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Navya PV, Ganesan K, Neyts EC, Sampath S. Heterocycle- and Amine-Free Electrochromic and Electrofluorochromic Molecules for Energy-Saving See-Through Smart Windows and Displays. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401647. [PMID: 38747442 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Electrochromic (EC) smart windows are an elegant alternative to dusty curtains, blinds, and traditional dimming devices. The EC energy storage smart windows and displays received remarkable attention in the optoelectronic industry as they hold promise for high energy efficiency, low power consumption, reversibility, and swift response to stimuli. However, achieving these properties remains challenging. Moreover, most EC molecules do not exhibit electrofluorochromism, which is highly essential for smart displays because its EC property can modulate the solar heat entering the building, and its electrofluorochromic (EFC) aspects can create lighting during the night. In this work, a structure-property relationship is utilized to develop new electrochromes that can store the injected charge, and these molecules indeed exhibit electrofluorochromism. The compounds are synthesized from tetrabenzofluorene with two aromatic acceptor units, and avoids the use of widely studied heterocycles and amine derivatives. The electrochromes switches from yellow to dark hue in solution, solid, and gel state. The compounds display exceptional electrochemical stability and reversibility in 1000 cycles and capacity retention of 93-100 % in 300 charging-discharging cycles. The proof-of-concept device fabrication of the self-dimming EC smart window presented here demonstrates that it can furnish visual comfort, modulate transmitted light and glare, and reduce energy usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panichiyil V Navya
- Soft Functional Hybrid Materials Lab, Department of Materials Science, School of Technology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, 610005, India
| | - Krithika Ganesan
- MOSAIC Research Group, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium
| | - Erik C Neyts
- MOSAIC Research Group, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium
| | - Srinivasan Sampath
- Soft Functional Hybrid Materials Lab, Department of Materials Science, School of Technology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, 610005, India
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2
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Hazra N, Gayen K, Ghosh P, Hansda B, Banerjee A. Stabilization of a Photoradiated Naphthalene Diimide-Based Organic Radical Anion Inside a Peptide-Based Gel Matrix with an Improvement of Optoelectronic Properties. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:9462-9470. [PMID: 38652709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
An amino acid-conjugated naphthalene diimide (NDI)-based highly red fluorescent radical anion has been found in a water medium under the photoradiated condition. This molecule has failed to form the radical anion in the monomeric state; however, the J aggregation in the aqueous medium has ensured the formation of radical anion in the ambient condition after the irradiation of both sunlight and UV light exposure. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies clearly suggest the formation of radical anions. Herein, the stability of the radical anion in the aqueous medium is only a few minutes as a small amount of shaking is enough to quench the radical anion in the solution state. Furthermore, the incorporation of this molecule into a peptide-based hydrogel matrix and the consequent photoirradiation have not only helped to develop radical anion in the gel matrix but also increased the enormous stability of the radical anion inside the hydrogel matrix even for 30 days. It is envisaged that the formation of the radical anion within the gel matrix prevents the free movement of the NDI molecules and restricts the diffusion of molecular oxygen in the system, which leads to the stability of the radical anions in the gel. Moreover, the stability of the radical anion within the gel has helped to enhance the conductivity of the hybrid gel to a great extent. Interestingly, the radical anion-containing hybrid hydrogel has shown a potential photoswitching property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niladri Hazra
- School of Biological Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Kousik Gayen
- School of Biological Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Purnadas Ghosh
- School of Biological Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Biswanath Hansda
- School of Biological Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Arindam Banerjee
- School of Biological Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
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3
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Randle RI, Ginesi RE, Matsarskaia O, Schweins R, Draper ER. Process Dependent Complexity in Multicomponent Gels. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200709. [PMID: 36177680 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mixing low molecular weight gelators (LMWGs) can be used to combine favorable properties of the individual components within a multifunctional gel. Such multicomponent systems are complex enough in themselves but the method of combining components is not commonly considered something to influence self-assembly. Herein, two multicomponent systems comprising of a naphthalene-based dipeptide hydrogelator and one of two modified naphthalene diimides (NDIs), one of which forms gels, and the other does not, are investigated. These systems are probed, examining the structures formed and their gel properties (when preparing a solution from either a mixed powder of both components or by mixing pre-formed solutions of each component) using rheology, small angle neutron scattering (SANS), and absorbance spectroscopy. It is found that by altering the method of preparation, it is can either induce self-sorting or co-assembly within the fibers formed that underpin the gel network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca I Randle
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Rebecca E Ginesi
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Olga Matsarskaia
- Institut Laue-Langevin, Large Scale Structures Group, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, Grenoble CEDEX 9, F-38042, France
| | - Ralf Schweins
- Institut Laue-Langevin, Large Scale Structures Group, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, Grenoble CEDEX 9, F-38042, France
| | - Emily R Draper
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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4
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Chen C, Valera JS, Adachi TBM, Hermans TM. Efficient Photoredox Cycles to Control Perylenediimide Self-Assembly. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202849. [PMID: 36112270 PMCID: PMC10098730 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Photoreduction of perylenediimide (PDI) derivatives has been widely studied for use in photocatalysis, hydrogen evolution, photo-responsive gels, and organic semiconductors. Upon light irradiation, the radical anion (PDI⋅- ) can readily be obtained, whereas further reduction to the dianion (PDI2- ) is rare. Here we show that full 2-electron photoreduction can be achieved using UVC light: 1) in anaerobic conditions by 'direct photoreduction' of PDI aggregates, or 2) by 'indirect photoreduction' in aerobic conditions due to acetone ketyl radicals. The latter strategy is also efficient for other dyes, such as naphthalenediimide (NDI) and methylviologen (MV2+ ). Efficient photoreduction on the minute time-scale using simple LED light in aerobic conditions is attractive for use in dissipative light-driven systems and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfeng Chen
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR7140, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67081, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jorge S Valera
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR7140, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67081, Strasbourg, France
| | - Takuji B M Adachi
- Department of Physical chemistry Sciences II, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211, Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - Thomas M Hermans
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR7140, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67081, Strasbourg, France
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5
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Randle R, Fuentes-Caparrós AM, Cavalcanti LP, Schweins R, Adams DJ, Draper ER. Investigating Aggregation Using In Situ Electrochemistry and Small-Angle Neutron Scattering. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2022; 126:13427-13432. [PMID: 35983316 PMCID: PMC9376955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c03210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Using small-angle neutron scattering to investigate the aggregation of self-assembling molecules is well established. Some of these molecules are electrochemically useful, for example, in electrochromic devices. Electrochemistry can also be used in some cases to induce aggregation. Here, we describe an approach whereby electrochemistry can be directly carried out on a sample in the neutron beam, allowing us to monitor changes directly in situ. We exemplify with two examples but highlight that there are many other potential opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leide P. Cavalcanti
- ISIS
Neutron and Muon Source User Office, Science and Technology Facilities
Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Ralf Schweins
- Large
Scale Structures Group, Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Dave J. Adams
- School
of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Emily R. Draper
- School
of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
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6
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Halder S, Roy S, Dixit M, Chakraborty C. A terpyridine based hydrogel system for reversible transmissive-to-dark electrochromism and bright-to-quenched electrofluorochromism. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8368-8371. [PMID: 35792067 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02384a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A carboxylic acid-containing terpyridine-based hydrogelator (TPPCA) is synthesized to afford a self-assembly induced TPPCA hydrogel, which was used as an all-in-one electrochrome in electrochromic devices (ECDs) to demonstrate reversible transparent-to-black electrochromism with fast darkening and bleaching time of 8.3 s and 9.5 s, respectively, high photopic coloration efficiency of 65.8 cm2 C-1 and high optical memory. The ECD also revealed bluish-white to quenched emission simultaneously under the -3.5 V to 0 V voltage range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Halder
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Samirpet, Hyderabad, Telangana 500078, India.
| | - Susmita Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Samirpet, Hyderabad, Telangana 500078, India.
| | - Mudit Dixit
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Samirpet, Hyderabad, Telangana 500078, India. .,Materials Center for Sustainable Energy & Environment (McSEE), Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Chanchal Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Samirpet, Hyderabad, Telangana 500078, India. .,Materials Center for Sustainable Energy & Environment (McSEE), Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
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7
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Bhosale SV, Al Kobaisi M, Jadhav RW, Morajkar PP, Jones LA, George S. Naphthalene diimides: perspectives and promise. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:9845-9998. [PMID: 34308940 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00239a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we describe the developments in the field of naphthalene diimides (NDIs) from 2016 to the presentday. NDIs are shown to be an increasingly interesting class of molecules due to their electronic properties, large electron deficient aromatic cores and tendency to self-assemble into functional structures. Almost all NDIs possess high electron affinity, good charge carrier mobility, and excellent thermal and oxidative stability, making them promising candidates for applications in organic electronics, photovoltaic devices, and flexible displays. NDIs have also been extensively studied due to their potential real-world uses across a wide variety of applications including supramolecular chemistry, sensing, host-guest complexes for molecular switching devices, such as catenanes and rotaxanes, ion-channels, catalysis, and medicine and as non-fullerene accepters in solar cells. In recent years, NDI research with respect to supramolecular assemblies and mechanoluminescent properties has also gained considerable traction. Thus, this review will assist a wide range of readers and researchers including chemists, physicists, biologists, medicinal chemists and materials scientists in understanding the scope for development and applicability of NDI dyes in their respective fields through a discussion of the main properties of NDI derivatives and of the status of emerging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheshanath V Bhosale
- School of Chemical Sciences, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa-403 206, India.
| | - Mohammad Al Kobaisi
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Ratan W Jadhav
- School of Chemical Sciences, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa-403 206, India.
| | - Pranay P Morajkar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa-403 206, India.
| | - Lathe A Jones
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Subi George
- New Chemistry Unit (NCU), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur PO, Bangalore-560064, India
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8
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Panja S, Adams DJ. Stimuli responsive dynamic transformations in supramolecular gels. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:5165-5200. [PMID: 33646219 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01166e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular gels are formed by the self-assembly of small molecules under the influence of various non-covalent interactions. As the interactions are individually weak and reversible, it is possible to perturb the gels easily, which in turn enables fine tuning of their properties. Synthetic supramolecular gels are kinetically trapped and usually do not show time variable changes in material properties after formation. However, such materials potentially become switchable when exposed to external stimuli like temperature, pH, light, enzyme, redox, and chemical analytes resulting in reconfiguration of gel matrix into a different type of network. Such transformations allow gel-to-gel transitions while the changes in the molecular aggregation result in alteration of physical and chemical properties of the gel with time. Here, we discuss various methods that have been used to achieve gel-to-gel transitions by modifying a pre-formed gel material through external perturbation. We also describe methods that allow time-dependent autonomous switching of gels into different networks enabling synthesis of next generation functional materials. Dynamic modification of gels allows construction of an array of supramolecular gels with various properties from a single material which eventually extend the limit of applications of the gels. In some cases, gel-to-gel transitions lead to materials that cannot be accessed directly. Finally, we point out the necessity and possibility of further exploration of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Panja
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Dave J Adams
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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9
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Welsh TA, Draper ER. Water soluble organic electrochromic materials. RSC Adv 2021; 11:5245-5264. [PMID: 35424438 PMCID: PMC8694694 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10346b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic materials in electrochromic device applications possess a number of advantages over transition metal oxides like WO3 such as ease of synthesis and tunability, flexibility, and derivability from renewable feedstocks. However, these advantages are offset by the need to use organic solvents in their processing which are often flammable and/or toxic. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to the longterm economic and environmental sustainability of organic electronics research to develop water soluble organic materials. Herein, we describe the advances made in developing water soluble organic electronic materials for electrochromic applications. We here classify electrochromic materials into two broad categories: those that transition between colourless and coloured states (Type I) and those that transition between differently coloured states (Type II). The methods by which organic electrochromes are made water soluble are described in detail along with their potential applications in order to promote research in water soluble organic electronic materials in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Welsh
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Emily R Draper
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
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10
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Welsh TA, Matsarskaia O, Schweins R, Draper ER. Electronic and assembly properties of a water-soluble blue naphthalene diimide. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02557k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report on the synthesis and characterisation of a water soluble deep blue naphthalene diimide, (iPrNH)2NDI–V.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga Matsarskaia
- Institut Laue-Langevin
- Large Scale Structures Group
- F-38042 Grenoble CEDEX 9
- France
| | - Ralf Schweins
- Institut Laue-Langevin
- Large Scale Structures Group
- F-38042 Grenoble CEDEX 9
- France
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11
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Zhao H, Sun Q, Zhou J, Deng X, Cui J. Switchable Cavitation in Silicone Coatings for Energy-Saving Cooling and Heating. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2000870. [PMID: 32500529 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Space cooling and heating currently result in huge amounts of energy consumption and various environmental problems. Herein, a switching strategy is described for efficient energy-saving cooling and heating based on the dynamic cavitation of silicone coatings that can be reversibly and continuously tuned from a highly porous state to a transparent solid. In the porous state, the coatings can achieve efficient solar reflection (93%) and long-wave infrared emission (94%) to induce a subambient temperature drop of about 5 °C in hot weather (≈35 °C). In the transparent solid state, the coatings allow active sunlight permeation (95%) to induce solar heating to raise the ambient temperature from 10 to 28 °C in cold weather. The coatings are made from commercially available, cheap materials via a facile, environmentally friendly method, and are durable, reversible, and patternable. They can be applied immediately to various existed objects including rigid substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaixia Zhao
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, China
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials Campus D2 2, Saarbrücken, 66123, Germany
| | - Qiangqiang Sun
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, China
| | - Ji Zhou
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, China
| | - Xu Deng
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, China
| | - Jiaxi Cui
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, China
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials Campus D2 2, Saarbrücken, 66123, Germany
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12
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Su H, Zhang W, Wang H, Wang F, Cui H. Paclitaxel-Promoted Supramolecular Polymerization of Peptide Conjugates. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:11997-12004. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Su
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Weijie Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe Eastern Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Feihu Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Honggang Cui
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Center for Nanomedicine, The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 400 North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
- Department of Oncology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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