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Xu C, Diemant T, Liu X, Passerini S. Locally Concentrated Deep Eutectic Liquids Electrolytes for Low-Polarization Aluminum Metal Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2400263. [PMID: 38412289 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Low-cost and nontoxic deep eutectic liquid electrolytes (DELEs), such as [AlCl3]1.3[Urea] (AU), are promising for rechargeable non-aqueous aluminum metal batteries (AMBs). However, their high viscosity and sluggish ion transport at room temperature lead to high cell polarization and low specific capacity, limiting their practical application. Herein, non-solvating 1,2-difluorobenzene (dFBn) is proposed as a co-solvent of DELEs using AU as model to construct a locally concentrated deep eutectic liquid electrolyte (LC-DELE). dFBn effectively improves the fluidity and ion transport without affecting the ionic dynamics in the electrolyte. Moreover, dFBn also modifies the solid electrolyte interphase growing on the aluminum metal anodes and reduces the interfacial resistance. As a result, the lifespan of Al/Al cells is improved from 210 to 2000 h, and the cell polarization is reduced from 0.36 to 0.14 V at 1.0 mA cm-2. The rate performance of Al-graphite cells is greatly improved with a polarization reduction of 0.15 and 0.74 V at 0.1 and 1 A g-1, respectively. The initial discharge capacity of Al-sulfur cells is improved from 94 to 1640 mAh g-1. This work provides a feasible solution to the high polarization of AMBs employing DELEs and a new path to high-performance low-cost AMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xu
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstraße 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, D-76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Diemant
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstraße 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, D-76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Xu Liu
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstraße 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, D-76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefano Passerini
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstraße 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, D-76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Chemistry Department, Sapienza University, Piazzale A. Moro 5, Rome, I-00185, Italy
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2
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Yao W, Liao K, Lai T, Sul H, Manthiram A. Rechargeable Metal-Sulfur Batteries: Key Materials to Mechanisms. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4935-5118. [PMID: 38598693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Rechargeable metal-sulfur batteries are considered promising candidates for energy storage due to their high energy density along with high natural abundance and low cost of raw materials. However, they could not yet be practically implemented due to several key challenges: (i) poor conductivity of sulfur and the discharge product metal sulfide, causing sluggish redox kinetics, (ii) polysulfide shuttling, and (iii) parasitic side reactions between the electrolyte and the metal anode. To overcome these obstacles, numerous strategies have been explored, including modifications to the cathode, anode, electrolyte, and binder. In this review, the fundamental principles and challenges of metal-sulfur batteries are first discussed. Second, the latest research on metal-sulfur batteries is presented and discussed, covering their material design, synthesis methods, and electrochemical performances. Third, emerging advanced characterization techniques that reveal the working mechanisms of metal-sulfur batteries are highlighted. Finally, the possible future research directions for the practical applications of metal-sulfur batteries are discussed. This comprehensive review aims to provide experimental strategies and theoretical guidance for designing and understanding the intricacies of metal-sulfur batteries; thus, it can illuminate promising pathways for progressing high-energy-density metal-sulfur battery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Yao
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Kameron Liao
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Tianxing Lai
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hyunki Sul
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Arumugam Manthiram
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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3
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Gicha BB, Tufa LT, Nwaji N, Hu X, Lee J. Advances in All-Solid-State Lithium-Sulfur Batteries for Commercialization. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:172. [PMID: 38619762 PMCID: PMC11018734 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01385-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Solid-state batteries are commonly acknowledged as the forthcoming evolution in energy storage technologies. Recent development progress for these rechargeable batteries has notably accelerated their trajectory toward achieving commercial feasibility. In particular, all-solid-state lithium-sulfur batteries (ASSLSBs) that rely on lithium-sulfur reversible redox processes exhibit immense potential as an energy storage system, surpassing conventional lithium-ion batteries. This can be attributed predominantly to their exceptional energy density, extended operational lifespan, and heightened safety attributes. Despite these advantages, the adoption of ASSLSBs in the commercial sector has been sluggish. To expedite research and development in this particular area, this article provides a thorough review of the current state of ASSLSBs. We delve into an in-depth analysis of the rationale behind transitioning to ASSLSBs, explore the fundamental scientific principles involved, and provide a comprehensive evaluation of the main challenges faced by ASSLSBs. We suggest that future research in this field should prioritize plummeting the presence of inactive substances, adopting electrodes with optimum performance, minimizing interfacial resistance, and designing a scalable fabrication approach to facilitate the commercialization of ASSLSBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birhanu Bayissa Gicha
- Research Institute of Materials Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Lemma Teshome Tufa
- Research Institute of Materials Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Njemuwa Nwaji
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Xiaojun Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 200444, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jaebeom Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Xu C, Diemant T, Mariani A, Di Pietro ME, Mele A, Liu X, Passerini S. Locally Concentrated Ionic Liquid Electrolytes for Wide-Temperature-Range Aluminum-Sulfur Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318204. [PMID: 38244210 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Aluminum-sulfur (Al-S) batteries are promising energy storage devices due to their high theoretical capacity, low cost, and high safety. However, the high viscosity and inferior ion transport of conventionally used ionic liquid electrolytes (ILEs) limit the kinetics of Al-S batteries, especially at sub-zero temperatures. Herein, locally concentrated ionic liquid electrolytes (LCILE) formed via diluting the ILEs with non-solvating 1,2-difluorobenzene (dFBn) co-solvent are proposed for wide-temperature-range Al-S batteries. The addition of dFBn effectively promotes the fluidity and ionic conductivity without affecting the AlCl4 - /Al2 Cl7 - equilibrium, which preserves the reversible stripping/plating of aluminum and further promotes the overall kinetics of Al-S batteries. As a result, Al-S cells employing the LCILE exhibit higher specific capacity, better cyclability, and lower polarization with respect to the neat ILE in a wide temperature range from -20 to 40 °C. For instance, Al-S batteries employing the LCILE sustain a remarkable capacity of 507 mAh g-1 after 300 cycles at 20 °C, while only 229 mAh g-1 is delivered with the dFBn-free electrolyte under the same condition. This work demonstrates the favorable use of LCILEs for wide-temperature Al-S batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xu
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtzstraße 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) P.O. Box 3640, D-76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Diemant
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtzstraße 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) P.O. Box 3640, D-76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Maria Enrica Di Pietro
- Department of Chemistry Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan, I-20133, Italy
| | - Andrea Mele
- Department of Chemistry Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan, I-20133, Italy
| | - Xu Liu
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtzstraße 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) P.O. Box 3640, D-76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefano Passerini
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtzstraße 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) P.O. Box 3640, D-76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Chemistry Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Rome, Italy
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Meng J, Hong X, Xiao Z, Xu L, Zhu L, Jia Y, Liu F, Mai L, Pang Q. Rapid-charging aluminium-sulfur batteries operated at 85 °C with a quaternary molten salt electrolyte. Nat Commun 2024; 15:596. [PMID: 38238327 PMCID: PMC10796388 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44691-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Molten salt aluminum-sulfur batteries are based exclusively on resourcefully sustainable materials, and are promising for large-scale energy storage owed to their high-rate capability and moderate energy density; but the operating temperature is still high, prohibiting their applications. Here we report a rapid-charging aluminium-sulfur battery operated at a sub-water-boiling temperature of 85 °C with a tamed quaternary molten salt electrolyte. The quaternary alkali chloroaluminate melt - possessing abundant electrochemically active high-order Al-Cl clusters and yet exhibiting a low melting point - facilitates fast Al3+ desolvation. A nitrogen-functionalized porous carbon further mediates the sulfur reaction, enabling the battery with rapid-charging capability and excellent cycling stability with 85.4% capacity retention over 1400 cycles at a charging rate of 1 C. Importantly, we demonstrate that the asymmetric sulfur reaction mechanism that involves formation of polysulfide intermediates, as revealed by operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy, accounts for the high reaction kinetics at such temperature wherein the thermal management can be greatly simplified by using water as the heating media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiashen Meng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Advanced Batteries Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Xufeng Hong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Advanced Batteries Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Zhitong Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Advanced Batteries Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Linhan Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Advanced Batteries Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Lujun Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Advanced Batteries Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Yongfeng Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Advanced Batteries Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Liqiang Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, 430070, Wuhan, China.
| | - Quanquan Pang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Advanced Batteries Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
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6
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Haldar S, Khan AH, De A, Reichmayr F, Morag A, Yu M, Schneemann A, Kaskel S. Fluorinated Benzimidazole-Linked Highly Conjugated Polymer Enabling Covalent Polysulfide Anchoring for Stable Sulfur Batteries. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302779. [PMID: 37877583 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur is one of the most abundant and economical elements in the p-block family and highly redox active, potentially utilizable as a charge-storing electrode with high theoretical capacities. However, its inherent good solubility in many electrolytes inhibits its accessibility as an electrode material in typical metal-sulfur batteries. In this work, the synthetically designed fluorinated porous polymer, when treated with elemental sulfur through a well-known nucleophilic aromatic substitution mechanism (SN Ar), allows for the covalent integration of polysulfides into a highly conjugated benzimidazole polymer by replacing the fluorine atoms. Chemically robust benzimidazole linkages allow such harsh post-synthetic treatment and facilitate the electronic activation of the anchored polysulfides for redox reactions under applied potential. The electrode amalgamated with sulfurized polymer mitigates the so-called polysulfide shuttle effect in the lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery and also enables a reversible, more environmentally friendly, and more economical aluminum-sulfur (Al-S) battery that is configured with mostly p-block elements as cathode, anode, and electrolytes. The improved cycling stabilities and reduction of the overpotential in both cases pave the way for future sustainable energy storage solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sattwick Haldar
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Arafat H Khan
- Chair of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ankita De
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Fanny Reichmayr
- Chair of Electrochemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ahiud Morag
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Minghao Yu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Schneemann
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Kaskel
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology (IWS), Winterbergstraße 28, 01277, Dresden, Germany
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Shi TL, Zhang YF, Yao MX, Li C, Wang HC, Ren C, Bai JS, Cui X, Chen W. Global trends and hot topics in clinical applications of perovskite materials: a bibliometric analysis. BIOMATERIALS TRANSLATIONAL 2023; 4:131-141. [PMID: 38283088 PMCID: PMC10817784 DOI: 10.12336/biomatertransl.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, perovskite has received increasing attention in the medical field. However, there has been a lack of related bibliometric analysis in this research field. This study aims to analyse the research status and hot topics of perovskite in the medical field from a bibliometric perspective and explore the research direction of perovskite. This study collected 1852 records of perovskite research in the medical field from 1983 to 2022 in the Web of Science (WOS) database. The country, institution, journal, cited references, and keywords were analysed using CiteSpace, VOS viewer, and Bibliometrix software. The number of articles related to perovskite research in the medical field has been increasing every year. China and USA have published the most papers and are the main forces in this research field. The University of London Imperial College of Science, Technology, and Medicine is the most active institution and has contributed the most publications. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces is the most prolific journal in this field. "Medical electronic devices", "X-rays", and "piezoelectric materials" are the most researched directions of perovskite in the medical field. "Performance", "perovskite", and "solar cells" are the most frequently used keywords in this field. Advanced Materials is the most relevant and academically influential journal for perovskite research. Halide perovskites have been a hot topic in this field in recent years and will be a future research trend. X-ray, electronic medical equipment, and medical stents are the main research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Long Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopaedic Equipment, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yi-Fan Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopaedic Equipment, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Meng-Xuan Yao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopaedic Equipment, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopaedic Equipment, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Hai-Cheng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopaedic Equipment, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Chuan Ren
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopaedic Equipment, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jun-Sheng Bai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopaedic Equipment, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xu Cui
- Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopaedic Equipment, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
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Meggiolaro D, Agostini M, Brutti S. Aprotic Sulfur-Metal Batteries: Lithium and Beyond. ACS ENERGY LETTERS 2023; 8:1300-1312. [PMID: 36937789 PMCID: PMC10012267 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.2c02493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Metal-sulfur batteries constitute an extraordinary research playground that ranges from fundamental science to applied technologies. However, besides the widely explored Li-S system, a remarkable lack of understanding hinders advancements and performance in all other metal-sulfur systems. In fact, similarities and differences make all generalizations highly inconsistent, thus unavoidably suggesting the need for extensive research explorations for each formulation. Here we review critically the most remarkable open challenges that still hinder the full development of metal-S battery formulations, starting from the lithium benchmark and addressing Na, K, Mg, and Ca metal systems. Our aim is to draw an updated picture of the recent efforts in the field and to shed light on the most promising innovation paths that can pave the way to breakthroughs in the fundamental comprehension of these systems or in battery performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Meggiolaro
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC-CNR), Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Marco Agostini
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università
di Roma La Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Sergio Brutti
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università di Roma La
Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro
5, 00185 Roma, Italy
- Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto dei Sistemi
Complessi, Piazzale Aldo
Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
- GISEL-Centro
di Riferimento Nazionale per i Sistemi di Accumulo Elettrochimico
di Energia, INSTM via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
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