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Cardona JJ, Samrid R, Kim CY, Tabira Y, Dumont AS, Iwanaga J, Tubbs RS. Angulation of the dural venous sinuses in the posterior cranial fossa: an anatomical study and its implications for venous circulation. Neurosurg Rev 2025; 48:66. [PMID: 39833551 PMCID: PMC11753370 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-025-03195-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2024] [Revised: 11/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2025] [Indexed: 01/22/2025]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to determine the angulation of the dural venous sinuses in soft tissue, to evaluate differences between types of tissue, and to discuss the potential influence of these angulations on intracranial venous hemodynamics and related pathologies. Angulations formed in different segments of the transverse, sigmoid, and superior sagittal sinuses were measured in 13 adult human cadaveric heads (26 sides). After the soft tissues were removed, measurements were also taken from the underlying bone. The overall angulation of the transverse sinus was assessed using two reference points, while the lengths and widths of the dural venous sinuses were measured using microcalipers. Statistical analyses were performed considereing sides, sex, and types of tissue. The mean angulation of the superior sagittal sinuses - transverse sinus junction was 116 degrees. The mean angulations of the transverse sinus - sigmoid sinus junction in medial and superior views were 108 degrees and 114 degrees, respectively. The mean angulations of the entire transverse sinus at two different points were 45 degrees and 44 degrees, respectively. There were statistically significant differences in angulation in some variables when they were adjusted for sides and sex, but not types of tissue. Angulation is a paramount factor in venous hemodynamics. Certain angulations of the dural venous sinuses differed significantly between sides and sexes, but not between types of tissue. Future research should investigate the effects of these angulations on intracranial venous circulation and their relevance to related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Cardona
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Rarinthorn Samrid
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
| | - Chung Yoh Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University School of Medicine, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoko Tabira
- Division of Gross and Clinical Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Aaron S Dumont
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Joe Iwanaga
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Division of Gross and Clinical Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery and Ochsner Neuroscience Institute, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Dental and Oral Medical Center, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - R Shane Tubbs
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery and Ochsner Neuroscience Institute, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Tommasino A, Dell’Aquila F, Redivo M, Pittorino L, Mattaroccia G, Tempestini F, Santucci S, Casenghi M, Giovannelli F, Rigattieri S, Berni A, Barbato E. Comprehensive Risk Assessment of LAD Disease Progression in CCTA: The CLAP Score Study. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2024; 11:338. [PMID: 39590181 PMCID: PMC11595042 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd11110338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2024] [Revised: 10/11/2024] [Accepted: 10/14/2024] [Indexed: 11/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND a wider left main bifurcation angle (LMBA) has been linked to severe plaque development in the proximal left anterior descending artery (LAD). This study aimed to identify predictors of severe proximal LAD stenosis and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) using coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA). METHODS from an initial cohort of 650 consecutive patients, we analyzed 499 patients who met the inclusion criteria after exclusions. Plaque morphology and characteristics were assessed by CCTA, and MACE occurrences were recorded at follow-up. A predictive score for LAD disease progression (CLAP score) was developed and validated. RESULTS severe proximal LAD stenosis was detected in 32% (160/499) of patients by CCTA. MACE occurred in 12.5% of patients at follow-up. Significant predictors of MACE were LMBA > 80° (HR: 4.47; 95% CI: 3.80-6.70; p < 0.001), diabetes (HR: 2.94; 95% CI: 1.54-4.63; p = 0.031), chronic kidney disease (HR: 1.71; 95% CI: 1.31-6.72; p = 0.041), high-risk plaques (HR: 2.30; 95% CI: 1.45-3.64; p < 0.01), obstructive CAD (HR: 2.50; 95% CI: 1.50 to 4.10, p = 0.01), and calcium score (CAC) (HR: 1.05; 95% CI: 1.02-1.08, p = 0.004). The CLAP score demonstrated good discriminatory power in both the development (AUC 0.91; 95% CI: 0.86-0.96) and validation cohorts (AUC 0.85; 95% CI: 0.79-0.91); Conclusions: LMBA > 80°, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, obstructive CAD, CAC score >180 and high-risk plaques were significant predictors of MACE in CCTA patients. The CLAP score effectively predicted LAD disease progression, aiding in risk stratification and optimization of intervention strategies for suspected coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Tommasino
- Division of Cardiology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy; (F.D.); (M.R.); (L.P.); (G.M.); (F.T.); (S.S.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (S.R.); (A.B.); (E.B.)
| | - Federico Dell’Aquila
- Division of Cardiology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy; (F.D.); (M.R.); (L.P.); (G.M.); (F.T.); (S.S.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (S.R.); (A.B.); (E.B.)
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Redivo
- Division of Cardiology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy; (F.D.); (M.R.); (L.P.); (G.M.); (F.T.); (S.S.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (S.R.); (A.B.); (E.B.)
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Pittorino
- Division of Cardiology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy; (F.D.); (M.R.); (L.P.); (G.M.); (F.T.); (S.S.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (S.R.); (A.B.); (E.B.)
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Mattaroccia
- Division of Cardiology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy; (F.D.); (M.R.); (L.P.); (G.M.); (F.T.); (S.S.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (S.R.); (A.B.); (E.B.)
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Tempestini
- Division of Cardiology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy; (F.D.); (M.R.); (L.P.); (G.M.); (F.T.); (S.S.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (S.R.); (A.B.); (E.B.)
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Santucci
- Division of Cardiology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy; (F.D.); (M.R.); (L.P.); (G.M.); (F.T.); (S.S.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (S.R.); (A.B.); (E.B.)
| | - Matteo Casenghi
- Division of Cardiology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy; (F.D.); (M.R.); (L.P.); (G.M.); (F.T.); (S.S.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (S.R.); (A.B.); (E.B.)
| | - Francesca Giovannelli
- Division of Cardiology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy; (F.D.); (M.R.); (L.P.); (G.M.); (F.T.); (S.S.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (S.R.); (A.B.); (E.B.)
| | - Stefano Rigattieri
- Division of Cardiology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy; (F.D.); (M.R.); (L.P.); (G.M.); (F.T.); (S.S.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (S.R.); (A.B.); (E.B.)
| | - Andrea Berni
- Division of Cardiology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy; (F.D.); (M.R.); (L.P.); (G.M.); (F.T.); (S.S.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (S.R.); (A.B.); (E.B.)
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Barbato
- Division of Cardiology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy; (F.D.); (M.R.); (L.P.); (G.M.); (F.T.); (S.S.); (M.C.); (F.G.); (S.R.); (A.B.); (E.B.)
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy
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Cardona JJ, Dumont AS, Iwanaga J, Tubbs RS. Influence of Morphological Changes on Dural Venous Sinuses Hemodynamics. J Magn Reson Imaging 2024. [PMID: 39212163 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.29590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Cardona
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Aaron S Dumont
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Joe Iwanaga
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery and Ochsner Neuroscience Institute, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - R Shane Tubbs
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery and Ochsner Neuroscience Institute, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Urbanowicz T, Hanć A, Frąckowiak J, Białasik-Misiorny M, Olasińska-Wiśniewska A, Krasińska B, Krasińska-Płachta A, Tomczak J, Kowalewski M, Krasiński Z, Tykarski A, Jemielity M. Are Hair Scalp Trace Elements Correlated with Atherosclerosis Location in Coronary Artery Disease? Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04335-w. [PMID: 39145863 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04335-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease is among the leading current epidemiological challenges. The genetic, clinical, and lifestyle-related risk factors are well documented. The reason for specific epicardial artery locations remains unsolved. The coronary artery topography and blood flow characteristics may induce local inflammatory activation. The atherosclerotic plaque formation is believed to represent inflammatory response involving enzymatic processes co-factored by trace elements. The possible relation between trace elements and coronary artery disease location was the subject of the study. There were 175 patients (107 (61) men and 68 (39) females) in a median (Q1-3) age of 71 years (65-76) admitted for coronary angiography due to chronic coronary syndrome. The angiographic results focused on the percentage of lumen stenosis in certain arteries and were compared with the results for hair scalp trace elements. The correlation between left main coronary artery atherosclerotic plaques and nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), and antimony (Sb) hair scalp concentration was noted. The analysis revealed a positive relation between left descending artery disease and chromium (Cr), sodium (Na), arsenic (As), and molybdenum (Mo) and a negative correlation with strontium (Sr). The atherosclerotic lesion in the circumflex artery revealed correlations in our analysis with sodium (Na), potassium (K), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), arsenic (As), and negative with strontium (Sr) (r) hair scalp concentrations. The negative correlations between right coronary artery disease and magnesium (Mg) and strontium (Sr) concentrations were noted. The possible explanation of different epicardial artery involvement and severity by atherosclerotic processes may lay in their topography and blood rheological characteristics that induce different inflammatory reactions co0factored by specific trace elements. The trace element concentration in the hair scalp may correlate with a particular coronary atherosclerotic involvement, including the severity of lumen reduction. This may indicate the missing link between the pathophysiological processes of atherosclerosis development and its location in coronary arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Urbanowicz
- Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Dluga ½ Street, 61-701, Poznan, Poland.
- Thoracic Research Centre, Innovative Medical Forum, Collegium Medicum Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Anetta Hanć
- Department of Trace Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Julia Frąckowiak
- Department of Trace Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Anna Olasińska-Wiśniewska
- Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Dluga ½ Street, 61-701, Poznan, Poland
| | - Beata Krasińska
- Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Jolanta Tomczak
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology, Ministry of Interior and Administration, National Medical Instituteof the , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Kowalewski
- Thoracic Research Centre, Innovative Medical Forum, Collegium Medicum Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Cardio-Thoracic Surgery Department, Heart and Vascular Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC), Cardiovascular Research Centre Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Vascular, Endovascular Surgery, Angiology, and Phlebology Medical University, Poznan University of Medical Science, 61-701, Poznań, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Krasiński
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology, Ministry of Interior and Administration, National Medical Instituteof the , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Tykarski
- Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Jemielity
- Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Dluga ½ Street, 61-701, Poznan, Poland
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Wang X, He B. Endothelial dysfunction: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e651. [PMID: 39040847 PMCID: PMC11261813 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its complications are a leading cause of death worldwide. Endothelial dysfunction plays a crucial role in the initiation and progression of CVD, serving as a pivotal factor in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular, metabolic, and other related diseases. The regulation of endothelial dysfunction is influenced by various risk factors and intricate signaling pathways, which vary depending on the specific disease context. Despite numerous research efforts aimed at elucidating the mechanisms underlying endothelial dysfunction, the precise molecular pathways involved remain incompletely understood. This review elucidates recent research findings on the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in endothelial dysfunction, including nitric oxide availability, oxidative stress, and inflammation-mediated pathways. We also discuss the impact of endothelial dysfunction on various pathological conditions, including atherosclerosis, heart failure, diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, we summarize the traditional and novel potential biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction as well as pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapeutic strategies for endothelial protection and treatment for CVD and related complications. Consequently, this review is to improve understanding of emerging biomarkers and therapeutic approaches aimed at reducing the risk of developing CVD and associated complications, as well as mitigating endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- Department of CardiologyShanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Ben He
- Department of CardiologyShanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
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Andronache I, Peptenatu D, Ahammer H, Radulovic M, Djuričić GJ, Jelinek HF, Russo C, Di Ieva A. Fractals in the Neurosciences: A Translational Geographical Approach. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 36:953-981. [PMID: 38468071 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-47606-8_47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The chapter presents three new fractal indices (fractal fragmentation index, fractal tentacularity index, and fractal anisotropy index) and normalized Kolmogorov complexity with proven applicability in geographic research, developed by the authors, and the possibility of their future use in neuroscience. The research demonstrates the relevance of fractal analysis in different fields and the basic concepts and principles of fractal geometry being sufficient for the development of models relevant to the studied reality. Also, the research highlighted the need to continue interdisciplinary research based on known fractal indicators, as well as the development of new analysis methods with the translational potential between fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ion Andronache
- Research Center for Integrated Analysis and Territorial Management, Faculty of Geography, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Daniel Peptenatu
- Research Center for Integrated Analysis and Territorial Management, Faculty of Geography, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Helmut Ahammer
- GSRC, Division of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Marko Radulovic
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Goran J Djuričić
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, University Children's Hospital, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Herbert F Jelinek
- Department of Medical Sciences and Biotechnology Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Carlo Russo
- Computational NeuroSurgery (CNS) Lab, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Antonio Di Ieva
- Computational NeuroSurgery (CNS) Lab, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Pan C, Xu J, Gao Q, Li W, Sun T, Lu J, Shi Q, Han Y, Gao G, Li J. Sequentially suspended 3D bioprinting of multiple-layered vascular models with tunable geometries for in vitromodeling of arterial disorders initiation. Biofabrication 2023; 15:045017. [PMID: 37579751 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aceffa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
As the main precursor of arterial disorders, endothelial dysfunction preferentially occurs in regions of arteries prone to generating turbulent flow, particularly in branched regions of vasculatures. Although various diseased models have been engineered to investigate arterial pathology, producing a multiple-layered vascular model with branched geometries that can recapitulate the critical physiological environments of human arteries, such as intercellular communications and local turbulent flows, remains challenging. This study develops a sequentially suspended three-dimensional bioprinting (SSB) strategy and a visible-light-curable decellularized extracellular matrix bioink (abbreviated as 'VCD bioink') to construct a biomimetic human arterial model with tunable geometries. The engineered multiple-layered arterial models with compartmentalized vascular cells can exhibit physiological functionality and pathological performance under defined physiological flows specified by computational fluid dynamics simulation. Using different configurations of the vascular models, we investigated the independent and synergetic effects of cellular crosstalk and abnormal hemodynamics on the initiation of endothelial dysfunction, a hallmark event of arterial disorder. The results suggest that the arterial model constructed using the SSB strategy and VCD bioinks has promise in establishing diagnostic/analytic platforms for understanding the pathophysiology of human arterial disorders and relevant abnormalities, such as atherosclerosis, aneurysms, and ischemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Pan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwen Xu
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou 511442, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiqi Gao
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Sun
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems (Beijing Institute of Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiping Lu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Shi
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems (Beijing Institute of Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yafeng Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Ge Gao
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhua Li
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
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