fennel for their different phenolic compounds and pigment concentrations. Antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activities were also tested in vitro. Extracts from sea aster and sea fennel had phenolic contents up to 45.2 mgGAE/gDM and 64.7 mgGAE/gDM, respectively, and exhibited >70% antioxidant activity in several assays. Ethanol extracts also showed >70% inhibition activity against acetylcholinesterase and >50% inhibition of tyrosinase and α-glucosidase. Therefore, these species can be seen as potential feedstocks for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tanmay Chaturvedi
- AAU Energy, Aalborg University, Niels Bohrs Vej 8, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Luísa Custódio
- Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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Hulkko LSS, Rocha RM, Trentin R, Fredsgaard M, Chaturvedi T, Custódio L, Thomsen MH. Bioactive Extracts from Salicornia ramosissima J. Woods Biorefinery as a Source of Ingredients for High-Value Industries. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1251. [PMID: 36986939 PMCID: PMC10056203 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Salt-tolerant plants, also known as halophytes, could provide a novel source of feedstock for biorefineries. After harvesting fresh shoots for food, the lignified fraction of Salicornia ramosissima J. Woods could be used to produce bioactive botanical extracts for high-value industries such as nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and biopharmaceuticals. The residual fraction after extraction can be further used for bioenergy or lignocellulose-derived platform chemicals. This work analysed S. ramosissima from different sources and growth stages. After pre-processing and extractions, the obtained fractions were analysed for their contents of fatty acids, pigments, and total phenolics. Extracts were also evaluated for their in vitro antioxidant properties and inhibitory effect towards enzymes related to diabetes, hyperpigmentation, obesity, and neurogenerative diseases. The ethanol extract from the fibre residue and the water extract from completely lignified plants showed the highest concentration of phenolic compounds along with the highest antioxidant potential and enzyme-inhibitory properties. Hence, they should be further explored in the context of biorefinery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rui Miranda Rocha
- RIASEARCH, Lda., Cais da Ribeira de Pardelhas 21, 3870-168 Murtosa, Portugal
| | - Riccardo Trentin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Malthe Fredsgaard
- AAU Energy, Aalborg University, Niels Bohrs Vej 8, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Tanmay Chaturvedi
- AAU Energy, Aalborg University, Niels Bohrs Vej 8, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Luísa Custódio
- Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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