1
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Herbert B, Walpuski J, Stolte M, Shoyama K. Designing Organic π-Conjugated Molecules for Crystalline Solid Solutions: Adamantane-Substituted Naphthalenes. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300761. [PMID: 38259048 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
We showcase herein organic crystalline solid solutions (CSSs) based on the simplest polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) scaffold, naphthalene, stabilized by dispersion forces induced by adamantane substitution. High thermal stability of the host and guest molecules synthesized by cross-coupling of dibromonaphthalene derivatives and 4-(1-adamantyl)phenyl boronic ester enabled formation of crystals by sublimation. We could generate binary monocrystalline solid solution systems proven by X-ray crystallography, the first system of designed CSSs stabilized exclusively via dispersion forces with structural evidence. These observations are additionally supported by lattice energy calculations and spectroscopic examinations. For the generation of CSSs, it is of utmost importance that the host and guest molecules have similar lattice energies and spatial compatibility. We anticipate that the thermostable organic CSS design demonstrated herein would be beneficial for functional materials and further investigation towards materials with unique properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Herbert
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) and Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Janis Walpuski
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) and Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Stolte
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) and Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kazutaka Shoyama
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) and Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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2
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Halcrow MA, Vasili HB, Pask CM, Kulak AN, Cespedes O. Activating a high-spin iron(II) complex to thermal spin-crossover with an inert non-isomorphous molecular dopant. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:6983-6992. [PMID: 38563124 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00443d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
[Fe(bpp)2][ClO4]2 (bpp = 2,6-bis{pyrazol-1-yl}pyridine; monoclinic, C2/c) is high-spin between 5-300 K, and crystallises with a highly distorted molecular geometry that lies along the octahedral-trigonal prismatic distortion pathway. In contrast, [Ni(bpp)2][ClO4]2 (monoclinic, P21) adopts a more regular, near-octahedral coordination geometry. Gas phase DFT minimisations (ω-B97X-D/6-311G**) of [M(bpp)2]2+ complexes show the energy penalty associated with that coordination geometry distortion runs as M2+ = Fe2+ (HS) ≈ Mn2+ (HS) < Zn2+ ≈ Co2+ (HS) ≲ Cu2+ ≪ Ni2+ ≪ Ru2+ (LS; HS = high-spin, LS = low-spin). Slowly crystallised solid solutions [FexNi1-x(bpp)2][ClO4]2 with x = 0.53 (1a) and 0.74 (2a) adopt the P21 lattice, while x = 0.87 (3a) and 0.94 (4a) are mixed-phase materials with the high-spin C2/c phase as the major component. These materials exhibit thermal spin-transitions at T½ = 250 ± 1 K which occurs gradually in 1a, and abruptly and with narrow thermal hysteresis in 2a-4a. The transition proceeds to 100% completeness in 1a and 2a; that is, the 26% Ni doping in 2a is enough to convert high-spin [Fe(bpp)2][ClO4]2 into a cooperative, fully SCO-active material. These results were confirmed crystallographically for 1a and 2a, which revealed similarities and differences between these materials and the previously published [FexNi1-x(bpp)2][BF4]2 series. Rapidly precipitated powders with the same compositions (1b-4b) mostly resemble 1a-4a, except that 2b is a mixed-phase material; 2b-4b also contain a fraction of amorphous solid in addition to the two crystal phases. The largest iron fraction that can be accommodated by the P21 phase in this system is 0.7 ± 0.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm A Halcrow
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Hari Babu Vasili
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, W. H. Bragg Building, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Christopher M Pask
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Alexander N Kulak
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Oscar Cespedes
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, W. H. Bragg Building, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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3
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Wong SN, Li S, Low KH, Chan HW, Zhang X, Chow S, Hui B, Chow PCY, Chow SF. Development of favipiravir dry powders for intranasal delivery: An integrated cocrystal and particle engineering approach via spray freeze drying. Int J Pharm 2024; 653:123896. [PMID: 38346602 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of pharmaceutical cocrystals in intranasal applications remains largely unexplored despite progressive advancements in cocrystal research. We present the application of spray freeze drying (SFD) in successful fabrication of a favipiravir-pyridinecarboxamide cocrystal nasal powder formulation for potential treatment of broad-spectrum antiviral infections. Preliminary screening via mechanochemistry revealed that favipiravir (FAV) can cocrystallize with isonicotinamide (INA), but not nicotinamide (NCT) and picolinamide (PIC) notwithstanding their structural similarity. The cocrystal formation was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and unit cell determination through Rietveld refinement of powder X-ray analysis. FAV-INA crystalized in a monoclinic space group P21/c with a unit cell volume of 1223.54(3) Å3, accommodating one FAV molecule and one INA molecule in the asymmetric unit. The cocrystal was further reproduced as intranasal dry powders by SFD, of which the morphology, particle size, in vitro drug release, and nasal deposition were assessed. The non-porous flake shaped FAV-INA powders exhibited a mean particle size of 19.79 ± 2.61 μm, rendering its suitability for intranasal delivery. Compared with raw FAV, FAV-INA displayed a 3-fold higher cumulative fraction of drug permeated in Franz diffusion cells at 45 min (p = 0.001). Dose fraction of FAV-INA deposited in the nasal fraction of a customized 3D-printed nasal cast reached over 80 %, whereas the fine particle fraction remained below 6 % at a flow rate of 15 L/min, suggesting high nasal deposition whilst minimal lung deposition. FAV-INA was safe in RPMI 2650 nasal and SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells without any in vitro cytotoxicity observed. This study demonstrated that combining the merits of cocrystallization and particle engineering via SFD can propel the development of advanced dry powder formulations for intranasal drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Nga Wong
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Si Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Kam-Hung Low
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Ho Wan Chan
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Stephanie Chow
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Bo Hui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Philip C Y Chow
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Shing Fung Chow
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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4
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Marrett JM, Titi HM, Teoh Y, Friščić T. Supramolecular "baking powder": a hexameric halogen-bonded phosphonium salt cage encapsulates and functionalises small-molecule carbonyl compounds. Chem Sci 2023; 15:298-306. [PMID: 38131078 PMCID: PMC10732138 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04615f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a hexameric supramolecular cage assembled from the components of a Wittig-type phosphonium salt, held together by charge-assisted halogen bonds. The cage reliably encapsulates small polar molecules, including aldehydes and ketones, to provide host-guest systems where components are pre-formulated in a near-ideal stoichiometry for a mechanochemical base-activated Wittig olefination. These pre-formulated solids represent a proof-of-principle for a previously not reported supramolecular design of solid-state reactivity in which the host for molecular inclusion also acts as a complementary reagent for the subsequent chemical transformation of an array of guests. The host-guest solid-state complexes can act as supramolecular surrogates to their Wittig olefination vinylbromide products in a Sonogashira-type coupling that enables one-pot mechanochemical conversion of an aldehyde to an enediyne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Marrett
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Hatem M Titi
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Yong Teoh
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal H3A 0B8 Canada
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5
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Spoletti E, Verma V, Cappuccino C, Lusi M. Solid solution polymorphs afford two highly soluble co-drug forms of tolbutamide and chlorpropamide. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:14321-14324. [PMID: 37971413 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04725c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The search for solid solutions of class-two insulin secretagogues, tolbutamide and chlorpropamide, reveals a rare case of monotropic polymorphism for the mixed crystals. At any stoichiometry, two crystal forms are isolated that are kinetically stable at room temperature from a few months to over a year. Dissolution tests certify the solubility advantage of the solid solutions over the pure drugs as well as their physical mixture, suggesting a potential application as a highly soluble co-drug formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Spoletti
- Department of Chemical Science and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland.
| | - Vivek Verma
- Department of Chemical Science and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland.
| | - Chiara Cappuccino
- Department of Chemical Science and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland.
| | - Matteo Lusi
- Department of Chemical Science and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland.
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6
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Hill A, Kras W, Theodosiou F, Wanat M, Lee D, Cruz-Cabeza AJ. Polymorphic Solid Solutions in Molecular Crystals: Tips, Tricks, and Switches. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20562-20577. [PMID: 37671489 PMCID: PMC10515635 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Crystal polymorphism has been a topic of much interest for the past 20 years or so, especially since its scientific (and legal) importance to the pharmaceutical industry was realized. By contrast, the formation of solid solutions in molecular crystals has been overlooked despite its long-standing prevalence in the analogous field of inorganic crystals. Wilfully forgotten, crystalline molecular solid solutions may be very common in our world since molecular compounds are rarely produced with 100% purity, and impurities able to form solid solutions are difficult to reject via recrystallization. Given the importance of both polymorphism and solid solutions in molecular crystals, we share here some tips, tricks, and observations to aid in their understanding. First, we propose a nomenclature system fit for the description of molecular crystalline solid solutions capable of polymorphism (tips). Second, we highlight the challenges associated with their experimental and computational characterization (tricks). Third, we show that our recently reported observation that polymorph stabilities can change by virtue of solid solution formation is a general phenomenon, reporting it on a second system (switches). Our work focuses on the historically important compound benzamide forming solid solutions with nicotinamide and 3-fluorobenzamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hill
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Durham, Lower
Mount Joy, South Rd, Durham, DH1
3LE, U.K.
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The University
of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 0PL, U.K.
| | - Weronika Kras
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The University
of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 0PL, U.K.
| | - Fragkoulis Theodosiou
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Durham, Lower
Mount Joy, South Rd, Durham, DH1
3LE, U.K.
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The University
of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 0PL, U.K.
| | - Monika Wanat
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The University
of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 0PL, U.K.
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Lee
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The University
of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 0PL, U.K.
| | - Aurora J. Cruz-Cabeza
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Durham, Lower
Mount Joy, South Rd, Durham, DH1
3LE, U.K.
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The University
of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 0PL, U.K.
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7
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Langer D, Wicher B, Dutkiewicz Z, Bendzinska-Berus W, Bednarczyk-Cwynar B, Tykarska E. Polymorphism of Butyl Ester of Oleanolic Acid—The Dominance of Dispersive Interactions over Electrostatic. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076572. [PMID: 37047544 PMCID: PMC10095383 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oleanolic (OA) and glycyrrhetinic acids (GE), as well as their derivatives, show a variety of pharmacological properties. Their crystal structures provide valuable information related to the assembly modes of these biologically active compounds. In the known-to-date crystals of OA esters, their 11-oxo derivatives, and GE ester crystals, triterpenes associate, forming different types of ribbons and layers whose construction is based mainly on van der Waals forces and weak C-H···O interactions. New crystal structures of 11-oxo OA methyl ester and the polymorph of OA butyl ester reveal an alternative aggregation mode. Supramolecular architectures consist of helical chains which are stabilized by hydrogen bonds of O-H···O type. It was found that two polymorphic forms of butyl OA ester (layered and helical) are related monotropically. In a structure of metastable form, O-H···O hydrogen bonds occur, while the thermodynamically preferred phase is governed mainly by van der Waals interactions. The intermolecular interaction energies calculated using CrystalExplorer, PIXEL, and Psi4 programs showed that even in motifs formed through O-H···O hydrogen bonds, the dispersive forces have a significant impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Langer
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Barbara Wicher
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Dutkiewicz
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Wioletta Bendzinska-Berus
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Barbara Bednarczyk-Cwynar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Ewa Tykarska
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
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8
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Zhu Y, Lu M, Gao F, Zhou C, Jia C, Wang J. Role of Tailor-Made Additives in Crystallization from Solution: A Review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c04025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Meijin Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Chunli Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Chenyang Jia
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Jingtao Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
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9
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Villeneuve N, Dickman J, Maris T, Day GM, Wuest JD. Seeking Rules Governing Mixed Molecular Crystallization. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2023; 23:273-288. [PMID: 36624776 PMCID: PMC9817076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.2c00992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Mixed crystals result when components of the structure are randomly replaced by analogues in ratios that can be varied continuously over certain ranges. Mixed crystals are useful because their properties can be adjusted by increments, simply by altering the ratio of components. Unfortunately, no clear rules exist to predict when two compounds are similar enough to form mixed crystals containing substantial amounts of both. To gain further understanding, we have used single-crystal X-ray diffraction, computational methods, and other tools to study mixed crystallizations within a selected set of structurally related compounds. This work has allowed us to begin to clarify the rules governing the phenomenon by showing that mixed crystals can have compositions and properties that vary continuously over wide ranges, even when the individual components do not normally crystallize in the same way. Moreover, close agreement of the results of our experiments and computational modeling demonstrates that reliable predictions about mixed crystallization can be made, despite the complexity of the phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua Dickman
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Thierry Maris
- Département
de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Graeme M. Day
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - James D. Wuest
- Département
de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
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10
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Bolla G, Sarma B, Nangia AK. Crystal Engineering of Pharmaceutical Cocrystals in the Discovery and Development of Improved Drugs. Chem Rev 2022; 122:11514-11603. [PMID: 35642550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The subject of crystal engineering started in the 1970s with the study of topochemical reactions in the solid state. A broad chemical definition of crystal engineering was published in 1989, and the supramolecular synthon concept was proposed in 1995 followed by heterosynthons and their potential applications for the design of pharmaceutical cocrystals in 2004. This review traces the development of supramolecular synthons as robust and recurring hydrogen bond patterns for the design and construction of supramolecular architectures, notably, pharmaceutical cocrystals beginning in the early 2000s to the present time. The ability of a cocrystal between an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and a pharmaceutically acceptable coformer to systematically tune the physicochemical properties of a drug (i.e., solubility, permeability, hydration, color, compaction, tableting, bioavailability) without changing its molecular structure is the hallmark of the pharmaceutical cocrystals platform, as a bridge between drug discovery and pharmaceutical development. With the design of cocrystals via heterosynthons and prototype case studies to improve drug solubility in place (2000-2015), the period between 2015 to the present time has witnessed the launch of several salt-cocrystal drugs with improved efficacy and high bioavailability. This review on the design, synthesis, and applications of pharmaceutical cocrystals to afford improved drug products and drug substances will interest researchers in crystal engineering, supramolecular chemistry, medicinal chemistry, process development, and pharmaceutical and materials sciences. The scale-up of drug cocrystals and salts using continuous manufacturing technologies provides high-value pharmaceuticals with economic and environmental benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Bolla
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Building 43, Room 201, Sderot Ben-Gurion 1, Be'er Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Bipul Sarma
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, Assam 784028, India
| | - Ashwini K Nangia
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
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11
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Abstract
Because cannabinoids are usually amorphous solids, the thought that some of them may also exist in distinctly different crystal polymorphic forms might at first seem unusual. However, this commentary provides compelling evidence and precedent for the likely existence of cannabinoid crystal polymorphism.
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12
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Pinsk N, Wagner A, Cohen L, Smalley CJH, Hughes CE, Zhang G, Pavan MJ, Casati N, Jantschke A, Goobes G, Harris KDM, Palmer BA. Biogenic Guanine Crystals Are Solid Solutions of Guanine and Other Purine Metabolites. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5180-5189. [PMID: 35255213 PMCID: PMC8949762 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Highly reflective
crystals of the nucleotide base guanine are widely
distributed in animal coloration and visual systems. Organisms precisely
control the morphology and organization of the crystals to optimize
different optical effects, but little is known about how this is achieved.
Here we examine a fundamental question that has remained unanswered
after over 100 years of research on guanine: what are the
crystals made of? Using solution-state and solid-state chemical
techniques coupled with structural analysis by powder XRD and solid-state
NMR, we compare the purine compositions and the structures of seven
biogenic guanine crystals with different crystal morphologies, testing
the hypothesis that intracrystalline dopants influence the crystal
shape. We find that biogenic “guanine” crystals are
not pure crystals but molecular alloys (aka solid
solutions and mixed crystals) of guanine, hypoxanthine, and sometimes
xanthine. Guanine host crystals occlude homogeneous mixtures of other
purines, sometimes in remarkably large amounts (up to 20% of hypoxanthine),
without significantly altering the crystal structure of the guanine
host. We find no correlation between the biogenic crystal morphology
and dopant content and conclude that dopants do not dictate the crystal
morphology of the guanine host. The ability of guanine crystals to
host other molecules enables animals to build physiologically “cheaper”
crystals from mixtures of metabolically available purines, without
impeding optical functionality. The exceptional levels of doping in
biogenic guanine offer inspiration for the design of mixed molecular
crystals that incorporate multiple functionalities in a single material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Pinsk
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheba 8410501, Israel
| | - Avital Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheba 8410501, Israel
| | - Lilian Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, 5290002 Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | - Colan E Hughes
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales United Kingdom
| | - Gan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheba 8410501, Israel
| | - Mariela J Pavan
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheba 8410501, Israel
| | - Nicola Casati
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Anne Jantschke
- Institute of Geosciences, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gil Goobes
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, 5290002 Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Kenneth D M Harris
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin A Palmer
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheba 8410501, Israel
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13
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Belenguer AM, Lampronti GI, Michalchuk AAL, Emmerling F, Sanders JKM. Quantitative reversible one pot interconversion of three crystalline polymorphs by ball mill grinding. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00393g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate here using a disulfide system the first example of reversible, selective, and quantitative transformation between three crystalline polymorphs by ball mill grinding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Belenguer
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Giulio I. Lampronti
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - Adam A. L. Michalchuk
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeremy K. M. Sanders
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
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Nordstrom FL, Mohajerani SS, Linehan B, Ricci F. Enantiotropic inconstancy, crystalline solid solutions and co-crystal in the salicylic acid–anthranilic acid system. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:26485-26498. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04200b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
T–X phase diagram of salicylic acid–anthranilic acid with three crystalline solid solution phases and a co-crystal, resulting in variable enantiotropic transition temperature and a polymorphic co-existence domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik L Nordstrom
- Material & Analytical Sciences, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Ridgefield 06877, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Brian Linehan
- Material & Analytical Sciences, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Ridgefield 06877, Connecticut, USA
| | - Francesco Ricci
- Material & Analytical Sciences, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Ridgefield 06877, Connecticut, USA
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Aitipamula S, Shan LP, Gupta KM. Polymorphism and distinct physicochemical properties of the phloretin–nicotinamide cocrystal. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01352a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two novel polymorphs of a cocrystal involving phloretin and nicotinamide were identified and found where the polymorphs show distinct crystal structures, photoluminescence, and dissolution rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasulu Aitipamula
- Formulated Products, Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, 627833, Singapore
| | - Loke Pei Shan
- Formulated Products, Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, 627833, Singapore
| | - Krishna M. Gupta
- Formulated Products, Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, 627833, Singapore
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