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Kalita N, Crawley MR, Rosch LE, Szeglowski O, Cook TR. Exploring the Te(II)/Te(IV) Redox Couple of a Tellurorosamine Chromophore: Photophysical, Photochemical, and Electrochemical Studies. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:13157-13165. [PMID: 38989980 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
A tellurorosamine dye [Te(II)] undergoes aerobic photooxidation. Although Te(IV) species have been used in a number of oxidations, key Te(IV)-oxo and Te(IV)-bis(hydroxy) intermediates are challenging to study. Under aerobic irradiation with visible light, Te(II) (λmax = 600 nm) transforms into a Te(IV) species (λmax = 669 nm). The resultant Te(IV) species is not stable in the dark or at -20 °C, decomposing back to Te(II) and other byproducts over many hours. To eliminate the structural ambiguity of the Te(IV) photoproduct, we used spectroelectrochemistry, wherein the bis(hydroxy) Te(IV)-(OH)2 was electrochemically generated under anaerobic conditions. The absorption of Te(IV)-(OH)2 matches that of the Te(IV) photoproduct. Because isosbestic points are maintained both photochemically and electrochemically, the oxo core formed photochemically must rapidly equilibrate with Te(IV)-(OH)2. Calculations on the bis(hydroxy) versus oxo species further corroborate that the equilibration is rapid and the spectra of the two species are similar. To further explore Te(IV) cores, two novel compounds, Te(IV)-Cl2 and Te(IV)-Br2, were synthesized. Characterization of Te(IV)-X2 was simplified because these cores have no analogue to the Te(IV)-(O)/Te(IV)-(OH)2 equilibrium. This work provides insights into the photophysical and electrochemical behavior of Te analogues of chalcogenoxanthylium dyes, which are relevant for a broad range of photochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayanika Kalita
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Matthew R Crawley
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Lauren E Rosch
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Owen Szeglowski
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Timothy R Cook
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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2
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Li HF, Wang HQ, Zhang JM, Qin LX, Zheng H, Zhang YH. Investigation of Structures, Stabilities, and Electronic and Magnetic Properties of Niobium Carbon Clusters Nb 7C n (n = 1-7). Molecules 2024; 29:1692. [PMID: 38675512 PMCID: PMC11051814 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The geometrical structures, relative stabilities, and electronic and magnetic properties of niobium carbon clusters, Nb7Cn (n = 1-7), are investigated in this study. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations, coupled with the Saunders Kick global search, are conducted to explore the structural properties of Nb7Cn (n = 1-7). The results regarding the average binding energy, second-order difference energy, dissociation energy, HOMO-LUMO gap, and chemical hardness highlight the robust stability of Nb7C3. Analysis of the density of states suggests that the molecular orbitals of Nb7Cn primarily consist of orbitals from the transition metal Nb, with minimal involvement of C atoms. Spin density and natural population analysis reveal that the total magnetic moment of Nb7Cn predominantly resides on the Nb atoms. The contribution of Nb atoms to the total magnetic moment stems mainly from the 4d orbital, followed by the 5p, 5s, and 6s orbitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Fang Li
- College of Engineering, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China
| | - Huai-Qian Wang
- College of Engineering, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jia-Ming Zhang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Lan-Xin Qin
- College of Engineering, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yong-Hang Zhang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
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3
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Masilamani G, Krishna GR, Debnath S, Bedi A. Origin of Optoelectronic Contradictions in 3,4-Cycloalkyl[ c]-chalcogenophenes: A Computational Study. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4240. [PMID: 37959920 PMCID: PMC10650045 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The planar morphology of the backbone significantly contributes to the subtle optoelectronic features of π-conjugated polymers. On the other hand, the atomistic tuning of an otherwise identical π-backbone could also impact optoelectronic properties systematically. In this manuscript, we compare a series of 3,4-cycloalkylchalcogenophenes by tuning them atomistically using group-16 elements. Additionally, the effect of systematically extending these building blocks in the form of oligomers and polymers is studied. The size of the 3,4-substitution affected the morphology of the oligomers. In addition, the heteroatoms contributed to a further alteration in their geometry and resultant optoelectronic properties. The chalcogenophenes, containing smaller 3,4-cycloalkanes, resulted in lower bandgap oligomers or polymers compared to those with larger 3,4-cycloalkanes. Natural bonding orbital (NBO) calculations were performed to understand the disparity alongside the contour maps of frontier molecular orbitals (FMO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Masilamani
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, India
| | - Gamidi Rama Krishna
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR—National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
| | - Sashi Debnath
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Anjan Bedi
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, India
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Sharp‐Bucknall L, Tania, Dutton JL. Synthesis and Structural Verification of an ArI(OTf) 2 , NO 2 -Ph-I(OTf) 2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202212380. [PMID: 36104294 PMCID: PMC9828558 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PhI(OTf)2 and related ArI(OTf)2 species have been incorrectly invoked as intermediates in oxidation reactions for many years. We recently established that such compounds did not yet exist but remain an attractive target. Here we describe the synthesis, isolation, and structural characterization of NO2 -PhI(OTf)2, which is resistant to decomposition and more reactive than PhI(OTf)(OAc), the species previously misidentified as PhI(OTf)2 .
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tania
- Department of Biochemistry and ChemistryLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jason L. Dutton
- Department of Biochemistry and ChemistryLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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MIZUHATA M, UEDA M. History of ECSJ Journal Series and Introduction of Award Winners in 2022. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.22-00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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6
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Ye S, Lotocki V, Xu H, Seferos DS. Group 16 conjugated polymers based on furan, thiophene, selenophene, and tellurophene. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:6442-6474. [PMID: 35843215 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00139j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Five-membered aromatic rings containing Group 16 elements (O, S, Se, and Te), also referred as chalcogenophenes, are ubiquitous building blocks for π-conjugated polymers (CPs). Among these, polythiophenes have been established as a model system to study the interplay between molecular structure, solid-state organization, and electronic performance. The judicious substitution of alternative heteroatoms into polythiophenes is a promising strategy for tuning their properties and improving the performance of derived organic electronic devices, thus leading to the recent abundance of CPs containing furan, selenophene, and tellurophene. In this review, we first discuss the current status of Kumada, Negishi, Murahashi, Suzuki-Miyaura, and direct arylation polymerizations, representing the best routes to access well-defined chalcogenophene-containing homopolymers and copolymers. The self-assembly, optical, solid-state, and electronic properties of these polymers and their influence on device performance are then summarized. In addition, we highlight post-polymerization modifications as effective methods to transform polychalcogenophene backbones or side chains in ways that are unobtainable by direct polymerization. Finally, the major challenges and future outlook in this field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Ye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Victor Lotocki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Dwight S Seferos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada. .,Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
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7
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Hein R, Docker A, Davis JJ, Beer PD. Redox-Switchable Chalcogen Bonding for Anion Recognition and Sensing. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8827-8836. [PMID: 35522996 PMCID: PMC9121379 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the success of its related sigma-hole congener halogen bonding (XB), chalcogen bonding (ChB) is emerging as a powerful noncovalent interaction with a plethora of applications in supramolecular chemistry and beyond. Despite its increasing importance, the judicious modulation of ChB donor strength remains a formidable challenge. Herein, we present, for the first time, the reversible and large-scale modulation of ChB potency by electrochemical redox control. This is exemplified by both the switching-ON of anion recognition via ChB oxidative activation of a novel bis(ferrocenyltellurotriazole) anion host and switching-OFF reductive ChB deactivation of anion binding potency with a telluroviologen receptor. The direct linking of the redox-active center and ChB receptor donor sites enables strong coupling, which is reflected by up to a remarkable 3 orders of magnitude modulation of anion binding strength. This is demonstrated through large voltammetric perturbations of the respective receptor ferrocene and viologen redox couples, enabling, for the first time, ChB-mediated electrochemical anion sensing. The sensors not only display significant anion-binding-induced electrochemical responses in competitive aqueous-organic solvent systems but can compete with, or even outperform similar, highly potent XB and HB sensors. These observations serve to highlight a unique (redox) tunability of ChB and pave the way for further exploration of the reversible (redox) modulation of ChB in a wide range of applications, including anion sensors as well as molecular switches and machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hein
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Andrew Docker
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Jason J Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
| | - Paul D Beer
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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8
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SHIDA N. Electrosynthesis Governed by Electrolyte: Case Studies that Give Some Hints for the Rational Design of Electrolyte. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.22-00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki SHIDA
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yokohama National University
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9
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Nicolini T, Marquez AV, Goudeau B, Kuhn A, Salinas G. In Situ Spectroelectrochemical-Conductance Measurements as an Efficient Tool for the Evaluation of Charge Trapping in Conducting Polymers. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:10422-10428. [PMID: 34672581 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In situ UV-vis-NIR spectroelectrochemistry has been intensively used to evaluate the electronic transitions during the charging/discharging process of π-conjugated polymers. However, the type of charge carrier and the mechanisms of their transport, remains still a point of discussion. Herein, the coupling between UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy and in situ electrochemical-conductance measurements is proposed to compare the doping process of three different thiophene-based conducting polymers. The simultaneous monitoring of electrical and absorption properties, associated with low energy electronic transitions characteristic for polarons and bipolarons, was achieved. In addition, this method allows evaluating the reversible charge trapping mechanism of poly-3,4-o-xylendioxythiophene (PXDOT), caused by the formation of σ-dimers, making it a very useful tool to determine relevant physicochemical properties of conductive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Nicolini
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP, F-33607 Pessac, France
| | | | - Bertrand Goudeau
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP, F-33607 Pessac, France
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP, F-33607 Pessac, France
| | - Gerardo Salinas
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP, F-33607 Pessac, France
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10
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Kieser JM, Jones LO, Lin NJ, Zeller M, Schatz GC, Bart SC. Synthesis and Characterization of Tellurium Catecholates and Their N-Oxide Adducts. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:3460-3470. [PMID: 33560112 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tellurium catecholate complexes were investigated to probe the redox chemistry of tellurium, whose oxidation state can span from -2 to +6. Treating TeO2 with catechols resulted in tellurium coordination complexes in high yields within minutes to hours at room temperature or with extended heating, depending on the ligand substituents, giving Te(IV) complexes of the form Te(C)2, where C = 3,5-di-tert-butylcatecholate, o-catecholate, or tetrachlorocatecholate. The redox behavior of these complexes was investigated through addition of organic oxidants, giving nearly quantitative adducts of pyridine N-oxide or N-methylmorpholine N-oxide with each tellurium complex, the latter set leading to ligand oxidation upon heating. Each compound was characterized crystallographically and computationally, providing data consistent with a mostly electrostatic interaction and very little covalent character between the N-oxide and Te complex. The Te N-oxide bond orders are consistently lower than those with the catechol derivatives, as characterized with the Mayer, Gopinathan-Jug (G-J), and first Nalewajski-Mrozek (N-M1) bond indices. The tellurium lone pair is energetically buried by 1.93-2.81 eV, correlating with the observation that the ligands are more reactive than the tellurium center toward oxidation. This combined experimental and theoretical study finds structure-property relationships between ligand design and reactivity that will aid in future efforts for the recovery of tellurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerod M Kieser
- H. C. Brown Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Leighton O Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Nathan J Lin
- H. C. Brown Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Matthias Zeller
- H. C. Brown Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - George C Schatz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Suzanne C Bart
- H. C. Brown Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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11
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Nishiyama H, Zheng F, Inagi S, Fueno H, Tanaka K, Tomita I. Tellurophene-containing π-conjugated polymers with unique heteroatom–heteroatom interactions by post-element-transformation of an organotitanium polymer. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00724b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A unique π-conjugated tellurophene-containing polymer that possesses fully coplanar ring units through a tellurium–oxygen interaction, was prepared by the post-element-transformation of a titanacyclopentadiene-containing reactive precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Nishiyama
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology
- Tokyo Institute of Technology Nagatsuta-cho 4259-G1-9
- Yokohama 226-8502
- Japan
| | - Feng Zheng
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology
- Tokyo Institute of Technology Nagatsuta-cho 4259-G1-9
- Yokohama 226-8502
- Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inagi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology
- Tokyo Institute of Technology Nagatsuta-cho 4259-G1-9
- Yokohama 226-8502
- Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Fueno
- Department of Molecular Engineering
- Graduate
- School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
| | - Kazuyoshi Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Engineering
- Graduate
- School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
| | - Ikuyoshi Tomita
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology
- Tokyo Institute of Technology Nagatsuta-cho 4259-G1-9
- Yokohama 226-8502
- Japan
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