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Nejat F, Eghtedari S, Alimoradi F. Next-Generation Tear Meniscus Height Detecting and Measuring Smartphone-Based Deep Learning Algorithm Leads in Dry Eye Management. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2024; 4:100546. [PMID: 39051043 PMCID: PMC11268344 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2024.100546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Purpose This study aims to develop and assess an infrastructure using Python-based deep learning code for future diagnostic and management purposes related to dry eye disease (DED) utilizing smartphone images. Design Cross-sectional study using data which was gathered in Vision Health Research Clinic. Participants One thousand twenty-one eye images from 734 patients were included in this article that categorizes into 70% females and 30% males, with no sex and age limit. Methods One specialist captured eye images using Samsung A71 (601 images) and iPhone 11 (420 images) cell phones with the flashlight on and direct gaze to the camera. These images include the area of only 1 eye (left/right). Main Outcome Measures First, our specialist did 3 different segmentations for every eye image separately for 80% of the training data. This part contains eye, lower eyelid, and iris segmentation. In 20% of test data after automated cropping of the lower eyelid margin and upscaling by 8×, the appropriate tear meniscus height segmentation will be chosen and measured using a deep learning algorithm. Results The model was trained on 80% of the data and 20% of the data used for validation from both phones with different resolutions. The dice coefficient of the trained model for validation data is 98.68%, and the accuracy of the overall model is 95.39%. Conclusions It appears that this algorithm holds the potential to herald an evolution in the future of diagnosis and management of DED by homecare devices solely through smartphones. Financial Disclosures The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Nejat
- Ophthalmic Department, Vision Health Reaserch Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Eghtedari
- Ophthalmic Department, Vision Health Reaserch Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Alimoradi
- Electrical Department, AmirKabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnique), Tehran, Iran
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Tey KY, Cheong EZK, Ang M. Potential applications of artificial intelligence in image analysis in cornea diseases: a review. EYE AND VISION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 11:10. [PMID: 38448961 PMCID: PMC10919022 DOI: 10.1186/s40662-024-00376-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) is an emerging field which could make an intelligent healthcare model a reality and has been garnering traction in the field of medicine, with promising results. There have been recent developments in machine learning and/or deep learning algorithms for applications in ophthalmology-primarily for diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration. However, AI research in the field of cornea diseases is relatively new. Algorithms have been described to assist clinicians in diagnosis or detection of cornea conditions such as keratoconus, infectious keratitis and dry eye disease. AI may also be used for segmentation and analysis of cornea imaging or tomography as an adjunctive tool. Despite the potential advantages that these new technologies offer, there are challenges that need to be addressed before they can be integrated into clinical practice. In this review, we aim to summarize current literature and provide an update regarding recent advances in AI technologies pertaining to corneal diseases, and its potential future application, in particular pertaining to image analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yuan Tey
- Singapore National Eye Centre, 11 Third Hospital Ave, Singapore, 168751, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Marcus Ang
- Singapore National Eye Centre, 11 Third Hospital Ave, Singapore, 168751, Singapore.
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
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Storås AM, Fineide F, Magnø M, Thiede B, Chen X, Strümke I, Halvorsen P, Galtung H, Jensen JL, Utheim TP, Riegler MA. Using machine learning model explanations to identify proteins related to severity of meibomian gland dysfunction. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22946. [PMID: 38135766 PMCID: PMC10746717 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50342-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Meibomian gland dysfunction is the most common cause of dry eye disease and leads to significantly reduced quality of life and social burdens. Because meibomian gland dysfunction results in impaired function of the tear film lipid layer, studying the expression of tear proteins might increase the understanding of the etiology of the condition. Machine learning is able to detect patterns in complex data. This study applied machine learning to classify levels of meibomian gland dysfunction from tear proteins. The aim was to investigate proteomic changes between groups with different severity levels of meibomian gland dysfunction, as opposed to only separating patients with and without this condition. An established feature importance method was used to identify the most important proteins for the resulting models. Moreover, a new method that can take the uncertainty of the models into account when creating explanations was proposed. By examining the identified proteins, potential biomarkers for meibomian gland dysfunction were discovered. The overall findings are largely confirmatory, indicating that the presented machine learning approaches are promising for detecting clinically relevant proteins. While this study provides valuable insights into proteomic changes associated with varying severity levels of meibomian gland dysfunction, it should be noted that it was conducted without a healthy control group. Future research could benefit from including such a comparison to further validate and extend the findings presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Storås
- Department of Holistic Systems, Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Computer Science, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Fredrik Fineide
- Department of Computer Science, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
- The Norwegian Dry Eye Clinic, Oslo, Bergen, Norway
| | - Morten Magnø
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sørlandet Hospital Arendal, Arendal, Norway
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bernd Thiede
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Xiangjun Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sørlandet Hospital Arendal, Arendal, Norway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway
| | - Inga Strümke
- Department of Computer Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Pål Halvorsen
- Department of Holistic Systems, Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Computer Science, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hilde Galtung
- Institute of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Janicke L Jensen
- Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tor P Utheim
- Department of Computer Science, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
- The Norwegian Dry Eye Clinic, Oslo, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sørlandet Hospital Arendal, Arendal, Norway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael A Riegler
- Department of Holistic Systems, Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Computer Science, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Computer Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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