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Ansari HR, Kordrostami Z, Mirzaei A, Kraft M. Deep-Learning-Based Blood Glucose Detection Device Using Acetone Exhaled Breath Sensing Features of α-Fe 2O 3-MWCNT Nanocomposites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:47973-47987. [PMID: 39225263 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c06855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Owing to the correlation between acetone in human's exhaled breath (EB) and blood glucose, the development of EB acetone gas-sensing devices is important for early diagnosis of diabetes diseases. In this article, a noninvasive blood glucose detection device through acetone sensing in EB, based on an α-Fe2O3-multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) nanocomposite, was successfully developed. Different amounts of α-Fe2O3 were added to the MWCNTs by a simple solution method. The optimized acetone gas sensor showed a response of 5.15 to 10 ppm acetone gas at 200 °C. Also, the fabricated sensor showed very good sensing properties even in an atmosphere with high relative humidity. Since the EB has high humidity, the proposed sensor is a promising device to exactly detect the amount of acetone in EB with high humidity. The sensor was powered by a 3200 mAh battery with the possibility of charging using mains electricity. To increase the reliability and calibration of the sensing device, a practical test was taken to detect acetone EB from 50 volunteers, and a deep learning algorithm (DLA) was used to detect the effect of various factors on the amount of acetone in each person's acetone EB. The proposed device with ±15 errors had almost 85% correct responses. Also, the proposed device had excellent response, short response time, good selectivity, and good repeatability, leading it to be a suitable candidate for noninvasive blood glucose sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Ansari
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz 71555-313, Iran
- Research Center for Design and Fabrication of Advanced Electronic Devices, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz 71555-313, Iran
- Department of Electrical Engineering-MNS, University of Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Zoheir Kordrostami
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz 71555-313, Iran
- Research Center for Design and Fabrication of Advanced Electronic Devices, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz 71555-313, Iran
| | - Ali Mirzaei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz 71555-313, Iran
| | - Michael Kraft
- Department of Electrical Engineering-MNS, University of Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
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Aparicio-Huacarpuma BD, H Aragón FF, Villegas-Lelovsky L, Soncco CM, Pacheco-Salazar DG, Guerra JA, Morais PC, da Silva SW, Coaquira JAH. Thickness dependence of the room-temperature ethanol sensor properties of Cu 2O polycrystalline films. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:325705. [PMID: 38710177 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad47cc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the fabrication process of copper thin films via thermal evaporation, with precise control over film thickness achieved throughZ-position adjustment. Analysis of the as-fabricated copper films reveals a discernible relationship between grain size (〈D〉) andZ-position, characterized by a phenomenological equation〈D〉XRDn(Z)=〈D〉0n1+32rZ2+158rZ4, which is further supported by a growth exponent (n) of 0.41 obtained from the analysis. This value aligns well with findings in the literature concerning the growth of copper films, thus underlining the validity and reliability of our experimental outcomes. The resulting crystallites, ranging in size from 20 to 26 nm, exhibit a resistivity within the range of 3.3-4.6μΩ · cm. Upon thermal annealing at 200 °C, cuprite Cu2O thin films are produced, demonstrating crystallite sizes ranging from ∼9 to ∼24 nm with increasing film thickness. The observed monotonic reduction in Cu2O crystallites relative to film thickness is attributed to a recrystallization process, indicating amorphization when oxygen atoms are introduced, followed by the nucleation and growth of newly formed copper oxide phase. Changes in the optical bandgap of the Cu2O films, ranging from 2.31 to 2.07 eV, are attributed mainly to the quantum confinement effect, particularly important in Cu2O with size close than the Bohr exciton diameter (5 nm) of the Cu2O. Additionally, correlations between refractive index and extinction coefficient with film thickness are observed, notably a linear relationship between refractive index and charge carrier density. Electrical measurements confirm the presence of a p-type semiconductor with carrier concentrations of ∼1014cm-3, showing a slight decrease with film thickness. This phenomenon is likely attributed to escalating film roughness, which introduces supplementary scattering mechanisms for charge carriers, leading to a resistivity increase, especially as the roughness approaches or surpasses the mean free path of charge carriers (8.61 nm). Moreover,ab-initiocalculations on the Cu2O crystalline phase to investigate the impact of hydrostatic strain on its electronic and optical properties was conducted. We believe that our findings provide crucial insights that support the elucidation of the experimental results. Notably, thinner cuprite films exhibit heightened sensitivity to ethanol gas at room temperature, indicating potential for highly responsive gas sensors, particularly for ethanol breath testing, with significant implications for portable device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Aparicio-Huacarpuma
- Institute of Physics, Applied Physics Division, University of Brasília, Brasília DF 70910-900, Brazil
- Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Av. Independencia s/n, Arequipa, Peru
| | - F F H Aragón
- Institute of Physics, Applied Physics Division, University of Brasília, Brasília DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - L Villegas-Lelovsky
- Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Av. Independencia s/n, Arequipa, Peru
- Physics Department, IGCE, Paulista State University, Rio Claro SP 13506-900, Brazil
| | - C M Soncco
- Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Av. Independencia s/n, Arequipa, Peru
| | - D G Pacheco-Salazar
- Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Av. Independencia s/n, Arequipa, Peru
| | - J A Guerra
- Departamento de Ciencias, Sección Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Av. Universitaria 1801, San Miguel, Lima 32, Peru
| | - P C Morais
- Institute of Physics, Applied Physics Division, University of Brasília, Brasília DF 70910-900, Brazil
- Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Av. Independencia s/n, Arequipa, Peru
- Physics Department, IGCE, Paulista State University, Rio Claro SP 13506-900, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciencias, Sección Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Av. Universitaria 1801, San Miguel, Lima 32, Peru
- Catholic University of Brasília, Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Brasília DF 70790-160, Brazil
| | - S W da Silva
- Institute of Physics, Applied Physics Division, University of Brasília, Brasília DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - J A H Coaquira
- Institute of Physics, Applied Physics Division, University of Brasília, Brasília DF 70910-900, Brazil
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Chen X, Liu T, Ouyang Y, Huang S, Zhang Z, Liu F, Qiu L, Wang C, Lin X, Chen J, Shen Y. Influence of Different Pt Functionalization Modes on the Properties of CuO Gas-Sensing Materials. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 24:120. [PMID: 38202982 PMCID: PMC10780899 DOI: 10.3390/s24010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The functionalization of noble metals is an effective approach to lowering the sensing temperature and improving the sensitivity of metal oxide semiconductor (MOS)-based gas sensors. However, there is a dearth of comparative analyses regarding the differences in sensitization mechanisms between the two functionalization modes of noble metal loading and doping. In this investigation, we synthesized Pt-doped CuO gas-sensing materials using a one-pot hydrothermal method. And for Pt-loaded CuO, Pt was deposited on the synthesized pristine CuO surface by using a dipping method. We found that both functionalization methods can considerably enhance the response and selectivity of CuO toward NO2 at low temperatures. However, we observed that CuO with Pt loading had superior sensing performance at 25 °C, while CuO with Pt doping showed more substantial response changes with an increase in the operating temperature. This is mainly due to the different dominant roles of electron sensitization and chemical sensitization resulting from the different forms of Pt present in different functionalization modes. For Pt doping, electron sensitization is stronger, and for Pt loading, chemical sensitization is stronger. The results of this study present innovative ideas for understanding the optimization of noble metal functionalization for the gas-sensing performance of metal oxide semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxiang Chen
- Zijin School of Geology and Mining, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (X.C.); (T.L.); (Y.O.); (S.H.); (Z.Z.); (F.L.); (L.Q.); (C.W.); (X.L.); (J.C.)
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Green Extraction and High Value Utilization of New Energy Metals, Fuzhou 350108, China
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Tianhao Liu
- Zijin School of Geology and Mining, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (X.C.); (T.L.); (Y.O.); (S.H.); (Z.Z.); (F.L.); (L.Q.); (C.W.); (X.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Yunfei Ouyang
- Zijin School of Geology and Mining, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (X.C.); (T.L.); (Y.O.); (S.H.); (Z.Z.); (F.L.); (L.Q.); (C.W.); (X.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Shiyi Huang
- Zijin School of Geology and Mining, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (X.C.); (T.L.); (Y.O.); (S.H.); (Z.Z.); (F.L.); (L.Q.); (C.W.); (X.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Zhaoyang Zhang
- Zijin School of Geology and Mining, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (X.C.); (T.L.); (Y.O.); (S.H.); (Z.Z.); (F.L.); (L.Q.); (C.W.); (X.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Fangzheng Liu
- Zijin School of Geology and Mining, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (X.C.); (T.L.); (Y.O.); (S.H.); (Z.Z.); (F.L.); (L.Q.); (C.W.); (X.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Lu Qiu
- Zijin School of Geology and Mining, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (X.C.); (T.L.); (Y.O.); (S.H.); (Z.Z.); (F.L.); (L.Q.); (C.W.); (X.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Chicheng Wang
- Zijin School of Geology and Mining, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (X.C.); (T.L.); (Y.O.); (S.H.); (Z.Z.); (F.L.); (L.Q.); (C.W.); (X.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Xincheng Lin
- Zijin School of Geology and Mining, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (X.C.); (T.L.); (Y.O.); (S.H.); (Z.Z.); (F.L.); (L.Q.); (C.W.); (X.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Junyan Chen
- Zijin School of Geology and Mining, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (X.C.); (T.L.); (Y.O.); (S.H.); (Z.Z.); (F.L.); (L.Q.); (C.W.); (X.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Yanbai Shen
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
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