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Singh A, Mommers-Elshof ETAM, Vijver SV, Jansen JHM, Gonder S, Lebbink RJ, Bihan D, Farndale RW, Boon L, Langermann S, Leusen JHW, Flies D, Meyaard L, Pascoal Ramos MI. Leukocyte-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor-1 blockade in combination with programmed death-ligand 1 targeting therapy mediates increased tumour control in mice. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2024; 73:16. [PMID: 38236251 PMCID: PMC10796629 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03600-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Collagen expression and structure in the tumour microenvironment are associated with tumour development and therapy response. Leukocyte-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor-1 (LAIR-1) is a widely expressed inhibitory collagen receptor. LAIR-2 is a soluble homologue of LAIR-1 that competes for collagen binding. Multiple studies in mice implicate blockade of LAIR-1:collagen interaction in cancer as a promising therapeutic strategy. Here, we investigated the role of LAIR-1 in anti-tumour responses. We show that although LAIR-1 inhibits activation, proliferation, and cytokine production of mouse T cells in vitro, tumour outgrowth in LAIR-1-deficient mice did not differ from wild type mice in several in vivo tumour models. Furthermore, treatment with NC410, a LAIR-2-Fc fusion protein, did not result in increased tumour clearance in tested immunocompetent mice, which contrasts with previous data in humanized mouse models. This discrepancy may be explained by our finding that NC410 blocks human LAIR-1:collagen interaction more effectively than mouse LAIR-1:collagen interaction. Despite the lack of therapeutic impact of NC410 monotherapy, mice treated with a combination of NC410 and anti-programmed death-ligand 1 did show reduced tumour burden and increased survival. Using LAIR-1-deficient mice, we showed that this effect seemed to be dependent on the presence of LAIR-1. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the absence of LAIR-1 signalling alone is not sufficient to control tumour growth in multiple immunocompetent mouse models. However, combined targeting of LAIR-1 and PD-L1 results in increased tumour control. Thus, additional targeting of the LAIR-1:collagen pathway with NC410 is a promising approach to treating tumours where conventional immunotherapy is ineffective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akashdip Singh
- Centre for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eline T A M Mommers-Elshof
- Centre for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia V Vijver
- Centre for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J H Marco Jansen
- Centre for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne Gonder
- Centre for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Jan Lebbink
- Centre for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dominique Bihan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Jeanette H W Leusen
- Centre for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Linde Meyaard
- Centre for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M Ines Pascoal Ramos
- Centre for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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2
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Wellman R, Jacobson D, Secrier M, Labbadia J. Distinct patterns of proteostasis network gene expression are associated with different prognoses in melanoma patients. Sci Rep 2024; 14:198. [PMID: 38167612 PMCID: PMC10761826 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50640-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The proteostasis network (PN) is a collection of protein folding and degradation pathways that spans cellular compartments and acts to preserve the integrity of the proteome. The differential expression of PN genes is a hallmark of many cancers, and the inhibition of protein quality control factors is an effective way to slow cancer cell growth. However, little is known about how the expression of PN genes differs between patients and how this impacts survival outcomes. To address this, we applied unbiased hierarchical clustering to gene expression data obtained from primary and metastatic cutaneous melanoma (CM) samples and found that two distinct groups of individuals emerge across each sample type. These patient groups are distinguished by the differential expression of genes encoding ATP-dependent and ATP-independent chaperones, and proteasomal subunits. Differences in PN gene expression were associated with increased levels of the transcription factors, MEF2A, SP4, ZFX, CREB1 and ATF2, as well as markedly different survival outcomes. However, surprisingly, similar PN alterations in primary and metastatic samples were associated with discordant survival outcomes in patients. Our findings reveal that the expression of PN genes demarcates CM patients and highlights several new proteostasis sub-networks that could be targeted for more effective suppression of CM within specific individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Wellman
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, Institute of Healthy Ageing, University College London, London, UK
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel Jacobson
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Maria Secrier
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK.
| | - John Labbadia
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, Institute of Healthy Ageing, University College London, London, UK.
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3
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Lutter L, Ter Linde JJM, Brand EC, Hoytema van Konijnenburg DP, Roosenboom B, Horjus Talabur-Horje C, Oldenburg B, van Wijk F. Compartment-driven imprinting of intestinal CD4 T cells in inflammatory bowel disease and homeostasis. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 214:235-248. [PMID: 37565620 PMCID: PMC10719222 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucosal immune system is implicated in the etiology and progression of inflammatory bowel diseases. The lamina propria and epithelium of the gut mucosa constitute two separate compartments, containing distinct T-cell populations. Human CD4 T-cell programming and regulation of lamina propria and epithelium CD4 T cells, especially during inflammation, remain incompletely understood. We performed flow cytometry, bulk, and single-cell RNA-sequencing to profile ileal lamina propria and intraepithelial CD4 T cells (CD4CD8αα, regulatory T cells (Tregs), CD69- and CD69high Trm T cells) in controls and Crohn's disease (CD) patients (paired non-inflamed and inflamed). Inflammation results in alterations of the CD4 T-cell population with a pronounced increase in Tregs and migrating/infiltrating cells. On a transcriptional level, inflammation within the epithelium induced T-cell activation, increased IFNγ responses, and an effector Treg profile. Conversely, few transcriptional changes within the lamina propria were observed. Key regulators including the chromatin remodelers ARID4B and SATB1 were found to drive compartment-specific transcriptional programming of CD4 T(reg) cells. In summary, inflammation in CD patients primarily induces changes within the epithelium and not the lamina propria. Additionally, there is compartment-specific CD4 T-cell imprinting, driven by shared regulators, between the lamina propria and the epithelium. The main consequence of intraepithelial adaptation, irrespective of inflammation, seems to be an overall dampening of broad (pro-inflammatory) responses and tight regulation of lifespan. These data suggest differential regulation of the lamina propria and epithelium, with a specific regulatory role in the inflamed epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne Lutter
- Centre for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - José J M Ter Linde
- Centre for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eelco C Brand
- Centre for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - David P Hoytema van Konijnenburg
- Centre for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Britt Roosenboom
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bas Oldenburg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Femke van Wijk
- Centre for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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4
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Eigenschink M, Wessely I, Dijmarescu M, Förster-Waldl E, Farr A, Kiss H, Berger A, Wisgrill L. Transcriptomic analysis identifies lactoferrin-induced quiescent circuits in neonatal macrophages. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1276173. [PMID: 37868991 PMCID: PMC10590118 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1276173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Upon birth, a hitherto naïve immune system is confronted with a plethora of microbial antigens due to intestinal bacterial colonization. To prevent excessive inflammation and disruption of the epithelial barrier, physiological mechanisms must promote immune-anergy within the neonatal gut. As high concentrations of human lactoferrin (hLF), a transferrin glycoprotein shown to modulate macrophage function, are frequently encountered in colostrum, its direct interaction with intestinal macrophages may satisfy this physiological need. Thus, the primary objective of this study was to investigate transcriptional changes induced by human lactoferrin in neonatal monocyte-derived macrophages. Methods Cord blood-derived monocytes were differentiated with M-CSF in presence or absence of 500 µg/mL hLF for 7 days and afterwards stimulated with 1 ng/mL LPS or left untreated. RNA was then isolated and subjected to microarray analysis. Results Differentiation of cord blood-derived monocytes in presence of hLF induced a distinct transcriptional program defined by cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase, induction of IL-4/IL-13-like signaling, altered extracellular matrix interaction, and enhanced propensity for cell-cell interaction. Moreover, near-complete abrogation of transcriptional changes induced by TLR4 engagement with LPS was observed in hLF-treated samples. Discussion The global transition towards an M2-like homeostatic phenotype and the acquisition of quiescence elegantly demonstrate the ontogenetical relevance of hLF in attenuating pro-inflammatory signaling within the developing neonatal intestine. The marked anergy towards proinflammatory stimuli such as LPS further underlines the glycoprotein's potential therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Eigenschink
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropaediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Isabelle Wessely
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropaediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco Dijmarescu
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropaediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Förster-Waldl
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropaediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alex Farr
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Obstetrics and Feto-Maternal Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Kiss
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Obstetrics and Feto-Maternal Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Berger
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropaediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Wisgrill
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropaediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Alejo-Jacuinde G, Nájera-González HR, Chávez Montes RA, Gutierrez Reyes CD, Barragán-Rosillo AC, Perez Sanchez B, Mechref Y, López-Arredondo D, Yong-Villalobos L, Herrera-Estrella L. Multi-omic analyses reveal the unique properties of chia (Salvia hispanica) seed metabolism. Commun Biol 2023; 6:820. [PMID: 37550387 PMCID: PMC10406817 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05192-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chia (Salvia hispanica) is an emerging crop considered a functional food containing important substances with multiple potential applications. However, the molecular basis of some relevant chia traits, such as seed mucilage and polyphenol content, remains to be discovered. This study generates an improved chromosome-level reference of the chia genome, resolving some highly repetitive regions, describing methylation patterns, and refining genome annotation. Transcriptomic analysis shows that seeds exhibit a unique expression pattern compared to other organs and tissues. Thus, a metabolic and proteomic approach is implemented to study seed composition and seed-produced mucilage. The chia genome exhibits a significant expansion in mucilage synthesis genes (compared to Arabidopsis), and gene network analysis reveals potential regulators controlling seed mucilage production. Rosmarinic acid, a compound with enormous therapeutic potential, was classified as the most abundant polyphenol in seeds, and candidate genes for its complex pathway are described. Overall, this study provides important insights into the molecular basis for the unique characteristics of chia seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Alejo-Jacuinde
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance (IGCAST), Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Héctor-Rogelio Nájera-González
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance (IGCAST), Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Ricardo A Chávez Montes
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance (IGCAST), Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | | | - Alfonso Carlos Barragán-Rosillo
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance (IGCAST), Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Benjamin Perez Sanchez
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance (IGCAST), Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Damar López-Arredondo
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance (IGCAST), Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Lenin Yong-Villalobos
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance (IGCAST), Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA.
| | - Luis Herrera-Estrella
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance (IGCAST), Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA.
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada/Langebio, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato, Gto., 36821, Mexico.
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6
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Deng J, Leijten E, Nordkamp MO, Zheng G, Pouw J, Tao W, Hartgring S, Balak D, Rijken R, Huang R, Radstake T, Lu C, Pandit A. Multi-omics integration reveals a core network involved in host defence and hyperkeratinization in psoriasis. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e976. [PMID: 36536476 PMCID: PMC9763538 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The precise pathogenesis of psoriasis remains incompletely explored. We aimed to better understand the underlying mechanisms of psoriasis, using a systems biology approach based on transcriptomics and microbiome profiling. METHODS We collected the skin tissue biopsies and swabs in both lesional and non-lesional skin of 13 patients with psoriasis, 15 patients with psoriatic arthritis and healthy skin from 12 patients with ankylosing spondylitis. To study the similarities and differences in the molecular profiles between these three conditions, and the associations between the host defence and microbiota composition, we performed high-throughput RNA-sequencing to quantify the gene expression profile in tissues. The metagenomic composition of 16S on local skin sites was quantified by clustering amplicon sequences and counted into operational taxonomic units. We further analysed associations between the transcriptome and microbiome profiling. RESULTS We found that lesional and non-lesional samples were remarkably different in terms of their transcriptome profiles. The functional annotation of differentially expressed genes showed a major enrichment in neutrophil activation. By using co-expression gene networks, we identified a gene module that was associated with local psoriasis severity at the site of biopsy. From this module, we found a 'core' set of genes that was functionally involved in neutrophil activation, epidermal cell differentiation and response to bacteria. Skin microbiome analysis revealed that the abundances of Enhydrobacter, Micrococcus and Leptotrichia were significantly correlated with the genes in core network. CONCLUSIONS We identified a core gene network that associated with local disease severity and microbiome composition, involved in the inflammation and hyperkeratinization in psoriatic skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese MedicineGuangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
- Center for Translational ImmunologyUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Emmerik Leijten
- Center for Translational ImmunologyUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical ImmunologyUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Michel Olde Nordkamp
- Center for Translational ImmunologyUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Guangjuan Zheng
- Center for Translational ImmunologyUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Juliëtte Pouw
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical ImmunologyUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Weiyang Tao
- Center for Translational ImmunologyUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Sarita Hartgring
- Center for Translational ImmunologyUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical ImmunologyUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Deepak Balak
- Department of DermatologyLangeLand HospitalZoetermeerThe Netherlands
| | - Rianne Rijken
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical ImmunologyUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Runyue Huang
- Center for Translational ImmunologyUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Timothy Radstake
- Center for Translational ImmunologyUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical ImmunologyUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Chuanjian Lu
- Center for Translational ImmunologyUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Aridaman Pandit
- Center for Translational ImmunologyUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
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7
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Deng J, Schieler C, Borghans JAM, Lu C, Pandit A. Finding Gene Regulatory Networks in Psoriasis: Application of a Tree-Based Machine Learning Approach. Front Immunol 2022; 13:921408. [PMID: 35874668 PMCID: PMC9301015 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.921408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder. Although it has been studied extensively, the molecular mechanisms driving the disease remain unclear. In this study, we utilized a tree-based machine learning approach to explore the gene regulatory networks underlying psoriasis. We then validated the regulators and their networks in an independent cohort. We identified some key regulators of psoriasis, which are candidates to serve as potential drug targets and disease severity biomarkers. According to the gene regulatory network that we identified, we suggest that interferon signaling represents a key pathway of psoriatic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Deng
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Carlotta Schieler
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - José A. M. Borghans
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Chuanjian Lu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Chuanjian Lu, ; Aridaman Pandit,
| | - Aridaman Pandit
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Chuanjian Lu, ; Aridaman Pandit,
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