Copper-cobalt double metal cyanides as green catalysts for phosphoramidate synthesis

Synthesis, Structure, and Actual Applications of Double Metal Cyanide Catalysts

Double metal cyanide (DMC) complexes represent a unique family of materials with an open framework structure. The main current application of these complexes in chemical industry is their use as catalysts (DMCCs) of the ring-opening polymerization of propylene oxide (PO), yielding branched polyols, highly demanded in production of polyurethanes and surfactants. The actual problem of chemical fixing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere gave new impetus to the development of DMCCs, which turned out to be effective in oxirane/CO2 copolymerization. In recent years, new types and formulations of DMCCs were created, so that greater understanding of the reaction mechanisms was achieved and new fields of catalytic applications were found. In the present review, we summarized background and actual information about the synthesis, structure, and mechanisms of the action of DMCCs, as well as their application in the development of new materials and fine chemicals.

Preparation of Well-Defined Double-Metal Cyanide Catalysts for Propylene Oxide Polymerization and CO2 Copolymerization

Reevaluating the composition of the double metal cyanide catalyst (DMC) as a salt of (NC)6Co3- anions with 1:1 Zn2+/(X)Zn+ cations (X = Cl, RO, AcO), we prepared a series of well-defined DMCs, [ClZn+][Zn2+][(NC)6Co3-][ROH], [(RO)Zn+][Zn2+][(NC)6Co3-], [(AcO)Zn+][Zn2+][(NC)6Co3-], [(RO)Zn+]p[ClZn+](1-p)[Zn2+][(NC)6Co3-], [(AcO)Zn+]p[(tBuO)Zn+]q[Zn2+][(NC)6Co3-], and [(AcO)Zn+]p[(tBuO)Zn+]q[ClZn+]r[Zn2+][(NC)6Co3-]. The structure of [(MeOC3H6O)Zn+][Zn2+][(NC)6Co3-] was precisely determined at the atomic level through Rietveld refinement of the synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data. By evaluating the catalyst's performance in both propylene oxide (PO) polymerization and PO/CO2 copolymerization, a correlation between structure and performance was established on various aspects including activity, dispersity, unsaturation level, and carbonate fraction in the resulting polyols. Ultimately, our study identified highly efficient catalysts that outperformed the state-of-the-art benchmark DMC not only in PO polymerization [DMC-(OAc/OtBu/Cl)(0.59/0.38/0.15)] but also in PO/CO2 copolymerization [DMC-(OAc/OtBu)(0.95/0.08)].