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Liu X, Mei W, Zhang P, Zeng C. PIK3CA mutation as an acquired resistance driver to EGFR-TKIs in non-small cell lung cancer: Clinical challenges and opportunities. Pharmacol Res 2024; 202:107123. [PMID: 38432445 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have significantly enhanced the treatment outcomes in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients harboring EGFR mutations. However, the occurrence of acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs is an unavoidable outcome observed in these patients. Disruption of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway can contribute to the emergence of resistance to EGFR TKIs in lung cancer. The emergence of PIK3CA mutations following treatment with EGFR-TKIs can lead to resistance against EGFR-TKIs. This review provides an overview of the current perspectives regarding the involvement of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in the development of lung cancer. Furthermore, we outline the state-of-the-art therapeutic strategies targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in lung cancer. We highlight the role of PIK3CA mutation as an acquired resistance mechanism against EGFR-TKIs in EGFR-mutant NSCLC. Crucially, we explore therapeutic strategies targeting PIK3CA-mediated resistance to EGFR TKIs in lung cancer, aiming to optimize the effectiveness of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen 518110, China
| | - Wuxuan Mei
- Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen 518110, China
| | - Changchun Zeng
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen 518110, China.
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2
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Kim JH, Woo JH, Lim CY, An T, Han J, Chung MJ, Cha YK. SMARCA4-deficient non-small cell lung carcinoma: clinicodemographic, computed tomography, and positron emission tomography-computed tomography features. J Thorac Dis 2024; 16:1753-1764. [PMID: 38617754 PMCID: PMC11009581 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-23-1606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Background SMARCA4-deficient non-small cell lung carcinoma (SD-NSCLC) is a relatively rare tumor, which occurs in 5-10% of NSCLC. Based on World Health Organization thoracic tumor classification system, SMARCA4-deficient undifferentiated tumor (SD-UT) is recognized as a separate entity from SD-NSCLC. Differentiation between SD-NSCLC and SD-UT is often difficult due to shared biological continuum, but often required for choosing appropriate treatment regimen. Therefore, the aim of our study was to identify the clinicopathologic, computed tomography (CT), and positron emission tomography (PET)-CT imaging features of SD-NSCLC. Methods Nine patients of pathologically confirmed SD-NSCLC were included in our analysis. We reviewed electronic medical records for clinical information, demographic features, CT, and PET-CT imaging features were analyzed. Results Smoking history and male predominance are observed in all patients with SD-NSCLC (n=9). On CT, SD-NSCLC appeared as relatively well-defined masses with lobulated contour (n=8) and peripheral location (n=7). Invasion of adjacent pleura or chest wall (n=7) were frequently observed, regardless of small tumor size. Four cases showed lymph node metastases. Among nine patients, three patients showed multiple bone metastases, and one patient showed lung-to-lung metastases. Conclusions In patient with SD-NSCLC, there was tendency for male smokers, peripheral location and invasion of adjacent pleural or chest wall invasion regardless of small tumor size, when compared to SD-UT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hee Kim
- Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Han Woo
- Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Young Lim
- Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taein An
- Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joungho Han
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Jin Chung
- Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Ki Cha
- Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Lenchner DS, Petrova ZO, Hunihan L, Ashtekar KD, Walther Z, Wilson FH. A destabilizing Y891D mutation in activated EGFR impairs sensitivity to kinase inhibition. NPJ Precis Oncol 2024; 8:3. [PMID: 38182677 PMCID: PMC10770066 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-023-00490-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have transformed the treatment of EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC); however, therapeutic resistance remains a clinical challenge. Acquired secondary EGFR mutations that increase ATP affinity and/or impair inhibitor binding are well-described mediators of resistance. Here we identify a de novo EGFR Y891D secondary alteration in a NSCLC with EGFR L858R. Acquired EGFR Y891D alterations were previously reported in association with resistance to first generation EGFR TKIs. Functional studies in Ba/F3 cells demonstrate reduced TKI sensitivity of EGFR L858R + Y891D, with the greatest reduction observed for first and second generation TKIs. Unlike other EGFR mutations associated with TKI resistance, Y891D does not significantly alter ATP affinity or promote steric hindrance to inhibitor binding. Our data suggest that the Y891D mutation destabilizes EGFR L858R, potentially generating a population of misfolded receptor with preserved signaling capacity but reduced sensitivity to EGFR inhibitors. These findings raise the possibility of protein misfolding as a mechanism of resistance to EGFR inhibition in EGFR-mutated NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Lenchner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Center of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Zaritza O Petrova
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University West Campus, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lisa Hunihan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Center of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kumar D Ashtekar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University West Campus, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Zenta Walther
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Frederick H Wilson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Center of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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4
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Tuna M, Mills GB, Amos CI. Common and distinct patterns of acquired uniparental disomy and homozygous deletions between lung squamous cell carcinomas and lung adenocarcinoma. Neoplasia 2023; 45:100932. [PMID: 37801862 PMCID: PMC10562662 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2023.100932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Acquired uniparental disomy (aUPD) is a chromosomal alteration that can lead to homozygosity of existing aberrations. We used data from The Cancer Genome Atlas SNP-based arrays to identify distinct and common aUPD profiles in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC). Moreover, we tested relevance of aUPD for homozygous deletion (HMD), overall survival (OS), and recurrence-free survival (RFS). Overall, we found significantly higher aUPD (q = 5.34E-09) in LUSC than in LUAD. A significant portion of HMD was associated with aUPD in LUSC (24.9%) and LUAD (19.7%). We identified segmental, whole-chromosome arm and whole-chromosome aUPD, in which whole 7p arm aUPD was restricted to LUSC, while whole-chromosome 3 aUPD was observed only in LUAD, and whole-chromosome 21 aUPD was common to both LUSC and LUAD. The most frequent aUPD and HMD were observed at CDKN2A/B region in both LUAD and LUSC. In LUAD, aUPD and HMD at CDKN2A/B region were associated with shorter OS (q < 0.021 and q < 0.005), and RFS (q < 0.005 and q < 0.005), while heterozygous deletion was not associated with OS and RFS. In contrast, no association was found between aUPD at CDKN2A/B region and survival in LUSC. In LUAD, CTLA expression was significantly lower in samples with aUPD at CDKN2A/B regions than in samples without copy number and allele-based changes. Immune infiltration correlated with aUPD or HMD at CDKN2A/B, gain at HLA class I region, and aUPD at whole-chromosome q-arm or whole chromosome in LUAD, but not in LUSC. Both LUSC and LUAD have common and distinct patterns of aUPD regions with differing frequencies of occurrence and associations with outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musaffe Tuna
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Division of Oncological Sciences, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Christopher I Amos
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Ji X, Wang Z, Wang G, Tang L, Han Z. Single-cell transcriptomics reveals the drivers and therapeutic targets of lymph node metastasis in lung adenocarcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:7023-7037. [PMID: 37487008 PMCID: PMC10415555 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Lymph node metastasis (LNM) is usually the most common metastatic pathway in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and is associated with a poorer prognosis and higher possibility of recurrence. Therefore, discovering the drivers and therapeutic targets of LNM is important for early and non-invasive detection of patients with a high risk of LNM and guiding individualized therapy. Various cell constitutions of the primary tumor and lymph node microenvironment was characterized based on scRNA-seq data. The copy number variation (CNV) analysis was performed to probe clonal structures and origins of metastatic lymph nodes, and found 6q loss and 20q gain may drive LNM in LUAD. Then a LNM-related cell subset, named Scissor+ cells, was identified using the Scissor algorithm. And cell-cell communication network among Scissor+ cells and microenvironment was further analyzed. Besides, a pro-LNM signature was subsequently constructed based on 27 genes using pseudotime trajectory analysis and gene set variation analysis. The pro-LNM signature showed a significant correlation with N stage and a good predictive ability of LUAD survival. At last, we identified that erastin and gefitinib could potentially inhibit LNM by targeting Scissor+ cells based on the drug sensitivity data of the cancer cell lines, which provided new insights for LUAD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ji
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Zihao Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guige Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lijun Tang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhijun Han
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Lengel HB, Mastrogiacomo B, Connolly JG, Tan KS, Liu Y, Fick CN, Dunne EG, He D, Lankadasari MB, Satravada BA, Sun Y, Kundra R, Fong C, Smith S, Riely GJ, Rudin CM, Gomez DR, Solit DB, Berger MF, Li BT, Mayo MW, Matei I, Lyden DC, Adusumilli PS, Schultz N, Sanchez-Vega F, Jones DR. Genomic mapping of metastatic organotropism in lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Cell 2023; 41:970-985.e3. [PMID: 37084736 PMCID: PMC10391526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2023.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed 2,532 lung adenocarcinomas (LUAD) to identify the clinicopathological and genomic features associated with metastasis, metastatic burden, organotropism, and metastasis-free survival. Patients who develop metastasis are younger and male, with primary tumors enriched in micropapillary or solid histological subtypes and with a higher mutational burden, chromosomal instability, and fraction of genome doublings. Inactivation of TP53, SMARCA4, and CDKN2A are correlated with a site-specific shorter time to metastasis. The APOBEC mutational signature is more prevalent among metastases, particularly liver lesions. Analyses of matched specimens show that oncogenic and actionable alterations are frequently shared between primary tumors and metastases, whereas copy number alterations of unknown significance are more often private to metastases. Only 4% of metastases harbor therapeutically actionable alterations undetected in their matched primaries. Key clinicopathological and genomic alterations in our cohort were externally validated. In summary, our analysis highlights the complexity of clinicopathological features and tumor genomics in LUAD organotropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry B Lengel
- Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brooke Mastrogiacomo
- Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - James G Connolly
- Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kay See Tan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuan Liu
- Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Druckenmiller Center for Lung Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cameron N Fick
- Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Dunne
- Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Di He
- Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Druckenmiller Center for Lung Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Manendra B Lankadasari
- Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Druckenmiller Center for Lung Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Baby Anusha Satravada
- Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yichao Sun
- Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ritika Kundra
- Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chris Fong
- Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shaleigh Smith
- Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gregory J Riely
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charles M Rudin
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel R Gomez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David B Solit
- Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael F Berger
- Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bob T Li
- Druckenmiller Center for Lung Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marty W Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Irina Matei
- Department of Pediatrics, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - David C Lyden
- Department of Pediatrics, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Prasad S Adusumilli
- Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Druckenmiller Center for Lung Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nikolaus Schultz
- Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Francisco Sanchez-Vega
- Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - David R Jones
- Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Druckenmiller Center for Lung Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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RET rearrangements in non-small cell lung cancer: Evolving treatment landscape and future challenges. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188810. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Tayoun T, Faugeroux V, Oulhen M, Déas O, Michels J, Brulle-Soumare L, Cairo S, Scoazec JY, Marty V, Aberlenc A, Planchard D, Remon J, Ponce S, Besse B, Kannouche PL, Judde JG, Pawlikowska P, Farace F. Targeting genome integrity dysfunctions impedes metastatic potency in non-small-cell lung cancer circulating tumor cell-derived eXplants. JCI Insight 2022; 7:155804. [PMID: 35511434 PMCID: PMC9220846 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.155804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage and genomic instability contribute to non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) etiology and progression. However, their therapeutic exploitation is disappointing. CTC-derived explants (CDX) offer systems for mechanistic investigation of CTC metastatic potency and may provide rationale for biology-driven therapeutics. Four CDX models and 3 CDX-derived cell lines were established from NSCLC CTCs and recapitulated patient tumor histology and response to platinum-based chemotherapy. CDX (GR-CDXL1, GR-CDXL2, GR-CDXL3, GR-CDXL4) demonstrated considerable mutational landscape similarity with patient tumor biopsy and/or single CTCs. Truncal alterations in key DNA damage response (DDR) and genome integrity–related genes were prevalent across models and assessed as therapeutic targets in vitro, in ovo, and in vivo. GR-CDXL1 presented homologous recombination deficiency linked to biallelic BRCA2 mutation and FANCA deletion, unrepaired DNA lesions after mitosis, and olaparib sensitivity, despite resistance to chemotherapy. SLFN11 overexpression in GR-CDXL4 led to olaparib sensitivity and was in coherence with neuroendocrine marker expression in patient tumor biopsy, suggesting a predictive value of SLFN11 in NSCLC histological transformation into small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Centrosome clustering promoted targetable chromosomal instability in GR-CDXL3 cells. These CDX unravel DDR and genome integrity–related defects as a central mechanism underpinning metastatic potency of CTCs and provide rationale for their therapeutic targeting in metastatic NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tala Tayoun
- Université Paris Saclay, INSERM US23 AMMICA, INSERM U981, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Vincent Faugeroux
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM US23 AMMICA, INSERM U981, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Marianne Oulhen
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM US23 AMMICA, INSERM U981, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Judith Michels
- Université Paris Saclay, Department of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | | | | | - Jean-Yves Scoazec
- Université Paris-Saclay, "Histo-Cytopathology" Translational Platform, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Virginie Marty
- Université Paris-Saclay, "Histo-Cytopathology" Translational Platform, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Agathe Aberlenc
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM US23 AMMICA, INSERM U981, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - David Planchard
- Université Paris Saclay, Department of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Jordi Remon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal HM CIOCC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Ponce
- Université Paris Saclay, INSERM U981, Department of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Benjamin Besse
- Université Paris Saclay, Department of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Patricia L Kannouche
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR9019 "Genome Integrity and Cancers", Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | | | | | - Françoise Farace
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM US23 AMMICA, INSERM U981, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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