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Dhami K, Chakraborty A, Gururaja TL, Cheung LWK, Sun C, DeAnda F, Huang X. Kinase-deficient BTK mutants confer ibrutinib resistance through activation of the kinase HCK. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eabg5216. [PMID: 35639855 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abg5216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor ibrutinib irreversibly binds BTK at Cys481, inhibiting its kinase activity and thus blocking transduction of B cell receptor (BCR) signaling. Although ibrutinib is durably effective in patients with B cell malignancies, many patients still develop ibrutinib-resistant disease. Resistance can arise because of mutations at the ibrutinib-binding site in BTK. Here, we characterized the mechanism by which two BTK mutations, C481F and C481Y, may lead to ibrutinib resistance. Both mutants lacked detectable kinase activity in in vitro kinase assays. Structural modeling suggested that bulky Phe and Tyr side chains at position 481 sterically hinder access to the ATP-binding pocket in BTK, contributing to loss of kinase activity. Nonetheless, BCR signaling still propagated through BTK C481F and C481Y mutants to downstream effectors, the phospholipase PLCγ2 and the transcription factor NF-κB. This maintenance of BCR signaling was partially achieved through the physical recruitment and kinase-independent activation of hematopoietic cell kinase (HCK). Upon BCR activation, BTK C481F or C481Y was phosphorylated by Src family kinases at Tyr551, which then bound to the SH2 domain of HCK. Modeling suggested that this binding disrupted an intramolecular autoinhibitory interaction in HCK. Activated HCK subsequently phosphorylated PLCγ2, which propagated BCR signaling and promoted clonogenic cell proliferation. This kinase-independent mechanism could inform therapeutic approaches to CLL bearing either the C481F or C481Y BTK mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamaldeep Dhami
- Pharmacyclics LLC, an AbbVie Company, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | - Leo W-K Cheung
- Pharmacyclics LLC, an AbbVie Company, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.,AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | | | - Felix DeAnda
- Pharmacyclics LLC, an AbbVie Company, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - XiaoDong Huang
- Pharmacyclics LLC, an AbbVie Company, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Gui B, Yu C, Li X, Zhao S, Zhao H, Yan Z, Cheng X, Lin J, Zheng H, Shao J, Zhao Z, Zhao L, Niu Y, Zhao Z, Wang H, Xie B, Wei X, Gui C, Li C, Chen S, Wang Y, Song Y, Gong C, Zhang TJ, Fan X, Wu Z, Chen Y, Wu N. Heterozygous Recurrent Mutations Inducing Dysfunction of ROR2 Gene in Patients With Short Stature. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:661747. [PMID: 33937263 PMCID: PMC8080376 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.661747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE ROR2, a member of the ROR family, is essential for skeletal development as a receptor of Wnt5a. The present study aims to investigate the mutational spectrum of ROR2 in children with short stature and to identify the underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed clinical phenotype and whole-exome sequencing (WES) data of 426 patients with short stature through mutation screening of ROR2. We subsequently examined the changes in protein expression and subcellular location in ROR2 caused by the mutations. The mRNA expression of downstream signaling molecules of the Wnt5a-ROR2 pathway was also examined. RESULTS We identified 12 mutations in ROR2 in 21 patients, including 10 missense, one nonsense, and one frameshift. Among all missense variants, four recurrent missense variants [c.1675G > A(p.Gly559Ser), c.2212C > T(p.Arg738Cys), c.1930G > A(p.Asp644Asn), c.2117G > A(p.Arg706Gln)] were analyzed by experiments in vitro. The c.1675G > A mutation significantly altered the expression and the cellular localization of the ROR2 protein. The c.1675G > A mutation also caused a significantly decreased expression of c-Jun. In contrast, other missense variants did not confer any disruptive effect on the biological functions of ROR2. CONCLUSION We expanded the mutational spectrum of ROR2 in patients with short stature. Functional experiments potentially revealed a novel molecular mechanism that the c.1675G > A mutation in ROR2 might affect the expression of downstream Wnt5a-ROR2 pathway gene by disturbing the subcellular localization and expression of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoheng Gui
- Center for Medical Genetics and Genomics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- The Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics and Genomics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Department of Pediatric Endocrine and Metabolism, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi, Nanning, China
| | - Chenxi Yu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxin Li
- Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sen Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China
| | - Hengqiang Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China
| | - Zihui Yan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China
| | - Jiachen Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyang Zheng
- Center for Medical Genetics and Genomics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- The Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics and Genomics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Department of Pediatric Endocrine and Metabolism, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi, Nanning, China
| | - Jiashen Shao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengye Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China
| | - Lina Zhao
- Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchen Niu
- Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Zhao
- Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huizi Wang
- Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bobo Xie
- Center for Medical Genetics and Genomics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- The Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics and Genomics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Department of Pediatric Endocrine and Metabolism, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi, Nanning, China
| | - Xianda Wei
- Center for Medical Genetics and Genomics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- The Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics and Genomics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Chunrong Gui
- Center for Medical Genetics and Genomics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- The Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics and Genomics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Chuan Li
- The Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics and Genomics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Department of Pediatric Endocrine and Metabolism, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi, Nanning, China
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Shaoke Chen
- The Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics and Genomics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Department of Pediatric Endocrine and Metabolism, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi, Nanning, China
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, National Center for Children's Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanning Song
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, National Center for Children's Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxiu Gong
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, National Center for Children's Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Terry Jianguo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Fan
- The Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics and Genomics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Department of Pediatric Endocrine and Metabolism, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi, Nanning, China
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhihong Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China
- Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yujun Chen
- The Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics and Genomics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Kamizaki K, Endo M, Minami Y, Kobayashi Y. Role of noncanonical Wnt ligands and Ror-family receptor tyrosine kinases in the development, regeneration, and diseases of the musculoskeletal system. Dev Dyn 2020; 250:27-38. [PMID: 31925877 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ror-family receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), consisting of Ror1 and Ror2, play crucial roles in morphogenesis and formation of various tissues/organs, including the bones and skeletal muscles, the so-called musculoskeletal system, during embryonic development, by acting as receptors or coreceptors for a noncanonical Wnt protein Wnt5a. Furthermore, several lines of evidence have indicated that Ror1 and/or Ror2 play critical roles in the regeneration and maintenance of the musculoskeletal system in adults. Considering the anatomical and functional relationship between the skeleton and skeletal muscles, their structural and functional association might be tightly regulated during their embryonic development, development after birth, and their regeneration after injury in adults. Importantly, in addition to their congenital anomalies, much attention has been paid onto the age-related disorders of the musculoskeletal system, including osteopenia and sarcopenia, which affect severely the quality of life. In this article, we overview recent advances in our understanding of the roles of Ror1- and/or Ror2-mediated signaling in the embryonic development, regeneration in adults, and congenital and age-related disorders of the musculoskeletal system and discuss possible therapeutic approaches to locomotive syndromes by modulating Ror1- and/or Ror2-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Kamizaki
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Endo
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Minami
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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