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Ghani MU, Yang Z, Feng T, Chen J, Khosravi Z, Wu Q, Cui H. Comprehensive review on glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase: A critical immunometabolic and redox switch in insects. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:132867. [PMID: 38838892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Mounting an active immune response is energy intensive and demands the reallocation of nutrients to maintain the body's resistance and tolerance against infections. Central to this metabolic adaptation is Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), a housekeeping enzyme involve in pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). PPP play an essential role in generating ribose, which is critical for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). It is vital for physiological and cellular processes such as generating nucleotides, fatty acids and reducing oxidative stress. The G6PDH is extremely conserved enzyme across species in PP shunt. The deficiency of enzymes leads to serious consequences on organism, particularly on adaptation and development. Acute deficiency can lead to impaired cell development, halted embryonic growth, reduce sensitivity to insulin, hypertension and increase inflammation. Historically, research focusing on G6PDH and PPP have primarily targeted diseases on mammalian. However, our review has investigated the unique functions of the G6PDH enzyme in insects and greatly improved mechanistic understanding of its operations. This review explore how G6PDH in insects plays a crucial role in managing the redox balance and immune related metabolism. This study aims to investigate the enzyme's role in different metabolic adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usman Ghani
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zihan Yang
- Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Tianxiang Feng
- Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Junfan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zahra Khosravi
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qishu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing, 401329, China.
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Farina P, Pisuttu C, Tani C, Bedini S, Nali C, Landi M, Lauria G, Conti B, Pellegrini E. Leaf and Flower Extracts from the Dwarf Elder ( Sambucus ebulus): Toxicity and Repellence against Cosmopolitan Mosquito-Borne Diseases Vectors. INSECTS 2024; 15:482. [PMID: 39057215 PMCID: PMC11276704 DOI: 10.3390/insects15070482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
As there has been no scientific evidence of the bioactivity of Sambucus ebulus (Adoxaceae) extracts against insects, we chemically characterized S. ebulus leaves and flowers extracted in methanol and water. The crude extracts, phenolic compounds, and amino acids isolated were tested as larvicides against the fourth-instar larvae of Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae). To understand their mode of action, we evaluated the in vitro acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor effect of the crude extracts on the two mosquito larvae through a colorimetric method. Furthermore, the deterrent effect of the crude extracts against ovipositing Ae. albopictus females was assessed in the open field. Twelve phenylpropanoids and fourteen amino acids were detected in the extracts, with a prevalence of hydroxycinnamic acids and nonaromatic amino acids. The most toxic compound to Ae. albopictus larvae after 24 h was gallic acid, followed by the crude S. ebulus leaf extract; on Cx. pipiens, it was the crude flower extract. The AChE test showed higher inhibition on both mosquito species exerted by the leaf extract if compared to the flower extract, and it also deterred oviposition by Ae. albopictus females starting from the third day. The results indicated that vegetal extracts could effectively help in the integrated vector management of mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Farina
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (P.F.); (C.P.); (C.T.); (S.B.); (C.N.); (M.L.); (G.L.); (E.P.)
| | - Claudia Pisuttu
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (P.F.); (C.P.); (C.T.); (S.B.); (C.N.); (M.L.); (G.L.); (E.P.)
| | - Camilla Tani
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (P.F.); (C.P.); (C.T.); (S.B.); (C.N.); (M.L.); (G.L.); (E.P.)
| | - Stefano Bedini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (P.F.); (C.P.); (C.T.); (S.B.); (C.N.); (M.L.); (G.L.); (E.P.)
| | - Cristina Nali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (P.F.); (C.P.); (C.T.); (S.B.); (C.N.); (M.L.); (G.L.); (E.P.)
- Nutrafood, Research Center Nutraceuticals and Food for Health-Nutrafood, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Cirsec, Centre for Climatic Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (P.F.); (C.P.); (C.T.); (S.B.); (C.N.); (M.L.); (G.L.); (E.P.)
- Nutrafood, Research Center Nutraceuticals and Food for Health-Nutrafood, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Cirsec, Centre for Climatic Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Lauria
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (P.F.); (C.P.); (C.T.); (S.B.); (C.N.); (M.L.); (G.L.); (E.P.)
| | - Barbara Conti
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (P.F.); (C.P.); (C.T.); (S.B.); (C.N.); (M.L.); (G.L.); (E.P.)
- Nutrafood, Research Center Nutraceuticals and Food for Health-Nutrafood, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Cirsec, Centre for Climatic Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (P.F.); (C.P.); (C.T.); (S.B.); (C.N.); (M.L.); (G.L.); (E.P.)
- Nutrafood, Research Center Nutraceuticals and Food for Health-Nutrafood, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Cirsec, Centre for Climatic Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Fikru S, Tolossa K, Lindemann P, Bucar F, Asres K. Larvicidal, Ovicidal, and Repellent Activities of Leucas stachydiformis (Hochst. ex Benth.) Briq Essential Oil against Anopheles arabiensis. J Trop Med 2024; 2024:1051086. [PMID: 38586242 PMCID: PMC10997417 DOI: 10.1155/2024/1051086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Larvicidal, ovicidal, and repellent activities of the essential oil extracted by hydrodistillation from the leaves of the endemic Ethiopian plant Leucas stachydiformis (Hochst. ex Benth.) Briq were investigated against Anopheles arabiensis, the dominant malaria vector species in Ethiopia with the objective of searching for a plant-based malaria vector control strategy from medicinal plants. The larvicidal effect was tested against the fourth instar An. arabiensis wild larvae whilst freshly laid ova of An. arabiensis were used to determine the ovicidal activity of the essential oil at concentrations ranging from 6.25 to 400 ppm. Concentrations of 41.6-366.7 µg/cm2 were used to evaluate the repellent activity of the essential oil on 3-5 days old adult female An. arabiensis. The oil composition of L. stachydiformis was also analyzed using GC-MS. The study revealed that the oil possesses the highest larvicidal activity at 400 ppm and 200 ppm after 24 h and 48 h of treatment. LC50 values for the fourth larval instar after 24 h and 48 h of treatment were 43.4 ppm and 34.2 ppm, respectively. After 72 h of exposure, the oil displayed 100% ovicidal activity at 400 ppm with an IH50 value of 32.2 ppm. In the repellency test, at concentrations of 366.7, 133.3, and 41.6 µg/cm2, the oil gave a total percentage protection of 67.9 ± 4.2%, 37.2 ± 2.8%, and 32 ± 2.2%, respectively, for 4 h. The highest concentration (366.7 µg/cm2) gave 100% protection up to 90 min. GC-MS analysis of the oil revealed the presence of 24 compounds representing 90.34% of the total oil with caryophyllene oxide, germacrene D, and trans-caryophyllene constituting more than 50% of its components. Results of the present study suggest that the essential oil of L. stachydiformis has the potential to be used for the control of An. arabiensis mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisay Fikru
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ketema Tolossa
- Endod and Other Medicinal Plants Research Unit, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology (ALIPB), Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Peter Lindemann
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin Luther Universität Halle Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, Halle D-06120, Germany
| | - Franz Bucar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Kaleab Asres
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Farag SM, Moustafa MAM, Fónagy A, Kamel OMHM, Abdel-Haleem DR. Chemical composition of four essential oils and their adulticidal, repellence, and field oviposition deterrence activities against Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 2024; 123:110. [PMID: 38267697 PMCID: PMC10808171 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08118-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Effective mosquito repellents can limit the transmission of vector-borne diseases to humans. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop mosquito control strategies that prioritize eco-friendly and cost-effective repellents. Essential oils (EOs) have enormous potential for mosquito repellency. Here, cinnamon, basil, eucalyptus, and peppermint EOs were investigated for adulticide and repellency properties against Culex pipiens as well on the oviposition behavior of gravid females from laboratory (lab test) and field (field test) populations. Cinnamon oil was an effective oviposition deterrent regardless of the population and had high adulticidal activity with toxicity index of 75.00% at 24 h of exposure, relative to deltamethrin. In addition, it exhibited effective repellency at 98.01% and 71.22% at 6.67 and 1.71 µl/cm2, respectively. Peppermint oil had the least adulticidal activity with toxicity index of 6.2% at 24 h, and it resulted in low repellency at 70.90% and 50.64% at 6.67 and 1.71 µl/cm2, respectively. On average, basil and eucalyptus oils showed some adulticidal efficiency, repellency, and oviposition deterrent activity. For all treatments, the oviposition deterrent index values of gravid females from natural populations (field test) were lower than those from lab-reared (lab test) females. Different ratios of monoterpenoids, phenylpropanoids, and fatty acids in the EOs tested likely account for the activity variations observed. Our results suggest cinnamon, basil, eucalyptus, and peppermint EOs, which are widely available, economical, and eco-friendly, with good potential for mosquito control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa M Farag
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Moataz A M Moustafa
- Department of Economic Entomology and Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt.
| | - Adrien Fónagy
- Zoology Department, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH (Eötvös Lóránd Research Network), 1022, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Omnia M H M Kamel
- Applied Organic Chemistry Department, Institute of Industrial Chemistry Research, National Research Center, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Doaa R Abdel-Haleem
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
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