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Arejan NH, Czapski DR, Buonomo JA, Boutte CC. MmpL3, Wag31 and PlrA are involved in coordinating polar growth with peptidoglycan metabolism and nutrient availability. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.29.591792. [PMID: 38746181 PMCID: PMC11092516 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.29.591792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Cell growth in mycobacteria involves cell wall expansion that is restricted to the cell poles. The DivIVA homolog Wag31 is required for this process, but the molecular mechanism and protein partners of Wag31 have not been described. In this study of Mycobacterium smegmatis, we identify a connection between wag31 and trehalose monomycolate (TMM) transporter mmpl3 in a suppressor screen, and show that Wag31 and polar regulator PlrA are required for MmpL3's polar localization. In addition, the localization of PlrA and MmpL3 are responsive to nutrient and energy deprivation and inhibition of peptidoglycan metabolism. We show that inhibition of MmpL3 causes delocalized cell wall metabolism, but does not delocalize MmpL3 itself. We found that cells with an MmpL3 C-terminal truncation, which is defective for localization, have only minor defects in polar growth, but are impaired in their ability to downregulate cell wall metabolism under stress. Our work suggests that, in addition to its established function in TMM transport, MmpL3 has a second function in regulating global cell wall metabolism in response to stress. Our data are consistent with a model in which the presence of TMMs in the periplasm stimulates polar elongation, and in which the connection between Wag31, PlrA and the C-terminus of MmpL3 is involved in detecting and responding to stress in order to coordinate synthesis of the different layers of the mycobacterial cell wall in changing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Desiree R Czapski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas, Arlington
| | - Joseph A Buonomo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas, Arlington
| | - Cara C Boutte
- Department of Biology, University of Texas, Arlington
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Aitken JM, Aitken JE, Agrawal G. Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis and Crohn's Disease-Diagnostic Microbiological Investigations Can Inform New Therapeutic Approaches. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:158. [PMID: 38391544 PMCID: PMC10886072 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13020158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the cause of Johne's disease (JD), which is a chronic infectious gastrointestinal disease of ruminants and is often fatal. In humans, MAP has been associated with Crohn's disease (CD) for over a century, without conclusive evidence of pathogenicity. Numerous researchers have contributed to the subject, but there is still a need for evidence of the causation of CD by MAP. An infectious aetiology in CD that is attributable to MAP can only be proven by bacteriological investigations. There is an urgency in resolving this question due to the rising global incidence rates of CD. Recent papers have indicated the "therapeutic ceiling" may be close in the development of new biologics. Clinical trial outcomes have demonstrated mild or inconsistent improvements in therapeutic interventions over the last decades when compared with placebo. The necessity to revisit therapeutic options for CD is becoming more urgent and a renewed focus on causation is essential for progress in identifying new treatment options. This manuscript discusses newer interventions, such as vaccination, FMT, dietary remediation and gut microbiome regulation, that will become more relevant as existing therapeutic options expire. Revisiting the MAP theory as a potential infectious cause of CD, rather than the prevailing concept of an "aberrant immune response" will require expanding the current therapeutic programme to include potential new alternatives, and combinations of existing treatments. To advance research on MAP in humans, it is essential for microbiologists and medical scientists to microscopically detect CWDM and to biologically amplify the growth by directed culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Aitken
- Otakaro Pathways Ltd., Innovation Park, Christchurch 7675, New Zealand
| | - Jack E Aitken
- Otakaro Pathways Ltd., Innovation Park, Christchurch 7675, New Zealand
| | - Gaurav Agrawal
- Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
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Gwin CM, Gupta KR, Lu Y, Shao L, Rego EH. Spatial segregation and aging of metabolic processes underlie phenotypic heterogeneity in mycobacteria. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.01.569614. [PMID: 38076906 PMCID: PMC10705497 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.01.569614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Individual cells within clonal populations of mycobacteria vary in size, growth rate, and antibiotic susceptibility. Heterogeneity is, in part, determined by LamA, a protein found exclusively in mycobacteria. LamA localizes to sites of new cell wall synthesis where it recruits proteins important for polar growth and establishing asymmetry. Here, we report that in addition to this function, LamA interacts with complexes involved in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) at a subcellular location distinct from cell wall synthesis. Importantly, heterogeneity depends on a unique extension of the mycobacterial ATP synthase, and LamA mediates the coupling between ATP production and cell growth in single cells. Strikingly, as single cells age, concentrations of proteins important for oxidative phosphorylation become less abundant, and older cells rely less on oxidative phosphorylation for growth. Together, our data reveal that central metabolism is spatially organized within a single mycobacterium and varies within a genetically identical population of mycobacteria. Designing therapeutic regimens to account for this heterogeneity may help to treat mycobacterial infections faster and more completely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celena M. Gwin
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519
| | - Kuldeepkumar R. Gupta
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519
| | - Yao Lu
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519
| | - Lin Shao
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519
| | - E. Hesper Rego
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519
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Zhao D, Song YH, Li D, Zhang R, Xu JB, Shi K, Li JM, Leng X, Zong Y, Zeng FL, Gong QL, Du R. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv3435c regulates inflammatory cytokines and promotes the intracellular survival of recombinant Mycobacteria. Acta Trop 2023; 246:106974. [PMID: 37355194 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a pathogenic bacterium that is parasitic in macrophages and show high adaptation to the host's immune response. It can also trigger a complex immune response in the host. This relies on proteins encoded by a series of M. tuberculosis-encoded virulence genes. We found that the M. tuberculosis Rv3435c gene is highly conserved among pathogenic mycobacteria, and might be a virulence gene. To explore the gene function of Rv3435c, we used Mycobacterium smegmatis to construct a recombinant mycobacterium expressing Rv3435c heterologously. The results that Rv3435c is a cell wall-related protein that changes bacterial and colony morphology, inhibits the growth rate of recombinant mycobacteria, and enhances their resistance to various stresses. We also found that the fatty acid levels of the recombinant strain changed. Simultaneously, Rv3435c can inhibit the expression and secretion of inflammatory factors and host cell apoptosis, and enhance the survival of recombinant bacteria in macrophages. Experimental data indicated that Rv3435c might play an important role in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China; Ginseng and Antler Products Testing Center of the Ministry of Agricultural PRC, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Hao Song
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China
| | - Dong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Biao Xu
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China
| | - Kun Shi
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China; Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Ming Li
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China; Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China
| | - Xue Leng
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China; Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zong
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China; Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China
| | - Fan-Li Zeng
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China; Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China.
| | - Qing-Long Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China; Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China.
| | - Rui Du
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China; Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China.
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