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Darghiasi SF, Farazin A, Ghazali HS. Design of bone scaffolds with calcium phosphate and its derivatives by 3D printing: A review. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 151:106391. [PMID: 38211501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2024.106391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a fascinating field that combines biology, engineering, and medicine to create artificial tissues and organs. It involves using living cells, biomaterials, and bioengineering techniques to develop functional tissues that can be used to replace or repair damaged or diseased organs in the human body. The process typically starts by obtaining cells from the patient or a donor. These cells are then cultured and grown in a laboratory under controlled conditions. Scaffold materials, such as biodegradable polymers or natural extracellular matrices, are used to provide support and structure for the growing cells. 3D bone scaffolds are a fascinating application within the field of tissue engineering. These scaffolds are designed to mimic the structure and properties of natural bone tissue and serve as a temporary framework for new bone growth. The main purpose of a 3D bone scaffold is to provide mechanical support to the surrounding cells and guide their growth in a specific direction. It acts as a template, encouraging the formation of new bone tissue by providing a framework for cells to attach, proliferate, and differentiate. These scaffolds are typically fabricated using biocompatible materials like ceramics, polymers, or a combination of both. The choice of material depends on factors such as strength, biodegradability, and the ability to facilitate cell adhesion and growth. Advanced techniques like 3D printing have revolutionized the fabrication process of these scaffolds. Using precise layer-by-layer deposition, it allows for the creation of complex, patient-specific geometries, mimicking the intricacies of natural bone structure. This article offers a brief overview of the latest developments in the research and development of 3D printing techniques for creating scaffolds used in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Farnaz Darghiasi
- Department of Mechanical & Biomedical Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA; Nanotechnology Department, School of Advanced Technologies, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), P.O. Box 16846-13114, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashkan Farazin
- Department of Solid Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kashan, P.O. Box 87317-53153, Kashan, Iran; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Hanieh Sadat Ghazali
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA.
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Nastuta AV, Asandulesa M, Doroftei F, Dascalu IA, Varganici CD, Tiron V, Topala I. Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet Exposure of Polylactic Acid Surfaces for Better Adhesion: Plasma Parameters towards Polymer Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:240. [PMID: 38257039 PMCID: PMC11154260 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymers play a crucial role in multiple industries; however, surface modification is necessary for certain applications. Exposure to non-thermal plasma provides a viable and environmentally beneficial option. Fused deposition molding utilizes biodegradable polylactic acid, although it encounters constraints in biomedical applications as a result of inadequate mechanical characteristics. This study investigates the effects of atmospheric pressure plasma generated by a dielectric barrier discharge system using helium and/or argon on the modification of polylactic acid surfaces, changes in their wettability properties, and alterations in their chemical composition. The plasma source was ignited in either He or Ar and was tailored to fit the best operational conditions for polymer exposure. The results demonstrated the enhanced wettability of the polymer surface following plasma treatment (up to 40% in He and 20% in Ar), with a marginal variation observed among treatments utilizing different gases. The plasma treatments also caused changes in the surface topography, morphology, roughness, and hydrophilicity. Plasma exposure also resulted in observable modifications in the dielectric characteristics, phase transition, and structure. The experimental findings endorse the utilization of plasma technologies at normal air pressure for environmentally friendly processing of polymer materials, specifically for applications that necessitate enhanced adhesion and have carefully selected prerequisites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Vasile Nastuta
- Physics and Biophysics Education Research Laboratory (P&B-EduResLab), Biomedical Science Department, Faculty of Medical Bioengineering, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, M. Kogalniceanu Str., No. 9–13, 700454 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mihai Asandulesa
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (M.A.); (F.D.); (I.-A.D.); (C.-D.V.)
| | - Florica Doroftei
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (M.A.); (F.D.); (I.-A.D.); (C.-D.V.)
| | - Ioan-Andrei Dascalu
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (M.A.); (F.D.); (I.-A.D.); (C.-D.V.)
| | - Cristian-Dragos Varganici
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (M.A.); (F.D.); (I.-A.D.); (C.-D.V.)
| | - Vasile Tiron
- Research Center on Advanced Materials and Technologies (RAMTECH), Department of Exact and Natural Sciences, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, Blvd. Carol I No. 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Ionut Topala
- Iasi Plasma Advanced Research Center (IPARC), Faculty of Physics, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, Blvd. Carol I No. 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
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Zarei M, Hosseini Nikoo MM, Alizadeh R, Askarinya A. Synergistic effect of CaCO 3 addition and in-process cold atmospheric plasma treatment on the surface evolution, mechanical properties, and in-vitro degradation behavior of FDM-printed PLA scaffolds. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 149:106239. [PMID: 37984285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The ease of processing and biocompatibility of polylactic acid (PLA) have made it a widely used material for fused deposition modeling (FDM)-based 3D printing. In spite of this, PLA suffers from some limitations for its extensive use in tissue engineering applications, including poor wettability, low degradation rate, and insufficient mechanical properties. To address the previously mentioned limitations, this study examined how combining in-process cold atmospheric plasma treatment with the inclusion of CaCO3 influences the properties of FDM-printed PLA scaffolds. Differential scanning calorimetry results showed that by incorporating CaCO3 micro-particles into the PLA matrix, heterogeneous nucleation promoted the matrix's crystalline content. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that the surface of the PLA-CaCO3 scaffold exhibited increased roughness and improved interlayer bonding after undergoing plasma treatment. Atomic force microscopy revealed a significant (up to 80-fold) increase in the roughness value of PLA scaffolds after the incorporation of CaCO3 and subsequent cold plasma treatment. Furthermore, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis indicated that atmospheric plasma treatment substantially increased the presence of oxygen-containing bonds, leading to a significant reduction in the water contact angle, which decreased from 89° to 37°. According to the tensile test, the tensile modulus (634.1 MPa) and ultimate tensile strength (25.4 MPa) of PLA were markedly increased and reached 914.3 and 37.2 MPa, respectively, for the plasma-treated PLA-CaCO3 (PT-PLA-CaCO3). Additionally, the in-vitro degradation test showed that PT-PLA-CaCO3 scaffold exhibited higher degradation rate compared to the PLA-CaCO3 sample. Based on the obtained results, it appears that in-process cold atmospheric plasma treatment could serve as an efficient and straightforward method to enhance the properties of 3D-printed composite parts, particularly for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Zarei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Reza Alizadeh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amirhossein Askarinya
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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Zarei M, Hasanzadeh Azar M, Sayedain SS, Shabani Dargah M, Alizadeh R, Arab M, Askarinya A, Kaviani A, Beheshtizadeh N, Azami M. Material extrusion additive manufacturing of poly(lactic acid)/Ti6Al4V@calcium phosphate core-shell nanocomposite scaffolds for bone tissue applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 255:128040. [PMID: 37981284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The use of porous scaffolds with appropriate mechanical and biological features for the host tissue is one of the challenges in repairing critical-size bone defects. With today's three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, scaffolds can be customized and personalized, thereby eliminating the problems associated with conventional methods. In this work, after preparing Ti6Al4V/Calcium phosphate (Ti64@CaP) core-shell nanocomposite via a solution-based process, by taking advantage of fused deposition modeling (FDM), porous poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-Ti64@CaP nanocomposite scaffolds were fabricated. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that nanostructured calcium phosphate was distributed uniformly on the surface of Ti64 particles. Also, X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicated that calcium phosphate forms an octacalcium phosphate (OCP) phase. As a result of incorporating 6 wt% Ti64@CaP into the PLA, the compressive modulus and ultimate compressive strength values increased from 1.4 GPa and 29.5 MPa to 2.0 GPa and 53.5 MPa, respectively. Furthermore, the differential scanning calorimetry results revealed an increase in the glass transition temperature of PLA, rising from 57.0 to 62.4 °C, due to the addition of 6 wt% Ti64@CaP. However, it is worth noting that there was a moderate decrease in the crystallization and melting temperatures of the nanocomposite filament, which dropped from 97.0 to 89.5 °C and 167 to 162.9 °C, respectively. The scaffolds were seeded with human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADSCs) to investigate their biocompatibility and cell proliferation. Calcium deposition, ALP activity, and bone-related proteins and genes were also used to evaluate the bone differentiation potential of hADSCs. The obtained results showed that introducing Ti64@CaP considerably improved in vitro biocompatibility, facilitating the attachment, differentiation, and proliferation of hADSCs. Considering the findings of this study, the 3D-printed nanocomposite scaffold could be considered a promising candidate for bone tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Zarei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Hasanzadeh Azar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayed Shahab Sayedain
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Reza Alizadeh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Arab
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Askarinya
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Kaviani
- Polymeric Materials Research Group (PMRG), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Beheshtizadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Azami
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Joint Reconstruction Research Center (JRRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Azadpour B, Aharipour N, Paryab A, Omid H, Abdollahi S, Madaah Hosseini H, Malek Khachatourian A, Toprak MS, Seifalian AM. Magnetically-assisted viral transduction (magnetofection) medical applications: An update. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 154:213657. [PMID: 37844415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy involves replacing a faulty gene or adding a new gene inside the body's cells to cure disease or improve the body's ability to fight disease. Its popularity is evident from emerging concepts such as CRISPR-based genome editing and epigenetic studies and has been moved to a clinical setting. The strategy for therapeutic gene design includes; suppressing the expression of pathogenic genes, enhancing necessary protein production, and stimulating the immune system, which can be incorporated into both viral and non-viral gene vectors. Although non-viral gene delivery provides a safer platform, it suffers from an inefficient rate of gene transfection, which means a few genes could be successfully transfected and expressed within the cells. Incorporating nucleic acids into the viruses and using these viral vectors to infect cells increases gene transfection efficiency. Consequently, more cells will respond, more genes will be expressed, and sustained and successful gene therapy can be achieved. Combining nanoparticles (NPs) and nucleic acids protects genetic materials from enzymatic degradation. Furthermore, the vectors can be transferred faster, facilitating cell attachment and cellular uptake. Magnetically assisted viral transduction (magnetofection) enhances gene therapy efficiency by mixing magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with gene vectors and exerting a magnetic field to guide a significant number of vectors directly onto the cells. This research critically reviews the MNPs and the physiochemical properties needed to assemble an appropriate magnetic viral vector, discussing cellular hurdles and attitudes toward overcoming these barriers to reach clinical gene therapy perspectives. We focus on the studies conducted on the various applications of magnetic viral vectors in cancer therapies, regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, cell sorting, and virus isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Azadpour
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazli Aharipour
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhosein Paryab
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Omid
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sorosh Abdollahi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | - Muhammet S Toprak
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, SE10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander M Seifalian
- Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine Commercialisation Centre (NanoRegMed Ltd, Nanoloom Ltd, & Liberum Health Ltd), London BioScience Innovation Centre, London, UK.
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