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Awad M, Sayed RKA, Mohammadin D, Hussein MM, Mokhtar DM. Structural characteristics and regenerative potential: Insights from the molly fish spinal cord. Microsc Res Tech 2024. [PMID: 38923674 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Unlike mammals, species such as fish and amphibians can regenerate damaged spinal cords, offering insights into potential therapeutic targets. This study investigates the structural features of the molly fish spinal cord through light and electron microscopy. The most notable characteristic was the presence of Mauthner cells (M-cells), which exhibited large cell bodies and processes, as well as synaptic connections with astrocytes. These astrocytic connections contained synaptic vesicles, suggesting electrical transmission at the M-cell endings. Astrocytes, which were labeled with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), contained cytoplasmic glycogen granules, potentially serving as an emergency fuel source. Two types of oligodendrocytes were identified: a small, dark cell and a larger, lighter cell, both of which reacted strongly with oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 (Olig2). The dark oligodendrocyte resembled human oligodendrocyte precursors, while the light oligodendrocyte was similar to mature human oligodendrocytes. Additionally, proliferative neurons in the substantia grisea centralis expressed myostatin, Nrf2, and Sox9. Collectively, these findings suggest that the molly fish spinal cord has advanced structural features conducive to spinal cord regeneration and could serve as an excellent model for studying central nervous system regeneration. Further studies on the functional aspects of the molly fish spinal cord are recommended. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Mauthner cells (M-cell), with their typical large cell body and processes, were the most characteristic feature in Molly fish spinal cord, where it presented synaptic connections with astrocytes and their ends contained synaptic vesicles indicating an electrical transmission in the M-cells endings. Two types of oligodendrocytes could be recognized; both reacted intensely with Oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 (Olig2). The proliferative neurons of the substantia grisea centralis expressed myostatin, Nrf2, and Sox9. The findings of this study suggest that molly fish possess highly developed structural features conducive to spinal cord regeneration. Consequently, they could be deemed an exemplary model for investigating central nervous system regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Awad
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Ramy K A Sayed
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Dalia Mohammadin
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Marwa M Hussein
- Department of Cell and Tissues, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Doaa M Mokhtar
- Department of Cell and Tissues, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- Department of Histology and Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Assiut, Assiut, Egypt
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2
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Schuster S. The archerfish predictive C-start. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2023; 209:827-837. [PMID: 37481772 PMCID: PMC10465633 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-023-01658-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
A very quick decision enables hunting archerfish to secure downed prey even when they are heavily outnumbered by competing other surface-feeding fish. Based exclusively on information that is taken briefly after the onset of prey motion, the fish select a rapid C-start that turns them right towards the later point of catch. Moreover, the C-start, and not later fin strokes, already lends the fish the speed needed to arrive at just the right time. The archerfish predictive C-starts are kinematically not distinguishable from escape C-starts made by the same individual and are among the fastest C-starts known in teleost fish. The start decisions allow the fish-for ballistically falling prey-to respond accurately to any combination of the initial variables of prey movement and for any position and orientation of the responding fish. The start decisions do not show a speed-accuracy tradeoff and their accuracy is buffered against substantial changes of environmental parameters. Here, I introduce key aspects of this high-speed decision that combines speed, complexity, and precision in an unusual way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schuster
- Lehrstuhl für Tierphysiologie , University of Bayreuth , 95440, Bayreuth, Germany.
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3
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Wang Z, Wang X, Shi L, Cai Y, Hu B. Wolfram syndrome 1b mutation suppresses Mauthner-cell axon regeneration via ER stress signal pathway. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:184. [PMID: 36527091 PMCID: PMC9758940 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01484-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolfram Syndrome (WS) is a fatal human inherited disease with symptoms of diabetes, vision decreasing, and neurodegeneration caused by mutations in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident protein WFS1. WFS1 has been reported to play an important role in glucose metabolism. However, the role of WFS1 in axonal regeneration in the central nervous system has so far remained elusive. Herein, we established a model of the wfs1b globally deficient zebrafish line. wfs1b deficiency severely impeded the Mauthner-cell (M-cell) axon regeneration, which was partly dependent on the ER stress response. The administration of ER stress inhibitor 4-Phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) promoted M-cell axon regeneration in wfs1b-/- zebrafish larvae, while the ER stress activator Tunicamycin (TM) inhibited M-cell axon regeneration in wfs1b+/+ zebrafish larvae. Moreover, complementation of wfs1b at the single-cell level stimulated M-cell axon regeneration in the wfs1b-/- zebrafish larvae. Altogether, our results revealed that wfs1b promotes M-cell axon regeneration through the ER stress signal pathway and provide new evidence for a therapeutic target for WS and axon degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyi Wang
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China
| | - Xinliang Wang
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China
| | - Lingyu Shi
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China
| | - Yuan Cai
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China ,grid.59053.3a0000000121679639First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China
| | - Bing Hu
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China ,grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Research Institute of Frontier Cross Science and Biomedical Sciences, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China
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4
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Kumari A, Zeng XA, Rahaman A, Farooq MA, Huang Y, Alee M, Yao R, Ali M, Khalifa I, Badr O. Phenotype-based drug screening: An in vivo strategy to classify and identify the chemical compounds modulating zebrafish M-cell regeneration. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:984461. [PMID: 36353729 PMCID: PMC9637979 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.984461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Several disease-modulatory FDA-approved drugs are being used in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. However, information on their toxicity-related profiles is very limited. Therefore, measurement of drug toxicity is essential to increase the knowledge of their side effects. This study aimed to identify compounds that can modulate M-cell regeneration by causing neuro-protection and -toxicity. Here, we developed a simple and efficient in vivo assay using Tg (hsp: Gal4FF62A; UAS: nfsB-mCherry) transgenic zebrafish larvae. Interestingly, via the phenotype-based drug screening approach, we rapidly investigated 1,260 compounds from the United States drug collection and validated these in large numbers, including 14 compounds, that were obstructing this regeneration process. Next, 4 FDA-approved drugs out of 14 compounds were selected as the lead hits for in silico analysis to clarify their binding patterns with PTEN and SOCS3 signaling due to their significant potential in the inhibition of axon regeneration. Molecular docking studies indicated good binding affinity of all 4 drugs with the respective signaling molecules. This may point to PTEN and SOCS3 as the signaling molecules responsible for reducing axon regeneration. Moreover, the acute effect of compounds in reducing M-cell regeneration delineated their toxic effect. In conclusion, our in vivo along with in silico screening strategy will promote the rapid translation of new therapeutics to improve knowledge of the toxicity profile of approved/non-approved drugs efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Kumari
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Food Intelligent Manufacturing, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China,Overseas Expertise Introduction Centre for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Centre), Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-An Zeng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Food Intelligent Manufacturing, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China,Overseas Expertise Introduction Centre for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Centre), Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Xin-An Zeng, ; Abdul Rahaman, ; Ibrahim Khalifa,
| | - Abdul Rahaman
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Food Intelligent Manufacturing, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China,Overseas Expertise Introduction Centre for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Centre), Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Xin-An Zeng, ; Abdul Rahaman, ; Ibrahim Khalifa,
| | - Muhammad Adil Farooq
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahimyar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Yanyan Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Food Intelligent Manufacturing, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Mahafooj Alee
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Runyu Yao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China,Overseas Expertise Introduction Centre for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Centre), Guangzhou, China
| | - Murtaza Ali
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Food Intelligent Manufacturing, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China,Overseas Expertise Introduction Centre for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Centre), Guangzhou, China
| | - Ibrahim Khalifa
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahimyar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan,Food Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Qalyubia, Egypt,*Correspondence: Xin-An Zeng, ; Abdul Rahaman, ; Ibrahim Khalifa,
| | - Omnia Badr
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahimyar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan,Department of Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Qalyubia, Egypt
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5
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Alper SR, Dorsky RI. Unique advantages of zebrafish larvae as a model for spinal cord regeneration. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:983336. [PMID: 36157068 PMCID: PMC9489991 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.983336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The regenerative capacity of the spinal cord in mammals ends at birth. In contrast, teleost fish and amphibians retain this capacity throughout life, leading to the use of the powerful zebrafish model system to identify novel mechanisms that promote spinal cord regeneration. While adult zebrafish offer an effective comparison with non-regenerating mammals, they lack the complete array of experimental approaches that have made this animal model so successful. In contrast, the optical transparency, simple anatomy and complex behavior of zebrafish larvae, combined with the known conservation of pro-regenerative signals and cell types between larval and adult stages, suggest that they may hold even more promise as a system for investigating spinal cord regeneration. In this review, we highlight characteristics and advantages of the larval model that underlie its potential to provide future therapeutic approaches for treating human spinal cord injury.
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Hosseini P, Mirsadeghi S, Rahmani S, Izadi A, Rezaei M, Ghodsi Z, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Kiani S. Dopamine Receptors Gene Expression Pattern and Locomotor Improvement Differ Between Female and Male Zebrafish During Spinal Cord Auto Repair. Zebrafish 2022; 19:137-147. [PMID: 35905303 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2021.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The dopaminergic system, a spinal cord (SC) motor circuit regulator, is administrated by sexual hormones and evolutionary conserved in all vertebrates. Accordingly, we hypothesized that the dopamine receptor (DAR) expression pattern may be dissimilar in female and male zebrafish SC auto repair. We implemented an uncomplicated method to induce spinal cord injury (SCI) on fully reproductive adult zebrafish, in both genders. SCI was induced using a 28-gauge needle at 9th-10th vertebra without skin incision. Thereupon, lesioned SC was harvested for DAR gene expression analysis; zebrafish were tracked routinely for any improvement in swim distance, speed, and their roaming capabilities/preference. Our findings revealed discrepancies between drd2a, drd2b, drd3, drd4a, and drd4b expression patterns at 1, 7, and 14 days postinjury (DPI) between female and male zebrafish. The receptors were mostly upregulated at 7 DPI in both genders, whereas drd2a and drd2b were mostly maximized in females. Surprisingly, drd3 was measured greater even in intact SC in males. In addition, female zebrafish were able to swim farther distances more accelerated, in multiple directions, by engaging more caudal muscles compared with males, of course with no statistical significance. Indeed, females were able to generate whole-body rotation and move forward using the muscles downstream to the lesion site, whereas the coordinated movement in males was accomplished by rostral muscles. In conclusion, there are differences in DAR gene expression pattern throughout SC autonomous recovery between adult female and male zebrafish, and also, female locomotion seems to ameliorate more rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parastoo Hosseini
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, ROYAN Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, ROYAN Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Mirsadeghi
- Department of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, ROYAN Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, ROYAN Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Rahmani
- Department of Computer Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Izadi
- Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, ROYAN Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rezaei
- Department of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, ROYAN Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Ghodsi
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Neurosurgery, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Spine Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sahar Kiani
- Department of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, ROYAN Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, ROYAN Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Zottoli SJ, Faber DS, Hering J, Dannhauer AC, Northen S. Survival and Axonal Outgrowth of the Mauthner Cell Following Spinal Cord Crush Does Not Drive Post-injury Startle Responses. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:744191. [PMID: 34869332 PMCID: PMC8640457 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.744191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A pair of Mauthner cells (M-cells) can be found in the hindbrain of most teleost fish, as well as amphibians and lamprey. The axons of these reticulospinal neurons cross the midline and synapse on interneurons and motoneurons as they descend the length of the spinal cord. The M-cell initiates fast C-type startle responses (fast C-starts) in goldfish and zebrafish triggered by abrupt acoustic/vibratory stimuli. Starting about 70 days after whole spinal cord crush, less robust startle responses with longer latencies manifest in adult goldfish, Carassius auratus. The morphological and electrophysiological identifiability of the M-cell provides a unique opportunity to study cellular responses to spinal cord injury and the relation of axonal regrowth to a defined behavior. After spinal cord crush at the spinomedullary junction about one-third of the damaged M-axons of adult goldfish send at least one sprout past the wound site between 56 and 85 days postoperatively. These caudally projecting sprouts follow a more lateral trajectory relative to their position in the fasciculus longitudinalis medialis of control fish. Other sprouts, some from the same axon, follow aberrant pathways that include rostral projections, reversal of direction, midline crossings, neuromas, and projection out the first ventral root. Stimulating M-axons in goldfish that had post-injury startle behavior between 198 and 468 days postoperatively resulted in no or minimal EMG activity in trunk and tail musculature as compared to control fish. Although M-cells can survive for at least 468 day (∼1.3 years) after spinal cord crush, maintain regrowth, and elicit putative trunk EMG responses, the cell does not appear to play a substantive role in the emergence of acoustic/vibratory-triggered responses. We speculate that aberrant pathway choice of this neuron may limit its role in the recovery of behavior and discuss structural and functional properties of alternative candidate neurons that may render them more supportive of post-injury startle behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Zottoli
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, United States.,Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - Donald S Faber
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Rose F. Kennedy Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - John Hering
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, United States
| | - Ann C Dannhauer
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, United States
| | - Susan Northen
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, United States
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Haspel G, Severi KE, Fauci LJ, Cohen N, Tytell ED, Morgan JR. Resilience of neural networks for locomotion. J Physiol 2021; 599:3825-3840. [PMID: 34187088 DOI: 10.1113/jp279214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Locomotion is an essential behaviour for the survival of all animals. The neural circuitry underlying locomotion is therefore highly robust to a wide variety of perturbations, including injury and abrupt changes in the environment. In the short term, fault tolerance in neural networks allows locomotion to persist immediately after mild to moderate injury. In the longer term, in many invertebrates and vertebrates, neural reorganization including anatomical regeneration can restore locomotion after severe perturbations that initially caused paralysis. Despite decades of research, very little is known about the mechanisms underlying locomotor resilience at the level of the underlying neural circuits and coordination of central pattern generators (CPGs). Undulatory locomotion is an ideal behaviour for exploring principles of circuit organization, neural control and resilience of locomotion, offering a number of unique advantages including experimental accessibility and modelling tractability. In comparing three well-characterized undulatory swimmers, lampreys, larval zebrafish and Caenorhabditis elegans, we find similarities in the manifestation of locomotor resilience. To advance our understanding, we propose a comparative approach, integrating experimental and modelling studies, that will allow the field to begin identifying shared and distinct solutions for overcoming perturbations to persist in orchestrating this essential behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Haspel
- Federated Department of Biological Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Kristen E Severi
- Federated Department of Biological Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Lisa J Fauci
- Department of Mathematics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Netta Cohen
- School of Computing, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Eric D Tytell
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Jennifer R Morgan
- The Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
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Tsata V, Wehner D. Know How to Regrow-Axon Regeneration in the Zebrafish Spinal Cord. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061404. [PMID: 34204045 PMCID: PMC8228677 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity for long-distance axon regeneration and functional recovery after spinal cord injury is poor in mammals but remarkable in some vertebrates, including fish and salamanders. The cellular and molecular basis of this interspecies difference is beginning to emerge. This includes the identification of target cells that react to the injury and the cues directing their pro-regenerative responses. Among existing models of successful spinal cord regeneration, the zebrafish is arguably the most understood at a mechanistic level to date. Here, we review the spinal cord injury paradigms used in zebrafish, and summarize the breadth of neuron-intrinsic and -extrinsic factors that have been identified to play pivotal roles in the ability of zebrafish to regenerate central nervous system axons and recover function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Tsata
- Experimental Surgery, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: (V.T.); (D.W.)
| | - Daniel Wehner
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence: (V.T.); (D.W.)
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