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Prunkl C. AI meets biology: a call for community governance. Nat Methods 2024; 21:1407-1408. [PMID: 39122944 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-024-02332-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
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2
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Chen C, Feng Y, Wei M, Liu Z, Luo P, Wang S, Meng L. A hyper-knowledge graph system for research on AI ethics cases. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29048. [PMID: 38601681 PMCID: PMC11004582 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Current studies on the artificial intelligence (AI) ethics focus either on very broad guidelines or on a very special domain. Therefore, the research outcome can hardly be converted into actionable measures or transferred to other domains. Potential correlations between various cases of AI ethics at different granularity levels are unexplored. To overcome these deficiencies, the authors designed a case-oriented ontological model (COOM) and a hyper-knowledge graph system (HKGS) for the research of collected AI ethics cases. COOM describes criteria for modelling cases by attributes from three perspectives: event attributes, relational attributes, and positional attributes on the value chain. Based on it, HKGS stores the correlation between cases as knowledge and allows advanced visual analysis. The correlations between cases and their dynamic changes on value chain can be observed and explored. In HKGS's implementation part, one of the collected ethics cases is used as an example to demonstrate how to generate a hyper-knowledge graph and to visually analyze it. The authors also anticipated how different practitioners of AI ethics, can achieve the desired outputs from HKGS in their diverse scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Chen
- Chair of Cartography and Visual Analytics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yu Feng
- Chair of Cartography and Visual Analytics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mengyi Wei
- Chair of Cartography and Visual Analytics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Zihan Liu
- Chair of Cartography and Visual Analytics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peng Luo
- Chair of Cartography and Visual Analytics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Shengkai Wang
- Chair of Cartography and Visual Analytics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Liqiu Meng
- Chair of Cartography and Visual Analytics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Gan RK, Uddin H, Gan AZ, Yew YY, González PA. ChatGPT's performance before and after teaching in mass casualty incident triage. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20350. [PMID: 37989755 PMCID: PMC10663620 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46986-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its initial launching, ChatGPT has gained significant attention from the media, with many claiming that ChatGPT's arrival is a transformative milestone in the advancement of the AI revolution. Our aim was to assess the performance of ChatGPT before and after teaching the triage of mass casualty incidents by utilizing a validated questionnaire specifically designed for such scenarios. In addition, we compared the triage performance between ChatGPT and medical students. Our cross-sectional study employed a mixed-methods analysis to assess the performance of ChatGPT in mass casualty incident triage, pre- and post-teaching of Simple Triage And Rapid Treatment (START) triage. After teaching the START triage algorithm, ChatGPT scored an overall triage accuracy of 80%, with only 20% of cases being over-triaged. The mean accuracy of medical students on the same questionnaire yielded 64.3%. Qualitative analysis on pre-determined themes on 'walking-wounded', 'respiration', 'perfusion', and 'mental status' on ChatGPT showed similar performance in pre- and post-teaching of START triage. Additional themes on 'disclaimer', 'prediction', 'management plan', and 'assumption' were identified during the thematic analysis. ChatGPT exhibited promising results in effectively responding to mass casualty incident questionnaires. Nevertheless, additional research is necessary to ensure its safety and efficacy before clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick Kye Gan
- Unit for Research in Emergency and Disaster, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Helal Uddin
- Unit for Research in Emergency and Disaster, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, 17177, Solna, Sweden.
- Department of Sociology, East West University, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh.
| | - Ann Zee Gan
- Tenghilan Health Clinic, 89208, Tuaran, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Ying Ying Yew
- Unit for Research in Emergency and Disaster, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Pedro Arcos González
- Unit for Research in Emergency and Disaster, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
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Bouhouita-Guermech S, Gogognon P, Bélisle-Pipon JC. Specific challenges posed by artificial intelligence in research ethics. Front Artif Intell 2023; 6:1149082. [PMID: 37483869 PMCID: PMC10358356 DOI: 10.3389/frai.2023.1149082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The twenty first century is often defined as the era of Artificial Intelligence (AI), which raises many questions regarding its impact on society. It is already significantly changing many practices in different fields. Research ethics (RE) is no exception. Many challenges, including responsibility, privacy, and transparency, are encountered. Research ethics boards (REB) have been established to ensure that ethical practices are adequately followed during research projects. This scoping review aims to bring out the challenges of AI in research ethics and to investigate if REBs are equipped to evaluate them. Methods Three electronic databases were selected to collect peer-reviewed articles that fit the inclusion criteria (English or French, published between 2016 and 2021, containing AI, RE, and REB). Two instigators independently reviewed each piece by screening with Covidence and then coding with NVivo. Results From having a total of 657 articles to review, we were left with a final sample of 28 relevant papers for our scoping review. The selected literature described AI in research ethics (i.e., views on current guidelines, key ethical concept and approaches, key issues of the current state of AI-specific RE guidelines) and REBs regarding AI (i.e., their roles, scope and approaches, key practices and processes, limitations and challenges, stakeholder perceptions). However, the literature often described REBs ethical assessment practices of projects in AI research as lacking knowledge and tools. Conclusion Ethical reflections are taking a step forward while normative guidelines adaptation to AI's reality is still dawdling. This impacts REBs and most stakeholders involved with AI. Indeed, REBs are not equipped enough to adequately evaluate AI research ethics and require standard guidelines to help them do so.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jean-Christophe Bélisle-Pipon
- School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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5
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Much to discuss in AI ethics. NAT MACH INTELL 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s42256-022-00598-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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6
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Srikumar M, Finlay R, Abuhamad G, Ashurst C, Campbell R, Campbell-Ratcliffe E, Hongo H, Jordan SR, Lindley J, Ovadya A, Pineau J. Advancing ethics review practices in AI research. NAT MACH INTELL 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s42256-022-00585-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Greene T, Dhurandhar A, Shmueli G. Atomist or holist? A diagnosis and vision for more productive interdisciplinary AI ethics dialogue. PATTERNS (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 4:100652. [PMID: 36699741 PMCID: PMC9868655 DOI: 10.1016/j.patter.2022.100652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In response to growing recognition of the social impacts of new artificial intelligence (AI)-based technologies, major AI and machine learning (ML) conferences and journals now encourage or require papers to include ethics impact statements and undergo ethics reviews. This move has sparked heated debate concerning the role of ethics in AI research, at times devolving into name calling and threats of "cancellation." We diagnose this conflict as one between "atomist" and "holist" ideologies. Among other things, atomists believe facts are and should be kept separate from values, while holists believe facts and values are and should be inextricable from one another. With the goal of reducing disciplinary polarization, we draw on numerous philosophical and historical sources to describe each ideology's core beliefs and assumptions. Finally, we call on atomists and holists within the ever-expanding data science community to exhibit greater empathy during ethical disagreements and propose four targeted strategies to ensure AI research benefits society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Greene
- National Tsing Hua University, Institute of Service Science, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan,Corresponding author
| | | | - Galit Shmueli
- National Tsing Hua University, Institute of Service Science, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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Mökander J, Floridi L. Operationalising AI governance through ethics-based auditing: an industry case study. AI AND ETHICS 2022; 3:451-468. [PMID: 35669570 PMCID: PMC9152664 DOI: 10.1007/s43681-022-00171-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ethics-based auditing (EBA) is a structured process whereby an entity's past or present behaviour is assessed for consistency with moral principles or norms. Recently, EBA has attracted much attention as a governance mechanism that may help to bridge the gap between principles and practice in AI ethics. However, important aspects of EBA-such as the feasibility and effectiveness of different auditing procedures-have yet to be substantiated by empirical research. In this article, we address this knowledge gap by providing insights from a longitudinal industry case study. Over 12 months, we observed and analysed the internal activities of AstraZeneca, a biopharmaceutical company, as it prepared for and underwent an ethics-based AI audit. While previous literature concerning EBA has focussed on proposing or analysing evaluation metrics or visualisation techniques, our findings suggest that the main difficulties large multinational organisations face when conducting EBA mirror classical governance challenges. These include ensuring harmonised standards across decentralised organisations, demarcating the scope of the audit, driving internal communication and change management, and measuring actual outcomes. The case study presented in this article contributes to the existing literature by providing a detailed description of the organisational context in which EBA procedures must be integrated to be feasible and effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Mökander
- Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, 1 St Giles’, Oxford, OX1 3JS UK
| | - Luciano Floridi
- Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, 1 St Giles’, Oxford, OX1 3JS UK
- Department of Legal Studies, University of Bologna, Via Zamboni 33, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Ethics methods are required as part of reporting guidelines for artificial intelligence in healthcare. NAT MACH INTELL 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s42256-022-00479-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hallamaa J, Kalliokoski T. AI Ethics as Applied Ethics. FRONTIERS IN COMPUTER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fcomp.2022.776837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The need to design and develop artificial intelligence (AI) in a sustainable manner has motivated researchers, institutions, and organizations to formulate suggestions for AI ethics. Although these suggestions cover various topics and address diverse audiences, they share the presupposition that AI ethics provides a generalizable basis for designers that is applicable to their work. We propose that one of the reasons the influence of current ethical codes has remained modest, may be the conception of the applied ethics that they represent. We discuss bioethics as a point of reference for weighing the metaethical and methodological approaches adopted in AI ethics, and propose that AI ethics could be made more methodologically solid and substantively more influential if the resources were enriched by adopting tools from fields of study created to improve the quality of human action and safeguard its desired outcomes. The approaches we consider to be useful for this purpose are the systems theory, safety research, impact assessment approach, and theory of change.
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González-Esteban Y Patrici Calvo E. Ethically governing artificial intelligence in the field of scientific research and innovation. Heliyon 2022; 8:e08946. [PMID: 35243068 PMCID: PMC8860912 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a double-edged sword for scientific research. While, on one hand, the incredible potential of AI and the different techniques and technologies for using it make it a product coveted by all scientific research centres and organisations and science funding agencies. On the other, the highly negative impacts that its irresponsible and self-interested use is causing, or could cause, make it a controversial tool, attracting strong criticism from those involved in the different sectors of research. This study aims to delve into the current and virtual uses of AI in scientific research and innovation in order to provide guidelines for developing and implementing a governance system to promote ethical and responsible research and innovation in the field of AI.
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Urbina F, Lentzos F, Invernizzi C, Ekins S. Dual Use of Artificial Intelligence-powered Drug Discovery. NAT MACH INTELL 2022; 4:189-191. [PMID: 36211133 PMCID: PMC9544280 DOI: 10.1038/s42256-022-00465-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An international security conference explored how artificial intelligence (AI) technologies for drug discovery could be misused for de novo design of biochemical weapons. A thought experiment evolved into a computational proof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Urbina
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Filippa Lentzos
- Department of Global Health & Social Medicine, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Cédric Invernizzi
- Spiez Laboratory, Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sports, Switzerland
| | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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Ethical requirements for responsible research with hacked data. NAT MACH INTELL 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s42256-021-00389-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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