1
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Janssen M, Frederichs T, Olaru M, Lork E, Hupf E, Beckmann J. Synthesis of a stable crystalline nitrene. Science 2024; 385:318-321. [PMID: 38870274 DOI: 10.1126/science.adp4963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Nitrenes are a highly reactive, yet fundamental, compound class. They possess a monovalent nitrogen atom and usually a short life span, typically in the nanosecond range. Here, we report on the synthesis of a stable nitrene by photolysis of the arylazide MSFluindN3 (1), which gave rise to the quantitative formation of the arylnitrene MSFluindN (2) (MSFluind is dispiro[fluorene-9,3'-(1',1',7',7'-tetramethyl-s-hydrindacen-4'-yl)-5',9''-fluorene]) that remains unchanged for at least 3 days when stored under argon atmosphere at room temperature. The extraordinary life span permitted the full characterization of 2 by single-crystal x-ray crystallography, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry, which supported a triplet ground state. Theoretical simulations suggest that in addition to the kinetic stabilization conferred by the bulky MSFluind aryl substituent, electron delocalization across the central aromatic ring contributes to the electron stabilization of 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Janssen
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 7, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Thomas Frederichs
- Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Klagenfurther Str. 2-4, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Marian Olaru
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 7, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Enno Lork
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 7, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Emanuel Hupf
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 7, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 7, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
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2
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Wu L, Li L, Zhao Y, Rui J, Zhan Y, Zhang L, Chen R, Zhou JS, Zhu C, Wu X. Nonactivated Aziridine Synthesis by Intermolecular Polarity-Mismatched Carboamination of Unactivated Alkenes with Unactivated Alkyl Halides. Org Lett 2024; 26:5609-5613. [PMID: 38949378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
A general intermolecular polarity-mismatched carboamination reaction of unactivated alkenes with unactivated alkyl halides has been developed. A series of nonactivated alkyl-substituted aziridines were constructed in exclusive regioselectivity. The dual polarity-mismatched mechanism might be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Wu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Lei Li
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jiacheng Rui
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Ying Zhan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Rizhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jianrong Steve Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chenjie Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xiaojin Wu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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3
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Fimm M, Saito F. Enantioselective Synthesis of Sulfinamidines via Asymmetric Nitrogen Transfer from N-H Oxaziridines to Sulfenamides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202408380. [PMID: 38747676 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202408380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Sulfinamidines are promising aza-SIV chiral building blocks in asymmetric synthesis and drug discovery. However, no report has documented their enantioselective synthesis. Here we present an enantioselective synthesis of sulfinamidines via electrophilic amination of sulfenamides using an enantiopure N-H oxaziridine. The resulting enantiomerically enriched primary sulfinamidines are configurationally stable at 90 °C in solution and show remarkable stability against organic acids and bases under non-aqueous conditions. We also demonstrate a one-pot, three-component, enantioselective synthesis of sulfinamides using N-H oxaziridine reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Fimm
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Fumito Saito
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
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4
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Li Y, Wang Y, Guo K, Tseng KF, Zhang X, Sun W. Aza-Prilezhaev Aziridination-Enabled Multidimensional Analysis of Isomeric Lipids via High-Resolution U-Shaped Mobility Analyzer-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2024; 96:7111-7119. [PMID: 38648270 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Unsaturated lipids constitute a significant portion of the lipidome, serving as players of multifaceted functions involving cellular signaling, membrane structure, and bioenergetics. While derivatization-assisted liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) remains the gold standard technique in lipidome, it mainly faces challenges in efficiently labeling the carbon-carbon double bond (C═C) and differentiating isomeric lipids in full dimension. This presents a need for new orthogonal methodologies. Herein, a metal- and additive-free aza-Prilezhaev aziridination (APA)-enabled ion mobility mass spectrometric method is developed for probing multiple levels of unsaturated lipid isomerization with high sensitivity. Both unsaturated polar and nonpolar lipids can be efficiently labeled in the form of N-H aziridine without significant side reactions. The signal intensity can be increased by up to 3 orders of magnitude, achieving the nM detection limit. Abundant site-specific fragmentation ions indicate C═C location and sn-position in MS/MS spectra. Better yet, a stable monoaziridination product is dominant, simplifying the spectrum for lipids with multiple double bonds. Coupled with a U-shaped mobility analyzer, identification of geometric isomers and separation of different lipid classes can be achieved. Additionally, a unique pseudo MS3 mode with UMA-QTOF MS boosts the sensitivity for generating diagnostic fragments. Overall, the current method provides a comprehensive solution for deep-profiling lipidomics, which is valuable for lipid marker discovery in disease monitoring and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Li
- Shimadzu Research Laboratory (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201206, China
| | - Yiming Wang
- Shimadzu Research Laboratory (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201206, China
| | - Kang Guo
- Shimadzu Research Laboratory (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201206, China
| | - Kuo-Feng Tseng
- Shimadzu Research Laboratory (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201206, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Zhang
- Shimadzu Research Laboratory (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201206, China
| | - Wenjian Sun
- Shimadzu Research Laboratory (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201206, China
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5
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Huang Y, Zhu SY, He G, Chen G, Wang H. Synthesis of N-H Aziridines from Unactivated Olefins Using Hydroxylamine- O-Sulfonic Acids as Aminating Agent. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6263-6273. [PMID: 38652889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we presented a practical methodology for the intermolecular aziridination of alkenes, using HOSA as the aminating agent, alongside pyridine or piperidine as the base, within HFIP solvent system. Notably, this approach showcases excellent reactivity, especially with nonactivated alkenes, and facilitates the transformation of various alkenes substrates, including mono-, di-, tri, and tetra-substituted alkenes, into aziridines with moderate to excellent yield. This method presents a promising avenue for synthesizing aziridines from a wide range of alkenes, featuring the benefits of straightforward operation, mild reaction conditions, extensive substrate compatibility, and scalability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shi-Yang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Gang He
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Gong Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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6
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Mitchell J, Hussain WA, Bansode AH, O’Connor RM, Parasram M. Aziridination via Nitrogen-Atom Transfer to Olefins from Photoexcited Azoxy-Triazenes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9499-9505. [PMID: 38522088 PMCID: PMC11009954 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report that readily accessible azoxy-triazenes can serve as nitrogen atom sources under visible light excitation for the phthalimido-protected aziridination of alkenes. This approach eliminates the need for external oxidants, precious transition metals, and photocatalysts, marking a departure from conventional methods. The versatility of this transformation extends to the selective aziridination of both activated and unactivated multisubstituted alkenes of varying electronic profiles. Notably, this process avoids the formation of competing C-H insertion products. The described protocol is operationally simple, scalable, and adaptable to photoflow conditions. Mechanistic studies support the idea that the photofragmentation of azoxy-triazenes results in the generation of a free singlet nitrene. Furthermore, a mild photoredox-catalyzed N-N cleavage of the protecting group to furnish the free aziridines is reported. Our findings contribute to the advancement of sustainable and practical methodologies for the synthesis of nitrogen-containing compounds, showcasing the potential for broader applications in synthetic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua
K. Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry, New
York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Waseem A. Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, New
York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Ajay H. Bansode
- Department of Chemistry, New
York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Ryan M. O’Connor
- Department of Chemistry, New
York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Marvin Parasram
- Department of Chemistry, New
York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
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7
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Wang J, Luo MP, Gu YJ, Liu YY, Yin Q, Wang SG. Chiral Cp x Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed Enantioselective Aziridination of Unactivated Terminal Alkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400502. [PMID: 38279683 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Chiral cyclopentadienyl-rhodium(III) Cpx Rh(III) catalysis has been demonstrated to be competent for catalyzing highly enantioselective aziridination of challenging unactivated terminal alkenes and nitrene sources. The chiral Cpx Rh(III) catalysis system exhibited outstanding catalytic performance and wide functional group tolerance, yielding synthetically important and highly valuable chiral aziridines with good to excellent yields and enantioselectivities (up to 99 % yield, 93 % ee). This protocol presents a novel and effective strategy for synthesizing enantioenriched aziridines from simple alkenes. Various transformations were performed on the aziridine products, illustrating the versatility and synthetic potential of this protocol for constructing highly functionalized compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Wang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Mu-Peng Luo
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Jie Gu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Ying Liu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qin Yin
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shou-Guo Wang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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8
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Dam D, Lagerweij NR, Janmaat KM, Kok K, Bouwman E, Codée JDC. Organic Dye-Sensitized Nitrene Generation: Intermolecular Aziridination of Unactivated Alkenes. J Org Chem 2024; 89:3251-3258. [PMID: 38358354 PMCID: PMC10913034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Aziridines are important structural motifs and intermediates, and several synthetic strategies for the direct aziridination of alkenes have been introduced. However, many of these strategies require an excess of activated alkene, suffer from competing side-reactions, have limited functional group tolerance, or involve precious transition metal-based catalysts. Herein, we demonstrate the direct aziridination of alkenes by combining sulfonyl azides as a triplet nitrene source with a catalytic amount of an organic dye functioning as photosensitizer. We show how the nature of the sulfonyl azide, in combination with the triplet-excited state energy of the photosensitizer, affects the aziridination yield and provide a mechanistic rationale to account for the observed dependence of the reaction yield on the nature of the organic dye and sulfonyl azide reagents. The optimized reaction conditions enable the aziridination of structurally diverse and complex alkenes, carrying various functional groups, with the alkene as the limiting reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Dam
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Universiteit
Leiden, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Nathan R. Lagerweij
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Universiteit
Leiden, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Katharina M. Janmaat
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Universiteit
Leiden, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Ken Kok
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Universiteit
Leiden, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Bouwman
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Universiteit
Leiden, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Universiteit
Leiden, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
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9
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Zhong Z, Besnard C, Lacour J. General Ir-Catalyzed N-H Insertions of Diazomalonates into Aliphatic and Aromatic Amines. Org Lett 2024; 26:983-987. [PMID: 38277489 PMCID: PMC10863398 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
A general N-H insertion reactivity of acceptor-acceptor diazo malonate reagents is reported using [Ir(cod)Cl]2 as catalyst. A large range of amines, primary and secondary, aliphatic and aromatic, is possible. Mild temperatures, perfect substrate/reactant stoichiometry, and good functional group compatibility render the process particularly attractive for the (late-stage) functionalization of amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Zhong
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - Céline Besnard
- Laboratory
of Crystallography, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 24, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Lacour
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
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10
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Smith MJS, Tu W, Robertson CM, Bower JF. Stereospecific Aminative Cyclizations Triggered by Intermolecular Aza-Prilezhaev Alkene Aziridination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312797. [PMID: 37846756 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Under acidic reaction conditions (TFA), deprotection of BocNR(OSO2 R) reagents triggers intermolecular aminative cyclizations of alkenes equipped with pendant nucleophiles. The processes are predicated on a sequence of stereospecific intermolecular aza-Prilezhaev aziridination followed by stereospecific SN 2-like opening by the pendant nucleophile. The method offers broad scope with respect to the nucleophile (N-, O- or C-based), alkene and cyclization mode, allowing the installation of two contiguous stereocenters under operationally simple conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J S Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Wenbin Tu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Craig M Robertson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - John F Bower
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
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11
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Tufano E, Lee E, Barilli M, Casali E, Oštrek A, Jung H, Morana M, Kang J, Kim D, Chang S, Zanoni G. Iridium Acylnitrenoid-Initiated Biomimetic Cascade Cyclizations: Stereodefined Access to Polycyclic δ-Lactams. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37926946 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Ring-fused azacyclic compounds are important building units in the synthesis of biorelevant natural products, pharmaceutical agents, and molecular materials. Herein, we present a new approach to these condensed azacycles by a biomimetic cascade cyclization of arylalkenyl dioxazolones. This cascade reaction was found to proceed with excellent stereoselectivity and a high functional group tolerance. The substrate scope of arylalkenyl dioxazolones turned out to be highly flexible and extendable to additional terminating subunits, such as heteroaryl and alkynyl moieties. This biomimetic cyclization was elucidated to be initiated by an intramolecular transfer of the in situ generated electrophilic Ir-acylnitrenoid to the tethered olefinic double bond, leading to a key N-acylaziridine intermediate, which is in turn reacted with pendant (hetero)arenes or alkynes in a highly regio- and stereoselective manner to produce ring-fused azacyclic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Tufano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Euijae Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Matteo Barilli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Emanuele Casali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Andraž Oštrek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Hoimin Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Marta Morana
- Department of Earth Science, University of Firenze, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Jihye Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sukbok Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Giuseppe Zanoni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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12
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Dequina HJ, Jones CL, Schomaker JM. Recent updates and future perspectives in aziridine synthesis and reactivity. Chem 2023; 9:1658-1701. [PMID: 37681216 PMCID: PMC10482075 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2023.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
In this review, selected recent advances in the preparation and reactivity of aziridines using modern synthetic approaches are highlighted, while comparing these new strategies with more classical approaches. This critical analysis is designed to help identify current gaps in the field and is showcasing new and exciting opportunities to move the chemistry of aziridines forward in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary J. Dequina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 N. University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Corey L. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 N. University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Schomaker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 N. University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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13
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Chu D, Ellman JA. Stereospecific Synthesis of Unprotected, α,β-Disubstituted Tryptamines and Phenethylamines from 1,2-Disubstituted Alkenes via a One-Pot Reaction Sequence. Org Lett 2023; 25:3654-3658. [PMID: 37172224 PMCID: PMC10239558 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Unprotected, α,β-disubstituted tryptamines and phenethylamines are obtained by a one-pot, metal-free sequence that proceeds by the in situ formation of aziridinium salts followed by Friedel-Crafts reaction with electron-rich (hetero)arenes. Both steps are facilitated by hexafluoroisopropanol as the solvent. The one-pot sequence was effective for diversely substituted indoles and 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene, for cyclic and acyclic alkenes, and proceeded in a stereospecific fashion for both (E)- and (Z)-1,2-disubstituted alkenes. Moreover, one-pot morpholine addition to an aziridinium salt provided a diamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc Chu
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 04720, USA
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14
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Yang T, Tang S, Kuo S, Freitas D, Edwards M, Wang H, Sun Y, Yan X. Lipid Mass Tags via Aziridination for Probing Unsaturated Lipid Isomers and Accurate Relative Quantification**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207098. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingyuan Yang
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University 580 Ross St. College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Shuli Tang
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University 580 Ross St. College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Syuan‐Ting Kuo
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University 580 Ross St. College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Dallas Freitas
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University 580 Ross St. College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Madison Edwards
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University 580 Ross St. College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Hongying Wang
- Department of Nutrition Texas A&M University 373 Olsen Blvd. College Station TX 77845 USA
| | - Yuxiang Sun
- Department of Nutrition Texas A&M University 373 Olsen Blvd. College Station TX 77845 USA
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University 580 Ross St. College Station TX 77843 USA
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15
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Gasser VCM, Makai S, Morandi B. The advent of electrophilic hydroxylamine-derived reagents for the direct preparation of unprotected amines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:9991-10003. [PMID: 35993918 PMCID: PMC9453917 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02431d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrophilic aminating reagents have seen a renaissance in recent years as effective nitrogen sources for the synthesis of unprotected amino functionalities. Based on their reactivity, several noble and non-noble transition metal catalysed amination reactions have been developed. These include the aziridination and difunctionalisation of alkenes, the amination of arenes as well as the synthesis of aminated sulfur compounds. In particular, the use of hydroxylamine-derived (N-O) reagents, such as PONT (PivONH3OTf), has enabled the introduction of unprotected amino groups on various different feedstock compounds, such as alkenes, arenes and thiols. This strategy obviates undesired protecting-group manipulations and thus improves step efficiency and atom economy. Overall, this feature article gives a recent update on several reactions that have been unlocked by employing versatile hydroxylamine-derived aminating reagents, which facilitate the generation of unprotected primary, secondary and tertiary amino groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina C M Gasser
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, Zürich 8093, Switzerland.
| | - Szabolcs Makai
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, Zürich 8093, Switzerland.
| | - Bill Morandi
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, Zürich 8093, Switzerland.
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16
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Motiwala HF, Armaly AM, Cacioppo JG, Coombs TC, Koehn KRK, Norwood VM, Aubé J. HFIP in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12544-12747. [PMID: 35848353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) is a polar, strongly hydrogen bond-donating solvent that has found numerous uses in organic synthesis due to its ability to stabilize ionic species, transfer protons, and engage in a range of other intermolecular interactions. The use of this solvent has exponentially increased in the past decade and has become a solvent of choice in some areas, such as C-H functionalization chemistry. In this review, following a brief history of HFIP in organic synthesis and an overview of its physical properties, literature examples of organic reactions using HFIP as a solvent or an additive are presented, emphasizing the effect of solvent of each reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim F Motiwala
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Ahlam M Armaly
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jackson G Cacioppo
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Thomas C Coombs
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403 United States
| | - Kimberly R K Koehn
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Verrill M Norwood
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
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17
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Yang T, Tang S, Kuo ST, Freitas D, Edwards M, Wang H, Sun Y, Yan X. Lipid Mass Tags via Aziridination for Probing Unsaturated Lipid Isomers and Accurate Relative Quantification. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shuli Tang
- Texas A&M University Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | | | | | | | - Hongying Wang
- Texas A&M University Department of Nutrition UNITED STATES
| | - Yuxiang Sun
- Texas A&M University Department of Nutrition UNITED STATES
| | - Xin Yan
- Texas A&M University Chemistry 580 Ross St 77840 College Station UNITED STATES
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18
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Hui C, Antonchick AP. Concise synthesis of piperarborenine B. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 67:116817. [PMID: 35609467 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A concise synthesis of piperarborenine B is reported. Organocatalytic electrophilic amination of pyrrolidines, stereospecific oxidative ring contraction and an original diastereoselective Krapcho dealkoxycarbonylation/transmethylation contribute to a novel synthetic strategy to the preparation of a non-symmetrical cyclobutane core. Being transition-metal-free, directing-group-free and protecting-group-free, a five-step synthesis of piperarborenine B was accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunngai Hui
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Technical University Dortmund, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andrey P Antonchick
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Technical University Dortmund, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany; Nottingham Trent University, School of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Forensics, Clifton Lane, NG11 8NS Nottingham, United Kingdom.
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19
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Methodology-driven efficient synthesis of cytotoxic (±)-piperarborenine B. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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20
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Tan H, Samanta S, Maity A, Roychowdhury P, Powers DC. N-Aminopyridinium reagents as traceless activating groups in the synthesis of N-Aryl aziridines. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3341. [PMID: 35689000 PMCID: PMC9187731 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31032-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
N-functionalized aziridines, which are both useful intermediates and important synthetic targets, can be envisioned as arising from the addition of nitrenes (i.e., NR fragments) to olefinic substrates. The exceptional reactivity of most nitrenes, in particular with respect to unimolecular decomposition, prevents general application of nitrene-transfer to the synthesis of N-functionalized aziridines. Here we demonstrate N-aryl aziridine synthesis via 1) olefin aziridination with N-aminopyridinium reagents to afford N-pyridinium aziridines followed by 2) Ni-catalyzed C-N cross-coupling of the N-pyridinium aziridines with aryl boronic acids. The N-pyridinium aziridine intermediates also participate in ring-opening chemistry with a variety of nucleophiles to afford 1,2-aminofunctionalization products. Mechanistic investigations indicate aziridine cross-coupling proceeds via a noncanonical mechanism involving initial aziridine opening promoted by the bromide counterion of the Ni catalyst, C-N cross-coupling, and finally aziridine reclosure. Together, these results provide new opportunities to achieve selective incorporation of generic aryl nitrene equivalents in organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Samya Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Asim Maity
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Pritam Roychowdhury
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - David C Powers
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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21
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Anugu RR, Falck JR. Site-selective amination and/or nitrilation via metal-free C(sp 2)-C(sp 3) cleavage of benzylic and allylic alcohols. Chem Sci 2022; 13:4821-4827. [PMID: 35655896 PMCID: PMC9067586 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00758d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzylic/allylic alcohols are converted via site-selective C(sp2)-C(sp3) cleavage to value-added nitrogenous motifs, viz., anilines and/or nitriles as well as N-heterocycles, utilizing commercial hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid (HOSA) and Et3N in an operationally simple, one-pot process. Notably, cyclic benzylic/allylic alcohols undergo bis-functionalization with attendant increases in architectural complexity and step-economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghunath Reddy Anugu
- Chemistry Division, Biochemistry Dept., Pharmacology Dept., University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX 75390 USA
| | - John R Falck
- Chemistry Division, Biochemistry Dept., Pharmacology Dept., University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX 75390 USA
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22
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Yao C, Williams ADN, Gu Y, Norton JR. Isomerization of Aziridines to Allyl Amines via Titanium and Chromium Cooperative Catalysis. J Org Chem 2022; 87:4991-4997. [PMID: 35303410 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c03054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A Ti/Cr cooperative catalyst isomerizes aziridines to allyl amines under mild conditions. The reaction tolerates a broad range of aziridines with various nitrogen substituents. The titanium catalyst is most successful in opening 1,2-disubstituted aziridines, forming radical intermediates in a highly regioselective manner. The chromium catalyst appears to abstract an H• from these radical intermediates and then return the H• to the titanium system in the form of an H+ and an electron. The reaction is complementary to previous reports on the isomerization of aziridines to allyl amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengbo Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Alana D N Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Yiting Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Jack R Norton
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
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23
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Jat JL, Yadav AK, Pandey CB, Chandra D, Tiwari B. Direct N-Me Aziridination of Enones. J Org Chem 2022; 87:3751-3757. [PMID: 35171590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The first direct general method for N-Me aziridination of electron-deficient olefins, enones, is described using N-methyl-O-tosylhydroxylamine as the aminating agent in the presence of a Cu(OTf)2 catalyst. The aziridination of vinyl ketones, hitherto unknown for N-Me as well as N-H, has been achieved efficiently. The open-flask reaction is stereospecific, operationally simple, and additive-free. It also efficiently affords N-H aziridinated products under a similar reaction condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawahar L Jat
- Department of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University) Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ajay K Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University) Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chandra Bhan Pandey
- Department of Biological and Synthetic Chemistry, Center of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS-Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dinesh Chandra
- Department of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University) Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bhoopendra Tiwari
- Department of Biological and Synthetic Chemistry, Center of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS-Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
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24
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Caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide: a variety of chemical transformations and biological activities. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01865-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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25
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Jinan D, Mondal PP, Nair AV, Sahoo B. O-Protected NH-free hydroxylamines: emerging electrophilic aminating reagents for organic synthesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:13495-13505. [PMID: 34842254 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05282a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this highlight, O-protected NH-free hydroxylamine derivatives have been evaluated in the construction of nitrogen-enriched compounds, such as primary amines, amides, and N-heterocycles, with high regio-, chemo- and stereoselectivity in the unprotected form, showcasing the late-stage functionalization of natural products, drugs and functional molecules by biocatalysis, organocatalysis, and transition metal catalysis. The reactivity dichotomy among these N-O reagents has been explored based on SET and metal-nitrenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilsha Jinan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER TVM), Thiruvananthapuram-695551, Kerala, India.
| | - Pinku Prasad Mondal
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER TVM), Thiruvananthapuram-695551, Kerala, India.
| | - Anagha Veluthanath Nair
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER TVM), Thiruvananthapuram-695551, Kerala, India.
| | - Basudev Sahoo
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER TVM), Thiruvananthapuram-695551, Kerala, India.
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren G. O'Neil
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
- Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - John F. Bower
- Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
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27
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Chandra D, Yadav AK, Singh V, Tiwari B, Jat JL. Fe(II)‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Unactivated Aziridines (N‐H/N‐Me) from Olefins Using
O
‐Arylsulfonyl Hydroxylamines. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Chandra
- Department of Chemistry School of Physical and Decision Sciences Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University) Lucknow India
| | - Ajay K. Yadav
- Department of Chemistry School of Physical and Decision Sciences Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University) Lucknow India
| | - Vikram Singh
- Division of Molecular Synthesis and Drug Discovery Centre of Biomedical Research SGPGIMS Campus Raebareli Road Lucknow 226014 India
| | - Bhoopendra Tiwari
- Division of Molecular Synthesis and Drug Discovery Centre of Biomedical Research SGPGIMS Campus Raebareli Road Lucknow 226014 India
| | - Jawahar L. Jat
- Department of Chemistry School of Physical and Decision Sciences Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University) Lucknow India
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28
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Amine/ketone cooperative catalysis with H2O2. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Triandafillidi I, Kokotou MG, Lotter D, Sparr C, Kokotos CG. Aldehyde-catalyzed epoxidation of unactivated alkenes with aqueous hydrogen peroxide. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10191-10196. [PMID: 34377408 PMCID: PMC8336450 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02360h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The organocatalytic epoxidation of unactivated alkenes using aqueous hydrogen peroxide provides various indispensable products and intermediates in a sustainable manner. While formyl functionalities typically undergo irreversible oxidations when activating an oxidant, an atropisomeric two-axis aldehyde capable of catalytic turnover was identified for high-yielding epoxidations of cyclic and acyclic alkenes. The relative configuration of the stereogenic axes of the catalyst and the resulting proximity of the aldehyde and backbone residues resulted in high catalytic efficiencies. Mechanistic studies support a non-radical alkene oxidation by an aldehyde-derived dioxirane intermediate generated from hydrogen peroxide through the Payne and Criegee intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ierasia Triandafillidi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Panepistimiopolis 15771 Athens Greece
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 Basel 4056 Switzerland
| | - Maroula G Kokotou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Panepistimiopolis 15771 Athens Greece
| | - Dominik Lotter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 Basel 4056 Switzerland
| | - Christof Sparr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 Basel 4056 Switzerland
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Panepistimiopolis 15771 Athens Greece
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30
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Aziridine synthesis by coupling amines and alkenes via an electrogenerated dication. Nature 2021; 596:74-79. [PMID: 34157720 PMCID: PMC9632649 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03717-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aziridines-three-membered nitrogen-containing cyclic molecules-are important synthetic targets. Their substantial ring strain and resultant proclivity towards ring-opening reactions makes them versatile precursors of diverse amine products1-3, and, in some cases, the aziridine functional group itself imbues important biological (for example, anti-tumour) activity4-6. Transformation of ubiquitous alkenes into aziridines is an attractive synthetic strategy, but is typically accomplished using electrophilic nitrogen sources rather than widely available amine nucleophiles. Here we show that unactivated alkenes can be electrochemically transformed into a metastable, dicationic intermediate that undergoes aziridination with primary amines under basic conditions. This new approach expands the scope of readily accessible N-alkyl aziridine products relative to those obtained through existing state-of-the-art methods. A key strategic advantage of this approach is that oxidative alkene activation is decoupled from the aziridination step, enabling a wide range of commercially available but oxidatively sensitive7 amines to act as coupling partners for this strain-inducing transformation. More broadly, our work lays the foundations for a diverse array of difunctionalization reactions using this dication pool approach.
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31
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O'Neil LG, Bower JF. Electrophilic Aminating Agents in Total Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25640-25666. [PMID: 33942955 PMCID: PMC9291613 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Classical amination methods involve the reaction of a nitrogen nucleophile with an electrophilic carbon center; however, in recent years, umpoled strategies have gained traction where the nitrogen source acts as an electrophile. A wide range of electrophilic aminating agents are now available, and these underpin a range of powerful C−N bond‐forming processes. In this Review, we highlight the strategic use of electrophilic aminating agents in total synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren G O'Neil
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.,Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - John F Bower
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
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32
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Cai M, Xu K, Li Y, Nie Z, Zhang L, Luo S. Chiral Primary Amine/Ketone Cooperative Catalysis for Asymmetric α-Hydroxylation with Hydrogen Peroxide. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:1078-1087. [PMID: 33399468 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Carbonyls and amines are yin and yang in organocatalysis as they mutually activate and transform each other. These intrinsically reacting partners tend to condense with each other, thus depleting their individual activity when used together as cocatalysts. Though widely established in many prominent catalytic strategies, aminocatalysis and carbonyl catalysis do not coexist well, and, as such, a cooperative amine/carbonyl dual catalysis remains essentially unknown. Here we report a cooperative primary amine and ketone dual catalytic approach for the asymmetric α-hydroxylation of β-ketocarbonyls with H2O2. Besides participating in the typical enamine catalytic cycle, the chiral primary amine catalyst was found to work cooperatively with a ketone catalyst to activate H2O2 via an oxaziridine intermediate derived from an in-situ-generated ketimine. Ultimately, this enamine-oxaziridine coupling facilitated the highly controlled α-hydroxylation of several β-ketocarbonyls in excellent yield and enantioselectivity. Notably, late-stage hydroxylation for peptidyl amide or chiral esters can also be achieved with high stereoselectivity. In addition to its operational simplicity and mild conditions, this cooperative amine/ketone catalytic approach also provides a new strategy for the catalytic activation of H2O2 and expands the domain of typical amine and carbonyl catalysis to include this challenging transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Cai
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kaini Xu
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuze Li
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zongxiu Nie
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Sanzhong Luo
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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33
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Minakata S, Kiyokawa K, Nakamura S. Transition-Metal-Free Aziridination of Alkenes with Sulfamate Esters Using tert-Butyl Hypoiodite. HETEROCYCLES 2021. [DOI: 10.3987/com-20-s(k)20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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34
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Makai S, Falk E, Morandi B. Direct Synthesis of Unprotected 2-Azidoamines from Alkenes via an Iron-Catalyzed Difunctionalization Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:21548-21555. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Makai
- ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Eric Falk
- ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bill Morandi
- ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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35
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Lee M, Jung H, Kim D, Park JW, Chang S. Modular Tuning of Electrophilic Reactivity of Iridium Nitrenoids for the Intermolecular Selective α-Amidation of β-Keto Esters. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:11999-12004. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Minhan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalization, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Hoimin Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalization, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalization, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jung-Woo Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalization, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sukbok Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalization, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
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Jia ZJ, Gao S, Arnold FH. Enzymatic Primary Amination of Benzylic and Allylic C(sp 3)-H Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:10279-10283. [PMID: 32450692 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Aliphatic primary amines are prevalent in natural products, pharmaceuticals, and functional materials. While a plethora of processes are reported for their synthesis, methods that directly install a free amine group into C(sp3)-H bonds remain unprecedented. Here, we report a set of new-to-nature enzymes that catalyze the direct primary amination of C(sp3)-H bonds with excellent chemo-, regio-, and enantioselectivity, using a readily available hydroxylamine derivative as the nitrogen source. Directed evolution of genetically encoded cytochrome P411 enzymes (P450s whose Cys axial ligand to the heme iron has been replaced with Ser) generated variants that selectively functionalize benzylic and allylic C-H bonds, affording a broad scope of enantioenriched primary amines. This biocatalytic process is efficient and selective (up to 3930 TTN and 96% ee), and can be performed on preparative scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jun Jia
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Shilong Gao
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Frances H Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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Singh SK, La Jeunesse J, Zhu C, Kleimeier NF, Chen KH, Sun BJ, Chang AHH, Kaiser RI. Gas phase identification of the elusive oxaziridine (cyclo-H2CONH) – an optically active molecule. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:15643-15646. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06760a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
First detection of the chiral oxaziridine (cyclo-H2CONH) molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh K. Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Hawaii
- Honolulu
- USA
- W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry
| | - Jesse La Jeunesse
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Hawaii
- Honolulu
- USA
- W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Hawaii
- Honolulu
- USA
- W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry
| | - N. Fabian Kleimeier
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Hawaii
- Honolulu
- USA
- W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry
| | - Kuo-Hsin Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- National Dong Hwa University
- Shoufeng
- Taiwan
| | - Bing-Jian Sun
- Department of Chemistry
- National Dong Hwa University
- Shoufeng
- Taiwan
| | | | - Ralf I. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Hawaii
- Honolulu
- USA
- W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry
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