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Arfaei R, Mikaeili N, Daj F, Boroumand A, Kheyri A, Yaraghi P, Shirzad Z, Keshavarz M, Hassanshahi G, Jafarzadeh A, Shahrokhi VM, Khorramdelazad H. Decoding the role of the CCL2/CCR2 axis in Alzheimer's disease and innovating therapeutic approaches: Keeping All options open. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 135:112328. [PMID: 38796962 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), as a neurodegenerative disorder, distresses the elderly in large numbers and is characterized by β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation, elevated tau protein levels, and chronic inflammation. The brain's immune system is aided by microglia and astrocytes, which produce chemokines and cytokines. Nevertheless, dysregulated expression can cause hyperinflammation and lead to neurodegeneration. CCL2/CCR2 chemokines are implicated in neurodegenerative diseases exacerbating. Inflicting damage on nerves and central nervous system (CNS) cells is the function of this axis, which recruits and migrates immune cells, including monocytes and macrophages. It has been shown that targeting the CCL2/CCR2 axis may be a therapeutic option for inflammatory diseases. Using the current knowledge about the involvement of the CCL2/CCR2 axis in the immunopathogenesis of AD, this comprehensive review synthesizes existing information. It also explores potential therapeutic options, including modulation of the CCL2/CCR2 axis as a possible strategy in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhaneh Arfaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Narges Mikaeili
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Daj
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Armin Boroumand
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Abbas Kheyri
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Pegah Yaraghi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Zahra Shirzad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Keshavarz
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Gholamhossein Hassanshahi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Vahid Mohammadi Shahrokhi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
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Dawson JRD, Wadman GM, Zhang P, Tebben A, Carter PH, Gu S, Shroka T, Borrega-Roman L, Salanga CL, Handel TM, Kufareva I. Molecular determinants of antagonist interactions with chemokine receptors CCR2 and CCR5. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.15.567150. [PMID: 38014122 PMCID: PMC10680698 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.15.567150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
By driving monocyte chemotaxis, the chemokine receptor CCR2 shapes inflammatory responses and the formation of tumor microenvironments. This makes it a promising target in inflammation and immuno-oncology; however, despite extensive efforts, there are no FDA-approved CCR2-targeting therapeutics. Cited challenges include the redundancy of the chemokine system, suboptimal properties of compound candidates, and species differences that confound the translation of results from animals to humans. Structure-based drug design can rationalize and accelerate the discovery and optimization of CCR2 antagonists to address these challenges. The prerequisites for such efforts include an atomic-level understanding of the molecular determinants of action of existing antagonists. In this study, using molecular docking and artificial-intelligence-powered compound library screening, we uncover the structural principles of small molecule antagonism and selectivity towards CCR2 and its sister receptor CCR5. CCR2 orthosteric inhibitors are shown to universally occupy an inactive-state-specific tunnel between receptor helices 1 and 7; we also discover an unexpected role for an extra-helical groove accessible through this tunnel, suggesting its potential as a new targetable interface for CCR2 and CCR5 modulation. By contrast, only shape complementarity and limited helix 8 hydrogen bonding govern the binding of various chemotypes of allosteric antagonists. CCR2 residues S1012.63 and V2446.36 are implicated as determinants of CCR2/CCR5 and human/mouse orthosteric and allosteric antagonist selectivity, respectively, and the role of S1012.63 is corroborated through experimental gain-of-function mutagenesis. We establish a critical role of induced fit in antagonist recognition, reveal strong chemotype selectivity of existing structures, and demonstrate the high predictive potential of a new deep-learning-based compound scoring function. Finally, this study expands the available CCR2 structural landscape with computationally generated chemotype-specific models well-suited for structure-based antagonist design.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R D Dawson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Grant M Wadman
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Percy H Carter
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, USA
- (current affiliation) Blueprint Medicines, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Siyi Gu
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- (current affiliation) Lycia Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Thomas Shroka
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- (current affiliation) Avidity Biosciences Inc., San Diego, CA
| | - Leire Borrega-Roman
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Catherina L Salanga
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tracy M Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Wang Y, Yin Q, Yang D, Jin H, Yao Y, Song J, Liu C, Nie Y, Yin H, Wang W, Xu B, Xue L, Ji X, Chen X, Zhao H. LCP1 knockdown in monocyte-derived macrophages: mitigating ischemic brain injury and shaping immune cell signaling and metabolism. Theranostics 2024; 14:159-175. [PMID: 38164159 PMCID: PMC10750214 DOI: 10.7150/thno.88678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Ischemic stroke poses a significant health burden with limited treatment options. Lymphocyte Cytosolic Protein 1 (LCP1) facilitates cell migration and immune responses by aiding in actin polymerization, cytoskeletal rearrangements, and phagocytosis. We have demonstrated that the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) Maclpil silencing in monocyte-derived macrophages (MoDMs) led to LCP1 inhibition, reducing ischemic brain damage. However, the role of LCP1 of MoDMs in ischemic stroke remains unknown. Methods and Results: We investigated the impact of LCP1 on ischemic brain injury and immune cell signaling and metabolism. We found that knockdown of LCP1 in MoDMs demonstrated robust protection against ischemic infarction and improved neurological behaviors in mice. Utilizing the high-dimensional CyTOF technique, we demonstrated that knocking down LCP1 in MoDMs led to a reduction in neuroinflammation and attenuation of lymphopenia, which is linked to immunodepression. It also showed altered immune cell signaling by modulating the phosphorylation levels of key kinases and transcription factors, including p-PLCg2, p-ERK1/2, p-EGFR, p-AKT, and p4E-BP1 as well as transcription factors like p-STAT1, p-STAT3, and p-STAT4. Further bioinformatic analysis indicated that Akt and EGFR are particularly involved in fatty acid metabolism and glycolysis. Indeed, single-cell sequencing analysis confirmed that enrichment of fatty acid and glycolysis metabolism in Lcp1high monocytes/macrophages. Furthermore, Lcp1high cells exhibited enhanced oxidative phosphorylation, chemotaxis, migration, and ATP biosynthesis pathways. In vitro experiments confirmed the role of LCP1 in regulating mitochondrial function and fatty acid uptake. Conclusions: These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of LCP1 in the context of ischemic stroke and provide valuable insights into potential therapeutic strategies targeting LCP1 and metabolic pathways, aiming to attenuating neuroinflammation and lymphopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, MSLS Building, Stanford, USA
| | - Qianqian Yin
- Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Decao Yang
- Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haojie Jin
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, The College of forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, MSLS Building, Stanford, USA
| | - Jibing Song
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, China
| | - Cuiying Liu
- School of Nursing, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Nie
- Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Yin
- Organ Transplant Center, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Institute, The Third Xiang Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Engineering and Technology Research Center for Xenotransplantation of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Baohui Xu
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, MSLS Building, Stanford, USA
| | - Lixiang Xue
- Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xunming Ji
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Heng Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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