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Hu C, Tsien J, Chen SJ, Kong M, Merchant RR, Kanda Y, Qin T. A General Three-Component Alkyl Petasis Boron-Mannich Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:21769-21777. [PMID: 39072677 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Aryl amines are one of the most common moieties in biologically active molecules, and approximately 37% of drug candidates contain aromatic amines. Recent advancements in medicinal chemistry, coined "escaping from flatland", have led to a greater focus on accessing highly functionalized C (sp3)-rich amines to improve the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of compounds. This article presents a modular and operationally straightforward three-component alkyl Petasis boron-Mannich (APBM) reaction that utilizes ubiquitous starting materials, including amines, aldehydes, and alkyl boronates. By adaptation of this transformation to high-throughput experimentation (HTE), it offers rapid access to an array of diverse C(sp3)-rich complex amines, amenable for rapid identification of drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Hu
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Jet Tsien
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Si-Jie Chen
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - May Kong
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rohan R Merchant
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yuzuru Kanda
- Novartis Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tian Qin
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
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2
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Golden DL, Flynn KM, Aikonen S, Hanneman CM, Kalyani D, Krska SW, Paton RS, Stahl SS. Radical Chlorination of Non-Resonant Heterobenzylic C-H Bonds and High-Throughput Diversification of Heterocycles. Chem 2024; 10:1593-1605. [PMID: 39108591 PMCID: PMC11299866 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Site-selective functionalization of the heterobenzylic C(sp3)-H bonds of pyridines and related heteroaromatic compounds presents challenges associated with the basic nitrogen atom and the variable reactivity among different positions on the heteroaromatic ring. Methods for functionalization of 2- and 4-alkylpyridines are increasingly available through polar pathways that leverage resonance stabilization of charge build-up at these positions. In contrast, functionalization of 3-alkylpyridines is largely inaccessible. Here, we report a photochemically promoted method for chlorination of non-resonant heterobenzylic C(sp3)-H sites in 3-alkylpyridines and related alkylheteroaromatics. Density functional theory calculations show that the optimal reactivity reflects a balance between the energetics of the two radical-chain propagation steps, with the preferred reagent consisting of an N-chlorosulfonamide. The operationally simple chlorination protocol enables access to heterobenzylic chlorides which serve as versatile intermediates in C-H cross-coupling reactions between heteroaromatic building blocks and diverse oxidatively sensitive nucleophiles using high-throughput experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dung L. Golden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Present address: Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 556 Morris Avenue, Summit, New Jersey 07901, United States
| | - Kaitlyn M. Flynn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Present address: Drug Substance Development Chemistry, GSK, 1250 Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Santeri Aikonen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1301 Center Avenue, Ft. Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- Present address: In Silico Discovery, Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Christopher M. Hanneman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Dipannita Kalyani
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Ave., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Shane W. Krska
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Ave., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Robert S. Paton
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1301 Center Avenue, Ft. Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Lead contact
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3
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Dinh LP, Starbuck HF, Hamby TB, LaLama MJ, He CQ, Kalyani D, Sevov CS. Persistent organonickel complexes as general platforms for Csp 2-Csp 3 coupling reactions. Nat Chem 2024:10.1038/s41557-024-01528-7. [PMID: 38684816 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01528-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The importance of constructing Csp2-Csp3 bonds has motivated the development of electrochemical, photochemical and thermal activation methods to reductively couple abundant aryl and alkyl electrophiles. However, these methodologies are limited to couplings of very specific substrate classes and require specialized sets of catalysts and reaction set-ups. Here we show a consolidation of these myriad strategies into a single set of conditions that enable reliable alkyl-aryl couplings, including those that were previously unknown. These reactions rely on the discovery of unusually persistent organonickel complexes that serve as stoichiometric platforms for C(sp2)-C(sp3) coupling. Aryl, heteroaryl or vinyl complexes of Ni can be inexpensively prepared on a multigram scale by mild electroreduction from the corresponding C(sp2) electrophile. Organonickel complexes can be isolated and stored or telescoped directly to reliably diversify drug-like molecules. Finally, the procedure was miniaturized to micromole scales by integrating soluble battery chemistries as redox initiators, enabling a high-throughput exploration of substrate diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long P Dinh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hunter F Starbuck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Taylor B Hamby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Matthew J LaLama
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Cyndi Q He
- Modelling & Informatics, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Christo S Sevov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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4
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Matador E, Tilby MJ, Saridakis I, Pedrón M, Tomczak D, Llaveria J, Atodiresei I, Merino P, Ruffoni A, Leonori D. A Photochemical Strategy for the Conversion of Nitroarenes into Rigidified Pyrrolidine Analogues. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:27810-27820. [PMID: 38059920 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Bicyclic amines are important motifs for the preparation of bioactive materials. These species have well-defined exit vectors that enable accurate disposition of substituents toward specific areas of chemical space. Of all possible skeletons, the 2-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane framework is virtually absent from MedChem libraries due to a paucity of synthetic methods for its preparation. Here, we report a modular synthetic strategy that utilizes nitroarenes as flat and easy-to-functionalize feedstocks for the assembly of these sp3-rich materials. Mechanistically, this approach exploits two concomitant photochemical processes that sequentially ring-expand the nitroarene into an azepine and then fold it into a rigid bicycle pyrroline by means of singlet nitrene-mediated nitrogen insertion and excited-state-4π electrocyclization. A following hydrogenolysis provides, with full diastereocontrol, the desired bicyclic amine derivatives whereby the aromatic substitution pattern has been translated into the one of the three-dimensional heterocycle. These molecules can be considered rigid pyrrolidine analogues with a well-defined orientation of their substituents. Furthermore, unsupervised clustering of an expansive virtual database of saturated N-heterocycles revealed these derivatives as effective isosteres of rigidified piperidines. Overall, this platform enables the conversion of nitroarene feedstocks into complex sp3-rich heterocycles of potential interest to drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Matador
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Sevilla and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), C/Prof. García González 1, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Michael J Tilby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, U.K
| | - Iakovos Saridakis
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Manuel Pedrón
- Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Dawid Tomczak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Josep Llaveria
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Therapeutics Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen-Cilag S.A., Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Iuliana Atodiresei
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Pedro Merino
- Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alessandro Ruffoni
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Daniele Leonori
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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Chen SJ, Krska SW, Stahl SS. Copper-Catalyzed Benzylic C-H Cross-Coupling Enabled by Redox Buffers: Expanding Synthetic Access to Three-Dimensional Chemical Space. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:3604-3615. [PMID: 38051914 PMCID: PMC10902864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusCross-coupling methods are the most widely used synthetic methods in medicinal chemistry. Existing reactions are dominated by methods such as amide coupling and arylation reactions that form bonds to sp2-hybridized carbon atoms and contribute to the formation of "flat" molecules. Evidence that three-dimensional structures often have improved physicochemical properties for pharmaceutical applications has contributed to growing demand for cross-coupling methods with sp3-hybridized reaction partners. Substituents attached to sp3 carbon atoms are intrinsically displayed in three dimensions. These considerations have led to efforts to establish reactions with sp3 cross-coupling partners, including alkyl halides, amines, alcohols, and carboxylic acids. As C(sp3)-H bonds are much more abundant that these more conventional coupling partners, we have been pursuing C(sp3)-H cross-coupling reactions that achieve site-selectivity, synthetic utility, and scope competitive with conventional coupling reactions.In this Account, we outline Cu-catalyzed oxidative cross-coupling reactions of benzylic C(sp3)-H bonds with diverse nucleophilic partners. These reactions commonly use N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide (NFSI) as the oxidant. The scope of reactivity is greatly improved by using a "redox buffer" that ensures that the Cu catalyst is available in the proper redox state to promote the reaction. Early precedents of catalytic Cu/NFSI oxidative coupling reactions, including C-H cyanation and arylation, did not require a redox buffer, but reactions with other nucleophiles, such as alcohols and azoles, were much less effective under similar conditions. Mechanistic studies show that some nucleophiles, such as cyanide and arylboronic acids, promote in situ reduction of CuII to CuI, contributing to successful catalytic turnover. Poor reactivity was observed with nucleophiles, such as alcohols, that do not promote CuII reduction in the same manner. This insight led to the identification of sacrificial reductants, termed "redox buffers", that support controlled generation of CuI during the reactions and enable successful benzylic C(sp3)-H cross-coupling with diverse nucleophiles. Successful reactions include those that feature direct coupling of (hetero)benzylic C-H substrates with coupling partners (alcohols, azoles) and sequential C(sp3)-H functionalization/coupling reactions. The latter methods feature generation of a synthetic linchpin that can undergo subsequent reaction with a broad array of nucleophiles. For example, halogenation/substitution cascades afford benzylic amines, (thio)ethers, and heterodiarylmethane derivatives, and an isocyanation/amine-addition sequence generates diverse benzylic ureas.Collectively, these Cu-catalyzed (hetero)benzylic C(sp3)-H cross-coupling reactions rapidly access diverse molecules. Analysis of their physicochemical and topological properties highlights the "drug-likeness" and enhanced three-dimensionality of these products relative to existing bioactive molecules. This consideration, together with the high benzylic C-H site-selectivity and the broad scope of reactivity enabled by the redox buffering strategy, makes these C(sp3)-H cross-coupling methods ideally suited for implementation in high-throughput experimentation platforms to explore novel chemical space for drug discovery and related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Jie Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 213 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California, 94030, United States
| | - Shane W. Krska
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Ave., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
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Maity S, Lopez MA, Bates DM, Lin S, Krska SW, Stahl SS. Polar Heterobenzylic C(sp 3)-H Chlorination Pathway Enabling Efficient Diversification of Aromatic Nitrogen Heterocycles. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19832-19839. [PMID: 37642292 PMCID: PMC10629438 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Site-selective radical reactions of benzylic C-H bonds are now highly effective methods for C(sp3-H) functionalization and cross-coupling. The existing methods, however, are often ineffective with heterobenzylic C-H bonds in alkyl-substituted pyridines and related aromatic heterocycles that are prominently featured in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Here, we report new synthetic methods that leverage polar, rather than radical, reaction pathways to enable the selective heterobenzylic C-H chlorination of 2- and 4-alkyl-substituted pyridines and other heterocycles. Catalytic activation of the substrate with trifluoromethanesulfonyl chloride promotes the formation of enamine tautomers that react readily with electrophilic chlorination reagents. The resulting heterobenzyl chlorides can be used without isolation or purification in nucleophilic coupling reactions. This chlorination-diversification sequence provides an efficient strategy to achieve heterobenzylic C-H cross-coupling with aliphatic amines and a diverse collection of azoles, among other coupling partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soham Maity
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Marco A. Lopez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Desiree M. Bates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Shishi Lin
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Shane W. Krska
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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