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Fasciano S, Wheba A, Ddamulira C, Wang S. Recent advances in scaffolding biomaterials for cultivated meat. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2024; 162:213897. [PMID: 38810509 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.213897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of cultivated meat provides a sustainable and ethical alternative to traditional animal agriculture, highlighting its increasing importance in the food industry. Biomaterial scaffolds are critical components in cultivated meat production for enabling cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and orientation. While there's extensive research on scaffolding biomaterials, applying them to cultivated meat production poses distinct challenges, with each material offering its own set of advantages and disadvantages. This review summarizes the most recent scaffolding biomaterials used in the last five years for cell-cultured meat, detailing their respective advantages and disadvantages. We suggest future research directions and provide recommendations for scaffolds that support scalable, cost-effective, and safe high-quality meat production. Additionally, we highlight commercial challenges cultivated meat faces, encompassing bioreactor design, cell culture mediums, and regulatory and food safety issues. In summary, this review provides a comprehensive guide and valuable insights for researchers and companies in the field of cultivated meat production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Fasciano
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Anas Wheba
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Christopher Ddamulira
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Shue Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA.
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2
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Nurul Alam AMM, Kim CJ, Kim SH, Kumari S, Lee EY, Hwang YH, Joo ST. Scaffolding fundamentals and recent advances in sustainable scaffolding techniques for cultured meat development. Food Res Int 2024; 189:114549. [PMID: 38876607 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
In cultured meat (CM) production, Scaffolding plays an important role by aiding cell adhesion, growth, differentiation, and alignment. The existence of fibrous microstructure in connective and muscle tissues has attracted considerable interest in the realm of tissue engineering and triggered the interest of researchers to implement scaffolding techniques. A wide array of research efforts is ongoing in scaffolding technologies for achieving the real meat structure on the principality of biomedical research and to replace serum free CM production. Scaffolds made of animal-derived biomaterials are found efficient in replicating the extracellular matrix (ECM), thus focus should be paid to utilize animal byproducts for this purpose. Proper identification and utilization of plant-derived scaffolding biomaterial could be helpful to add diversified options in addition to animal derived sources and reduce in cost of CM production through scaffolds. Furthermore, techniques like electrospinning, modified electrospinning and 3D bioprinting should be focused on to create 3D porous scaffolds to mimic the ECM of the muscle tissue and form real meat-like structures. This review discusses recent advances in cutting edge scaffolding techniques and edible biomaterials related to structured CM production.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M M Nurul Alam
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52852, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chan-Jin Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52852, Republic of Korea.
| | - So-Hee Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52852, Republic of Korea
| | - Swati Kumari
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52852, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Yeong Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52852, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hwa Hwang
- Institute of Agriculture & Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52852, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seon-Tea Joo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52852, Republic of Korea; Institute of Agriculture & Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52852, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Tang X, Deng G, Yang L, Wang X, Xiang W, Zou Y, Lu N. Konjac glucomannan-fibrin composite hydrogel as a model for ideal scaffolds for cell-culture meat. Food Res Int 2024; 187:114425. [PMID: 38763673 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
In this study, composite gel was prepared from konjac glucomannan (KGM) and fibrin (FN). Composite gels with different concentration ratios were compared in terms of their mechanical properties, rheological properties, water retention, degradation rate, microstructure and biocompatibility. The results showed that the composite gels had better gel strength and other properties than non-composite gels. In particular, composite hydrogels with low Young's modulus formed when the KGM concentration was 0.8% and the FN concentration was 1.2%. The two components were cross linked through hydrogen-bond interaction, which formed a more stable gel structure with excellent water retention and in-vitro degradation rates, which were conducive to myogenic differentiation of ectomesenchymal stem cells (EMSCs). KGM-FN composite gel was applied to the preparation of cell-culture meat, which had similar texture properties and main nutrients to animal meat as well as higher content of dry base protein and dry base carbohydrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Tang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Research Centre for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Guoliang Deng
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Liang Yang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xinhe Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wen Xiang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yin Zou
- Wuxi Children's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Naiyan Lu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Research Centre for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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4
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Ma T, Ren R, Lv J, Yang R, Zheng X, Hu Y, Zhu G, Wang H. Transdifferentiation of fibroblasts into muscle cells to constitute cultured meat with tunable intramuscular fat deposition. eLife 2024; 13:RP93220. [PMID: 38771186 PMCID: PMC11108645 DOI: 10.7554/elife.93220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Current studies on cultured meat mainly focus on the muscle tissue reconstruction in vitro, but lack the formation of intramuscular fat, which is a crucial factor in determining taste, texture, and nutritional contents. Therefore, incorporating fat into cultured meat is of superior value. In this study, we employed the myogenic/lipogenic transdifferentiation of chicken fibroblasts in 3D to produce muscle mass and deposit fat into the same cells without the co-culture or mixture of different cells or fat substances. The immortalized chicken embryonic fibroblasts were implanted into the hydrogel scaffold, and the cell proliferation and myogenic transdifferentiation were conducted in 3D to produce the whole-cut meat mimics. Compared to 2D, cells grown in 3D matrix showed elevated myogenesis and collagen production. We further induced fat deposition in the transdifferentiated muscle cells and the triglyceride content could be manipulated to match and exceed the levels of chicken meat. The gene expression analysis indicated that both lineage-specific and multifunctional signalings could contribute to the generation of muscle/fat matrix. Overall, we were able to precisely modulate muscle, fat, and extracellular matrix contents according to balanced or specialized meat preferences. These findings provide new avenues for customized cultured meat production with desired intramuscular fat contents that can be tailored to meet the diverse demands of consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaianChina
| | - Ruimin Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaianChina
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jianqi Lv
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaianChina
| | - Ruipeng Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaianChina
| | - Xinyi Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaianChina
| | - Yang Hu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Guiyu Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaianChina
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaianChina
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Musgrove L, Russell FD, Ventura T. Considerations for cultivated crustacean meat: potential cell sources, potential differentiation and immortalization strategies, and lessons from crustacean and other animal models. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-25. [PMID: 38733287 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2342480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Cultivated crustacean meat (CCM) is a means to create highly valued shrimp, lobster, and crab products directly from stem cells, thus removing the need to farm or fish live animals. Conventional crustacean enterprises face increasing pressures in managing overfishing, pollution, and the warming climate, so CCM may provide a way to ensure sufficient supply as global demand for these products grows. To support the development of CCM, this review briefly details crustacean cell culture work to date, before addressing what is presently known about crustacean muscle development, particularly the molecular mechanisms involved, and how this might relate to recent work on cultivated meat production in vertebrate species. Recognizing the current lack of cell lines available to establish CCM cultures, we also consider primary stem cell sources that can be obtained non-lethally including tissues from limbs which are readily released and regrown, and putative stem cells in circulating hemolymph. Molecular approaches to inducing myogenic differentiation and immortalization of putative stem cells are also reviewed. Finally, we assess the current status of tools available to CCM researchers, particularly antibodies, and propose avenues to address existing shortfalls in order to see the field progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Musgrove
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast (UniSC), Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast (UniSC), Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
| | - Fraser D Russell
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast (UniSC), Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast (UniSC), Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
| | - Tomer Ventura
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast (UniSC), Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast (UniSC), Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
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Murugan P, Yap WS, Ezhilarasu H, Suntornnond R, Le QB, Singh S, Seah JSH, Tan PL, Zhou W, Tan LP, Choudhury D. Decellularised plant scaffolds facilitate porcine skeletal muscle tissue engineering for cultivated meat biomanufacturing. NPJ Sci Food 2024; 8:25. [PMID: 38702314 PMCID: PMC11068908 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-024-00262-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Cultivated meat (CM) offers a sustainable and ethical alternative to conventional animal agriculture, involving cell maturation in a controlled environment. To emulate the structural complexity of traditional meat, the development of animal-free and edible scaffolds is crucial, providing vital physical and biological support during tissue development. The aligned vascular bundles of the decellularised asparagus scaffold were selected to facilitate the attachment and alignment of murine myoblasts (C2C12) and porcine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (pADMSCs). Muscle differentiation was assessed through immunofluorescence staining with muscle markers, including Myosin heavy chain (MHC), Myogenin (MYOG), and Desmin. The metabolic activity of Creatine Kinase in C2C12 differentiated cells significantly increased compared to proliferated cells. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed a significant increase in Myosin Heavy Polypeptide 1 (MYH1) and MYOG expression compared to Day 0. These results highlight the application of decellularised plant scaffold (DPS) as a promising, edible material conducive to cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation into muscle tissue. To create a CM prototype with biological mimicry, pADMSC-derived muscle and fat cells were also co-cultured on the same scaffold. The co-culture was confirmed through immunofluorescence staining of muscle markers and LipidTOX staining, revealing distinct muscle fibres and adipocytes containing lipid droplets respectively. Texture profile analysis conducted on uncooked CM prototypes and pork loin showed no significant differences in textural values. However, the pan-fried CM prototype differed significantly in hardness and chewiness compared to pork loin. Understanding the scaffolds' textural profile enhances our insight into the potential sensory attributes of CM products. DPS shows potential for advancing CM biomanufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyatharshini Murugan
- Biomanufacturing Technology, Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, 138668, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wee Swan Yap
- Biomanufacturing Technology, Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, 138668, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hariharan Ezhilarasu
- Biomanufacturing Technology, Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, 138668, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ratima Suntornnond
- Biomanufacturing Technology, Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, 138668, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Quang Bach Le
- Biomanufacturing Technology, Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, 138668, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Satnam Singh
- Biomanufacturing Technology, Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, 138668, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jasmine Si Han Seah
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pei Leng Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Weibiao Zhou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lay Poh Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Deepak Choudhury
- Biomanufacturing Technology, Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, 138668, Singapore, Singapore.
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7
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Albrecht FB, Ahlfeld T, Klatt A, Heine S, Gelinsky M, Kluger PJ. Biofabrication's Contribution to the Evolution of Cultured Meat. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2304058. [PMID: 38339837 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202304058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Cultured Meat (CM) is a growing field in cellular agriculture, driven by the environmental impact of conventional meat production, which contributes to climate change and occupies ≈70% of arable land. As demand for meat alternatives rises, research in this area expands. CM production relies on tissue engineering techniques, where a limited number of animal cells are cultured in vitro and processed to create meat-like tissue comprising muscle and adipose components. Currently, CM is primarily produced on a small scale in pilot facilities. Producing a large cell mass based on suitable cell sources and bioreactors remains challenging. Advanced manufacturing methods and innovative materials are required to subsequently process this cell mass into CM products on a large scale. Consequently, CM is closely linked with biofabrication, a suite of technologies for precisely arranging cellular aggregates and cell-material composites to construct specific structures, often using robotics. This review provides insights into contemporary biomedical biofabrication technologies, focusing on significant advancements in muscle and adipose tissue biofabrication for CM production. Novel materials for biofabricating CM are also discussed, emphasizing their edibility and incorporation of healthful components. Finally, initial studies on biofabricated CM are examined, addressing current limitations and future challenges for large-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tilman Ahlfeld
- Technische Universität Dresden, Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Annemarie Klatt
- Reutlingen University, Reutlingen Research Institute, 72762, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Simon Heine
- Reutlingen University, Reutlingen Research Institute, 72762, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Michael Gelinsky
- Technische Universität Dresden, Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, 01307, Dresden, Germany
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8
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Lambert EG, O'Keeffe CJ, Ward AO, Anderson TA, Yip Q, Newman PLH. Enhancing the palatability of cultivated meat. Trends Biotechnol 2024:S0167-7799(24)00062-3. [PMID: 38531694 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2024.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Cultivated meat (CM) has transitioned from a futuristic concept to a present reality, with select products approved for consumption and sale in Singapore, Israel, and the USA. This evolution has emphasized scalable, cost-effective, and sustainable production, as well as navigation of regulatory pathways. As CM develops, a crucial challenge lies in delivering products that are highly appealing to consumers. Central to this will be refining CM palatability, a term encompassing food's taste, aroma, texture, tenderness, juiciness, and color. We explore the scientific and engineering approaches to producing palatable CM, including cell-line selection, cell differentiation, and post-processing techniques. This includes a discussion of the structural and compositional properties of meat that are intrinsically coupled to palatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella G Lambert
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2008, Australia; School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | | - Alexander O Ward
- Vow Group Pty Ltd., Sydney, NSW 2015, Australia; Centre for BioInnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia; ARTA Bioanalytics, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Tim A Anderson
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2008, Australia
| | - Queenie Yip
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2008, Australia
| | - Peter L H Newman
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2008, Australia; EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science Node, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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9
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Sanaki-Matsumiya M, Villava C, Rappez L, Haase K, Wu J, Ebisuya M. Self-organization of vascularized skeletal muscle from bovine embryonic stem cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.22.586252. [PMID: 38585777 PMCID: PMC10996461 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.22.586252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Cultured beef holds promising potential as an alternative to traditional meat options. While adult stem cells are commonly used as the cell source for cultured beef, their proliferation and differentiation capacities are limited. To produce cultured beef steaks, current manufacturing plans often require the separate preparation of multiple cell types and intricate engineering for assembling them into structured tissues. In this study, we propose and report the co-induction of skeletal muscle, neuronal, and endothelial cells from bovine embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and the self-organization of tissue structures in 2- and 3-dimensional cultures. Bovine myocytes were induced in a stepwise manner through the induction of presomitic mesoderm (PSM) from bovine ESCs. Muscle fibers with sarcomeres appeared within 15 days, displaying calcium oscillations responsive to inputs from co-induced bovine spinal neurons. Bovine endothelial cells were also co-induced via PSM, forming uniform vessel networks inside tissues. Our serum-free, rapid co-induction protocols represent a milestone toward self-organizing beef steaks with integrated vasculature and innervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Sanaki-Matsumiya
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Barcelona, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Casandra Villava
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Barcelona, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luca Rappez
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Barcelona, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kristina Haase
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Barcelona, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA
- Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Miki Ebisuya
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Barcelona, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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10
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Zheng YY, Hu ZN, Zhou GH. A review: analysis of technical challenges in cultured meat production and its commercialization. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-18. [PMID: 38384235 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2315447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The cultured meat technology has developed rapidly in recent years, but there are still many technical challenges that hinder the large-scale production and commercialization of cultured meat. Firstly, it is necessary to lay the foundation for cultured meat production by obtaining seed cells and maintaining stable cell functions. Next, technologies such as bioreactors are used to expand the scale of cell culture, and three-dimensional culture technologies such as scaffold culture or 3D printing are used to construct the three-dimensional structure of cultured meat. At the same time, it can reduce production costs by developing serum-free medium suitable for cultured meat. Finally, the edible quality of cultured meat is improved by evaluating food safety and sensory flavor, and combining ethical and consumer acceptability issues. Therefore, this review fully demonstrates the current development status and existing technical challenges of the cultured meat production technology with regard to the key points described above, in order to provide research ideas for the industrial production of cultured meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Zheng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Nanjing, MOST, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MOA, Nanjing, P.R. China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ze-Nan Hu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Nanjing, MOST, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MOA, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Hong Zhou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Nanjing, MOST, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MOA, Nanjing, P.R. China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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11
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Martins B, Bister A, Dohmen RGJ, Gouveia MA, Hueber R, Melzener L, Messmer T, Papadopoulos J, Pimenta J, Raina D, Schaeken L, Shirley S, Bouchet BP, Flack JE. Advances and Challenges in Cell Biology for Cultured Meat. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2024; 12:345-368. [PMID: 37963400 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-021022-055132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Cultured meat is an emerging biotechnology that aims to produce meat from animal cell culture, rather than from the raising and slaughtering of livestock, on environmental and animal welfare grounds. The detailed understanding and accurate manipulation of cell biology are critical to the design of cultured meat bioprocesses. Recent years have seen significant interest in this field, with numerous scientific and commercial breakthroughs. Nevertheless, these technologies remain at a nascent stage, and myriad challenges remain, spanning the entire bioprocess. From a cell biological perspective, these include the identification of suitable starting cell types, tuning of proliferation and differentiation conditions, and optimization of cell-biomaterial interactions to create nutritious, enticing foods. Here, we discuss the key advances and outstanding challenges in cultured meat, with a particular focus on cell biology, and argue that solving the remaining bottlenecks in a cost-effective, scalable fashion will require coordinated, concerted scientific efforts. Success will also require solutions to nonscientific challenges, including regulatory approval, consumer acceptance, and market feasibility. However, if these can be overcome, cultured meat technologies can revolutionize our approach to food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Martins
- Mosa Meat B.V., Maastricht, The Netherlands; , , , , , , , , , , , ,
| | - Arthur Bister
- Mosa Meat B.V., Maastricht, The Netherlands; , , , , , , , , , , , ,
| | - Richard G J Dohmen
- Mosa Meat B.V., Maastricht, The Netherlands; , , , , , , , , , , , ,
- Department of Physiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Ana Gouveia
- Mosa Meat B.V., Maastricht, The Netherlands; , , , , , , , , , , , ,
| | - Rui Hueber
- Mosa Meat B.V., Maastricht, The Netherlands; , , , , , , , , , , , ,
| | - Lea Melzener
- Mosa Meat B.V., Maastricht, The Netherlands; , , , , , , , , , , , ,
- Department of Physiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias Messmer
- Mosa Meat B.V., Maastricht, The Netherlands; , , , , , , , , , , , ,
- Department of Physiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joanna Papadopoulos
- Mosa Meat B.V., Maastricht, The Netherlands; , , , , , , , , , , , ,
| | - Joana Pimenta
- Mosa Meat B.V., Maastricht, The Netherlands; , , , , , , , , , , , ,
| | - Dhruv Raina
- Mosa Meat B.V., Maastricht, The Netherlands; , , , , , , , , , , , ,
| | - Lieke Schaeken
- Mosa Meat B.V., Maastricht, The Netherlands; , , , , , , , , , , , ,
| | - Sara Shirley
- Mosa Meat B.V., Maastricht, The Netherlands; , , , , , , , , , , , ,
| | - Benjamin P Bouchet
- Mosa Meat B.V., Maastricht, The Netherlands; , , , , , , , , , , , ,
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Joshua E Flack
- Mosa Meat B.V., Maastricht, The Netherlands; , , , , , , , , , , , ,
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12
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Li P, Sheng L, Ye Y, Wang JS, Geng S, Ning D, Sun X. Allergenicity of alternative proteins: research hotspots, new findings, evaluation strategies, regulatory status, and future trends: a bibliometric analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38189352 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2299748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
As the world population rises, the demand for protein increases, leading to a widening gap in protein supply. There is an unprecedented interest in the development of alternative proteins, but their allergenicity has raised consumer concerns. This review aims to highlight and correlate the current research status of allergenicity studies on alternative proteins based on previously published studies. Current research keywords, hotspots and trends in alternative protein sensitization were analyzed using a mixed-method approach that combined bibliometric analysis and literature review. According to the bibliometric analysis, current research is primarily focused on food science, agriculture, and immunology. There are significant variations in the type and amount of allergens found in alternative proteins. A significant amount of research has been focused on studying plant-based proteins and the cross-reactivity of insect proteins. The allergenicity of alternative proteins has not been studied extensively or in depth. The allergenicity of other alternative proteins and the underlying mechanisms warrant further study. In addition, the lack of a standardized allergy assessment strategy calls for additional efforts by international organizations and collaborations among different countries. This review provides new research and regulatory perspectives for the safe utilization of alternative proteins in human food systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, P.R. China
| | - Lina Sheng
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, P.R. China
| | - Yongli Ye
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Shuxiang Geng
- Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Deli Ning
- Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Xiulan Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, P.R. China
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13
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Alam AMMN, Kim CJ, Kim SH, Kumari S, Lee SY, Hwang YH, Joo ST. Trends in Hybrid Cultured Meat Manufacturing Technology to Improve Sensory Characteristics. Food Sci Anim Resour 2024; 44:39-50. [PMID: 38229861 PMCID: PMC10789553 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2023.e76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The projected growth of global meat production over the next decade is attributed to rising income levels and population expansion. One potentially more pragmatic approach to mitigating the adverse externalities associated with meat production involves implementing alterations to the production process, such as transitioning to cultured meat, hybrid cultured meat, and meat alternatives. Cultured meat (CM) is derived from animal stem cells and undergoes a growth and division process that closely resembles the natural in vivo cellular development. CM is emerging as a widely embraced substitute for traditional protein sources, with the potential to alleviate the future strain on animal-derived meat production. To date, the primary emphasis of cultured meat research and production has predominantly been around the ecological advantages and ethical considerations pertaining to animal welfare. However, there exists substantial study potential in exploring consumer preferences with respect to the texture, color, cuts, and sustainable methodologies associated with cultured meat. The potential augmentation of cultured meat's acceptance could be facilitated through the advancement of a wider range of cuts to mimic real muscle fibers. This review examines the prospective commercial trends of hybrid cultured meat. Subsequently, the present state of research pertaining to the advancement of scaffolding, coloration, and muscle fiber development in hybrid cultured meat, encompassing plant-based alternatives designed to emulate authentic meat, has been deliberated. However, this discussion highlights the obstacles that have arisen in current procedures and proposes future research directions for the development of sustainable cultured meat and meat alternatives, such as plant-based meat production.
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Affiliation(s)
- AMM Nurul Alam
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21
Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828,
Korea
| | - Chan-Jin Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21
Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828,
Korea
| | - So-Hee Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21
Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828,
Korea
| | - Swati Kumari
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21
Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828,
Korea
| | - Seung-Yun Lee
- Division of Animal Science, Gyeongsang
National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Young-Hwa Hwang
- Institute of Agriculture & Life
Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828,
Korea
| | - Seon-Tea Joo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21
Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828,
Korea
- Division of Animal Science, Gyeongsang
National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Institute of Agriculture & Life
Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828,
Korea
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14
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Zehorai E, Maor-Shoshani A, Molotski N, Dorojkin A, Marelly N, Dvash T, Lavon N. From fertilised oocyte to cultivated meat - harnessing bovine embryonic stem cells in the cultivated meat industry. Reprod Fertil Dev 2023; 36:124-132. [PMID: 38064188 DOI: 10.1071/rd23169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Global demand for animal protein is on the rise, but many practices common in conventional production are no longer scalable due to environmental impact, public health concerns, and fragility of food systems. For these reasons and more, a pressing need has arisen for sustainable, nutritious, and animal welfare-conscious sources of protein, spurring research dedicated to the production of cultivated meat. Meat mainly consists of muscle, fat, and connective tissue, all of which can be sourced and differentiated from pluripotent stem cells to resemble their nutritional values in muscle tissue. In this paper, we outline the approach that we took to derive bovine embryonic stem cell lines (bESCs) and to characterise them using FACS (fluorescence-activated cell sorting), real-time PCR and immunofluorescence staining. We show their cell growth profile and genetic stability and demonstrate their induced differentiation to mesoderm committed cells. In addition, we discuss our strategy for preparation of master and working cell banks, by which we can expand and grow cells in suspension in quantities suitable for mass production. Consequently, we demonstrate the potential benefits of harnessing bESCs in the production of cultivated meat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tami Dvash
- Aleph Farms Ltd, Rehovot 7670401, Israel
| | - Neta Lavon
- Aleph Farms Ltd, Rehovot 7670401, Israel
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15
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Cheng YM, Hong PC, Song MM, Zhu HN, Qin J, Zhang ZD, Chen H, Ma XZ, Tian MY, Zhu WY, Huang Z. An immortal porcine preadipocyte cell strain for efficient production of cell-cultured fat. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1202. [PMID: 38007598 PMCID: PMC10676435 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05583-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Adding adipose cells to cell-cultured meat can provide a distinctive aroma and juicy texture similar to real meat. However, a significant challenge still exists in obtaining seed cells that can be propagated for long periods, maintain their adipogenic potential, and reduce production costs. In this study, we present a cell strain derived from immortalized porcine preadipocytes that can be subculture for over 40 passages without losing differentiation capacity. This cell strain can be differentiated within 3D bioscaffolds to generate cell-cultured fat using fewer chemicals and less serum. Additionally, it can be expanded and differentiated on microcarriers with upscaled culture to reduce costs and labor. Moreover, it can co-differentiate with muscle precursor cells, producing a pattern similar to real meat. Therefore, our cell strain provides an exceptional model for studying and producing cell-cultured fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Mou Cheng
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Hong
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming-Mei Song
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hai-Ning Zhu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Qin
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zeng-Di Zhang
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xing-Zhou Ma
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng-Yuan Tian
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei-Yun Zhu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zan Huang
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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16
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Kawecki NS, Norris SCP, Xu Y, Wu Y, Davis AR, Fridman E, Chen KK, Crosbie RH, Garmyn AJ, Li S, Mason TG, Rowat AC. Engineering multicomponent tissue by spontaneous adhesion of myogenic and adipogenic microtissues cultured with customized scaffolds. Food Res Int 2023; 172:113080. [PMID: 37689860 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
The integration of intramuscular fat-or marbling-into cultured meat will be critical for meat texture, mouthfeel, flavor, and thus consumer appeal. However, culturing muscle tissue with marbling is challenging since myocytes and adipocytes have different media and scaffold requirements for optimal growth and differentiation. Here, we present an approach to engineer multicomponent tissue using myogenic and adipogenic microtissues. The key innovation in our approach is the engineering of myogenic and adipogenic microtissues using scaffolds with customized physical properties; we use these microtissues as building blocks that spontaneously adhere to produce multicomponent tissue, or marbled cultured meat. Myocytes are grown and differentiated on gelatin nanofiber scaffolds with aligned topology that mimic the aligned structure of skeletal muscle and promotes the formation of myotubes in both primary rabbit skeletal muscle and murine C2C12 cells. Pre-adipocytes are cultured and differentiated on edible gelatin microbead scaffolds, which are customized to have a physiologically-relevant stiffness, and promote lipid accumulation in both primary rabbit and murine 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes. After harvesting and stacking the individual myogenic and adipogenic microtissues, we find that the resultant multicomponent tissues adhere into intact structures within 6-12 h in culture. The resultant multicomponent 3D tissue constructs show behavior of a solid material with a Young's modulus of ∼ 2 ± 0.4 kPa and an ultimate tensile strength of ∼ 23 ± 7 kPa without the use of additional crosslinkers. Using this approach, we generate marbled cultured meat with ∼ mm to ∼ cm thickness, which has a protein content of ∼ 4 ± 2 g/100 g that is comparable to a conventionally produced Wagyu steak with a protein content of ∼ 9 ± 4 g/100 g. We show the translatability of this layer-by-layer assembly approach for microtissues across primary rabbit cells, murine cell lines, as well as for gelatin and plant-based scaffolds, which demonstrates a strategy to generate edible marbled meats derived from different species and scaffold materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Stephanie Kawecki
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sam C P Norris
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yixuan Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yifan Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ashton R Davis
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ester Fridman
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kathleen K Chen
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rachelle H Crosbie
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California LA, USA; Broad Stem Cell Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Andrea J Garmyn
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Song Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Broad Stem Cell Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Thomas G Mason
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Amy C Rowat
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Broad Stem Cell Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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17
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Louis F, Furuhashi M, Yoshinuma H, Takeuchi S, Matsusaki M. Mimicking Wagyu beef fat in cultured meat: Progress in edible bovine adipose tissue production with controllable fatty acid composition. Mater Today Bio 2023; 21:100720. [PMID: 37455817 PMCID: PMC10339247 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the current process of livestock meat production has considerable effects on the global environment, leading to high emissions of greenhouse gases, cultured meat has recently attracted attention as a suitable alternative way to acquire animal proteins. However, while most published studies on cell-cultured meat have focused on muscle tissue culture, fat production which is an important component of the process has often been neglected from this technology, even though it can enhance the meat's final taste, aroma, tenderness, texture, and palatability. In this study, we focused on bovine muscle reconstruction by monitoring and optimizing the possible expansion rate of isolated primary bovine adipose stem cells and their adipogenesis differentiation to be fully edible for cultured meat application. After approximatively 100 days of serial passages, the bovine adipose-derived stem cells, isolated from muscle tissue, underwent 57 ± 5 doublings in the edible cell culture medium condition. This implies that by cultivating and amplifying them, a minimum of 2.9 × 1022 cells can be obtained from around 10 g of fat. It was discovered that these cells retain their adipogenesis differentiation ability for at least 12 passages. Moreover, the final lipid composition could be controlled by adjusting the fatty acid composition of the culture medium during the differentiation process, resulting in organoleptic features similar to those of real fat from muscle. This was especially so for the cis isomer oleic acid percentage, an important part of high-grade Japanese Wagyu meat. These characteristics of the primary bovine adipose-derived stem cell proliferation and adipogenesis differentiation provide valuable insights for the in vitro production of meat alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Louis
- Joint Research Laboratory (TOPPAN INC.) for Advanced Cell Regulatory Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mai Furuhashi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Global Innovation Center, Nissin Foods Holdings Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruka Yoshinuma
- Global Innovation Center, Nissin Foods Holdings Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoji Takeuchi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Mechano-Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiya Matsusaki
- Joint Research Laboratory (TOPPAN INC.) for Advanced Cell Regulatory Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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18
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Zheng YY, Hu ZN, Liu Z, Jiang YC, Guo RP, Ding SJ, Zhou GH. The Effect of Long-Term Passage on Porcine SMCs' Function and the Improvement of TGF-β1 on Porcine SMCs' Secretory Function in Late Passage. Foods 2023; 12:2682. [PMID: 37509774 PMCID: PMC10378609 DOI: 10.3390/foods12142682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cultured meat is one of the meat substitutes produced through tissue engineering and other technologies. Large-scale cell culture is the key for cultured meat products to enter the market. Therefore, this study is aimed to explore the effect of long-term passage in vitro on smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and the effect of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) on SMCs in the late passage. Multiple passages lead to the decline of the proliferation rate of SMCs in the proliferation stage and the differentiation ability in the differentiation stage. Transcriptome results showed that the ECM pathway and aging-related signaling pathways were significantly up-regulated in the late passage period. TGF-β1 did not promote SMCs of late passage proliferation at the proliferation stage but promoted the gene and protein expression of collagen as the main protein of the extracellular matrix proteins at the differentiation stage. In addition, proteomic analysis revealed that TGF-β1 promoted the expression of cell adhesion molecules which activate the Hippo signaling pathway and the HIF-1 signaling pathway and further promoted the production of collagen-containing extracellular matrix proteins. This could provide ideas for large-scale production of cultured meat products using SMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Zheng
- National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Nanjing, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ze-Nan Hu
- National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Nanjing, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Nanjing, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yi-Chen Jiang
- National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Nanjing, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ren-Peng Guo
- National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Nanjing, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shi-Jie Ding
- National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Nanjing, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guang-Hong Zhou
- National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Nanjing, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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19
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Scheffold J, Bruheim P, Kjesbu JS, Jang M. Serum-free alginate-C2C12 cells microcapsule as a model of alternative animal protein source. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1184178. [PMID: 37252232 PMCID: PMC10213942 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1184178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the climate change crisis, and environmental impacts of the traditional meat sector, the production of artificial animal protein based on in vitro cell culture technology is proposed as an alternative. Furthermore, since traditional animal serum-supplemented cultures pose scientific challenges such as batch variation and contamination risks, artificial animal protein cultures are currently in urgent need of not only serum-free cultures, but also microcarrier culture systems for scalability. However, serum-free microcarrier-based culture system for the differentiation of muscle cells is not available to date. Therefore, we established an edible alginate microcapsules culture system for the differentiation of C2C12 cells in serum-free conditions. Furthermore, metabolites related to central carbon metabolism were profiled based on targeted metabolomics using mass spectrometry. The C2C12 cells cultured in alginate microcapsules displayed high viability throughout 7 days and successfully differentiated within 4 days in serum and serum-free cultures except for AIM-V cultures, which was confirmed by CK activity and MHC immunostaining. Lastly, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to compare metabolite profiles between monolayer and alginate microcapsule culture systems. Alginate microcapsule culture showed higher levels of intracellular glycolysis and TCA cycle intermediates, lactate, and the contribution of essential amino acids compared to the monolayer culture. We believe our serum-free alginate microcapsule culture system is adaptable to different species of muscle cells and contributes to future food technology as a proof of concept for the scalability of alternative animal protein source production.
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20
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Lee K, Jackson A, John N, Zhang R, Ozhava D, Bhatia M, Mao Y. Bovine Fibroblast-Derived Extracellular Matrix Promotes the Growth and Preserves the Stemness of Bovine Stromal Cells during In Vitro Expansion. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14040218. [PMID: 37103308 PMCID: PMC10144935 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14040218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cultivated meat is a fast-growing research field and an industry with great potential to overcome the limitations of traditional meat production. Cultivated meat utilizes cell culture and tissue engineering technologies to culture a vast number of cells in vitro and grow/assemble them into structures mimicking the muscle tissues of livestock animals. Stem cells with self-renewal and lineage-specific differentiation abilities have been considered one of the key cell sources for cultivated meats. However, the extensive in vitro culturing/expansion of stem cells results in a reduction in their abilities to proliferate and differentiate. Extracellular matrix (ECM) has been used as a culturing substrate to support cell expansion for cell-based therapies in regenerative medicine due to its resemblance to the native microenvironment of cells. In this study, the effect of the ECM on the expansion of bovine umbilical cord stromal cells (BUSC) in vitro was evaluated and characterized. BUSCs with multi-lineage differentiation potentials were isolated from bovine placental tissue. Decellularized ECM prepared from a confluent monolayer of bovine fibroblasts (BF) is free of cellular components but contains major ECM proteins such as fibronectin and type I collagen and ECM-associated growth factors. Expansion of BUSC on ECM for three passages (around three weeks) resulted in about 500-fold amplification, while cells were amplified less than 10-fold when cultured on standard tissue culture plates (TCP). Moreover, the presence of ECM reduced the requirement for serum in the culture medium. Importantly, the cells amplified on ECM retained their differentiation abilities better than cells cultured on TCP. The results of our study support the notion that monolayer cell-derived ECM may be a strategy to expand bovine cells in vitro effectively and efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Lee
- Laboratory for Biomaterials Research, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 145 Bevier Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Anisha Jackson
- Laboratory for Biomaterials Research, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 145 Bevier Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Nikita John
- Laboratory for Biomaterials Research, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 145 Bevier Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ryan Zhang
- Laboratory for Biomaterials Research, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 145 Bevier Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Derya Ozhava
- Laboratory for Biomaterials Research, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 145 Bevier Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Mohit Bhatia
- Atelier Meats, 666 Burrard Street, Suite 500, Vancouver, BC V6C 3P6, Canada
| | - Yong Mao
- Laboratory for Biomaterials Research, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 145 Bevier Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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21
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Pallaoro M, Modina SC, Fiorati A, Altomare L, Mirra G, Scocco P, Di Giancamillo A. Towards a More Realistic In Vitro Meat: The Cross Talk between Adipose and Muscle Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076630. [PMID: 37047600 PMCID: PMC10095036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
According to statistics and future predictions, meat consumption will increase in the coming years. Considering both the environmental impact of intensive livestock farming and the importance of protecting animal welfare, the necessity of finding alternative strategies to satisfy the growing meat demand is compelling. Biotechnologies are responding to this demand by developing new strategies for producing meat in vitro. The manufacturing of cultured meat has faced criticism concerning, above all, the practical issues of culturing together different cell types typical of meat that are partly responsible for meat’s organoleptic characteristics. Indeed, the existence of a cross talk between adipose and muscle cells has critical effects on the outcome of the co-culture, leading to a general inhibition of myogenesis in favor of adipogenic differentiation. This review aims to clarify the main mechanisms and the key molecules involved in this cross talk and provide an overview of the most recent and successful meat culture 3D strategies for overcoming this challenge, focusing on the approaches based on farm-animal-derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Pallaoro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Silvia Clotilde Modina
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Andrea Fiorati
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Polytechnic University of Milan, Via Luigi Mancinelli, 7, 20131 Milan, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Lina Altomare
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Polytechnic University of Milan, Via Luigi Mancinelli, 7, 20131 Milan, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Giorgio Mirra
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Paola Scocco
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Alessia Di Giancamillo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Che L, Zhu C, Huang L, Xu H, Ma X, Luo X, He H, Zhang T, Wang N. Ginsenoside Rg2 Promotes the Proliferation and Stemness Maintenance of Porcine Mesenchymal Stem Cells through Autophagy Induction. Foods 2023; 12:foods12051075. [PMID: 36900592 PMCID: PMC10000966 DOI: 10.3390/foods12051075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be used as a cell source for cultivated meat production due to their adipose differentiation potential, but MSCs lose their stemness and undergo replicative senescence during expansion in vitro. Autophagy is an important mechanism for senescent cells to remove toxic substances. However, the role of autophagy in the replicative senescence of MSCs is controversial. Here, we evaluated the changes in autophagy in porcine MSCs (pMSCs) during long-term culture in vitro and identified a natural phytochemical, ginsenoside Rg2, that could stimulate pMSC proliferation. First, some typical senescence characteristics were observed in aged pMSCs, including decreased EdU-positive cells, increased senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity, declined stemness-associated marker OCT4 expression, and enhanced P53 expression. Importantly, autophagic flux was impaired in aged pMSCs, suggesting deficient substrate clearance in aged pMSCs. Rg2 was found to promote the proliferation of pMSCs using MTT assay and EdU staining. In addition, Rg2 inhibited D-galactose-induced senescence and oxidative stress in pMSCs. Rg2 increased autophagic activity via the AMPK signaling pathway. Furthermore, long-term culture with Rg2 promoted the proliferation, inhibited the replicative senescence, and maintained the stemness of pMSCs. These results provide a potential strategy for porcine MSC expansion in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Che
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Caixia Zhu
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Lei Huang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Hui Xu
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xinmiao Ma
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xuegang Luo
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Hongpeng He
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Tongcun Zhang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-2260-6020-99; Fax: +86-2260-6022-98
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23
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Cellular agriculture and food systems priorities. NATURE FOOD 2022; 3:781. [PMID: 37117889 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-022-00628-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
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