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Akabane K, Hiraishi N, Shimojima M, Nassar M, Qi F, Otsuki M, Shimada Y. The bleaching effect of office bleaching agents containing S-PRG filler evaluated by pH value and electron spin resonance. Clin Oral Investig 2023:10.1007/s00784-023-05031-0. [PMID: 37133698 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Surface reaction-type pre-reacted glass-ionomer (S-PRG) filler releases six types of ions with a neutralizing ability. This study evaluated the effect of S-PRG filler incorporation in an H2O2-based bleaching material on the bleaching efficacy, pH, and reaction state. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experimental bleaching material was formulated by the addition of 5% or 10% S-PRG fillers to the powder part. The stained bovine teeth were treated with the prepared bleaching paste. Commission internationale de l'éclairage (CIE) L*a*b* color space values were recorded before and after bleaching, and the color difference (ΔE) and whiteness index (WID) were calculated. Moreover, the used bleaching formulations were assessed for their pH values and reaction state by evaluating the oxidation state of manganese (Mn+2) using electron spin resonance (ESR). RESULTS The results of ΔE and WID showed that the addition of S-PRG filler increased the bleaching effect, but there was no significant difference between the groups with 5% and 10% S-PRG filler. A significant increase in pH in S-PRG filler groups (5% pH 6.7, 10% pH 6.8) was found compared to the 0% group (pH 4.8). ESR measurements showed that the signal emitted from Mn+2 decreased over time. The S-PRG filler groups showed a significantly higher reduction in Mn+2 compared to the 0% group, with no significant difference between the 5% and 10% S-PRG groups. CONCLUSIONS S-PRG filler addition resulted in improved bleaching efficacy, higher reaction rate, and pH values that are close to neutral. CLINICAL RELEVANCE S-PRG filler addition may be effective on the bleaching outcome of H2O2-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kodai Akabane
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Noriko Hiraishi
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
| | - Mika Shimojima
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Mohannad Nassar
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Feng Qi
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Masayuki Otsuki
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Yasushi Shimada
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
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de Lima LC, Carvalho AO, Bezerra SJC, Garcia RM, Caneppele TMF, Borges AB, Scaramucci T. Tooth color change promoted by different whitening toothpastes under alternate cycles of staining and brushing. J Dent 2023; 132:104498. [PMID: 36963626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the effect of whitening toothpastes with different mechanisms of action on discolored teeth subjected to additional staining/or not. METHODS One hundred twenty tooth specimens were stained for 14 days (staining broth under constant agitation and pH=7) and then allocated into the groups of toothpastes with different whitening ingredients (n=10): 1. Regular - Colgate Total 12 Clean Mint; 2. CLWI - Colgate Luminous White Instant (blue pigment); 3. CLWA - Colgate Luminous White Advanced Expert (hydrogen peroxide); 4. CLWAC - Colgate Luminous White Activated Charcoal (activated charcoal); 5. OB3D - Oral-B 3D WHITE Brilliant Fresh (abrasive); 6. TW - Teeth Whitening (charcoal powder). Specimens were submitted to two experimental models: A. Daily staining-toothbrush cycling: staining solution (5min), toothbrushing (45 strokes) and artificial saliva (3h), 2x/day, for 5days; B. Only toothbrushing (30.000 brushing strokes). Color change was determined with a spectrophotometer (CIEDE2000 and Whitening Index for Dentistry - WID) and statistically analyzed (α=0.05). RESULTS For both models, ΔE00 and Δa did not differ significantly between the whitening toothpastes and the regular. All groups showed a decrease in tooth yellowness (-Δb) and an increase in WID. Group Teeth Whitening exhibited a decrease in luminosity (-ΔL). In model A, Groups did not differ significantly from the Regular in terms of ΔL (p=0.35) and Δb (p=0.74). Groups CLWI and OB3D exhibited a decrease in luminosity. Reduced redness (-Δa) occurred only in Group CLWI. In Model B, Groups OB3D (p=0.021) and CLWA (p=0.001) exhibited higher change in luminosity than in Group Teeth Whitening. All exhibited increased redness (+Δa) and lightness (+ΔL), except the Regular, CLWAC and Teeth Whitening. Group OB3D had a significantly higher change in Δb than the Regular (p=0.021). CONCLUSIONS Irrespective of the mechanism of action, all toothpastes reduced tooth yellowness and promoted similar overall color change. Exposure of the teeth to additional staining during the toothbrushing cycles did not influence the effect of the whitening toothpastes. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Whitening toothpastes should be tested in conditions that more closely simulate their use in a clinical scenario, in which alternate cycles of staining and brushing occur on a daily basis. However, even in such conditions, they were unable to promote a color change that differed from that of a regular toothpaste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Custódio de Lima
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of São Paulo, School of Dentistry, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 2227, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Adriana Oliveira Carvalho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of São Paulo, School of Dentistry, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 2227, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Sávio José Cardoso Bezerra
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of São Paulo, School of Dentistry, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 2227, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Raíssa Manoel Garcia
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of São Paulo, School of Dentistry, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 2227, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Taciana Marco Ferraz Caneppele
- Department of Restorative Dentistry at Institute of Science and Technology of São José dos Campos, UNESP, São Paulo State University, São José dos Campos, SP, 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Buhler Borges
- Department of Restorative Dentistry at Institute of Science and Technology of São José dos Campos, UNESP, São Paulo State University, São José dos Campos, SP, 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Taís Scaramucci
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of São Paulo, School of Dentistry, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 2227, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
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Jamwal N, Rao A, Shenoy R, Pai M, KS A, BR A. Effect of whitening toothpaste on surface roughness and microhardness of human teeth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. F1000Res 2022; 11:22. [PMID: 35265322 PMCID: PMC8874033 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.76180.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Whitening toothpastes exert a whitening effect on teeth through higher surface cleaning effectiveness resulting from the abrasive properties of the paste or specific chemical components. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conceptualized to examine the relationship between whitening toothpastes and surface roughness as well as microhardness of human teeth and to clarify the evidence base available around this relationship by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies in this topic area, looking at
in vitro randomized control trials. Methods: Criteria for including studies in the review were done based on population, intervention, comparison, outcomes and study and studies were identified from electronic databases. Covidence® was used for data screening and data extraction. The CONSORT tool was used for checking relevant content and methodology used in each of the papers reviewed. Systematic review was done followed by meta-analysis, using Review Manager. Results: A total of 125 articles were obtained on key word search. After duplicate removal and title screening, 17 articles were eligible for full text review. Finally, 7 studies were included for systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted on 4 studies. The forest plot for surface roughness showed that that the meta-analytic effect was statistically significant with surface roughness value being higher in the intervention group. The forest plot for microhardness showed that the meta-analytic effect was statistically significant with the microhardness value being lesser in the intervention group. Conclusions: Although whitening toothpastes typically can lighten tooth color by about one or two shades, there is some evidence to show that these toothpastes also affect the mineral content of teeth by increasing surface roughness and reducing microhardness. More evidence and further research are needed to identify the type of whitening agent which will whiten the tooth effectively while maintaining the integrity of the tooth structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navodita Jamwal
- Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India, Mangalore, Karnataka, 575001, India
| | - Ashwini Rao
- Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India, Mangalore, Karnataka, 575001, India
| | - Ramya Shenoy
- Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India, Mangalore, Karnataka, 575001, India
| | - Mithun Pai
- Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India, Mangalore, Karnataka, 575001, India
| | - Aparna KS
- Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India, Mangalore, Karnataka, 575001, India
| | - Avinash BR
- Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India, Mangalore, Karnataka, 575001, India
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Jamwal N, Rao A, Shenoy R, Pai M, KS A, BR A. Effect of whitening toothpaste on surface roughness and microhardness of human teeth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. F1000Res 2022; 11:22. [PMID: 35265322 PMCID: PMC8874033 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.76180.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Whitening toothpastes exert a whitening effect on teeth through higher surface cleaning effectiveness resulting from the abrasive properties of the paste or specific chemical components. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conceptualized to examine the relationship between whitening toothpastes and surface roughness as well as microhardness of human teeth and to clarify the evidence base available around this relationship by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies in this topic area, looking at in vitro randomized control trials. Methods: Criteria for including studies in the review were done based on population, intervention, comparison, outcomes and study and studies were identified from electronic databases. Covidence® was used for data screening and data extraction. The CONSORT tool was used for checking relevant content and methodology used in each of the papers reviewed. Systematic review was done followed by meta-analysis, using Review Manager. Results: A total of 125 articles were obtained on key word search. After duplicate removal and title screening, 17 articles were eligible for full text review. Finally, 7 studies were included for systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted on 4 studies. The forest plot for surface roughness showed that that the meta-analytic effect was statistically significant with surface roughness value being higher in the intervention group. The forest plot for microhardness showed that the meta-analytic effect was statistically significant with the microhardness value being lesser in the intervention group. Conclusions: Although whitening toothpastes typically can lighten tooth color by about one or two shades, there is some evidence to show that these toothpastes also affect the mineral content of teeth by increasing surface roughness and reducing microhardness. More evidence and further research are needed to identify the type of whitening agent which will whiten the tooth effectively while maintaining the integrity of the tooth structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navodita Jamwal
- Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India, Mangalore, Karnataka, 575001, India
| | - Ashwini Rao
- Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India, Mangalore, Karnataka, 575001, India
| | - Ramya Shenoy
- Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India, Mangalore, Karnataka, 575001, India
| | - Mithun Pai
- Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India, Mangalore, Karnataka, 575001, India
| | - Aparna KS
- Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India, Mangalore, Karnataka, 575001, India
| | - Avinash BR
- Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India, Mangalore, Karnataka, 575001, India
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Yilmaz MN, Gul P, Unal M, Turgut G. Effects of whitening toothpastes on the esthetic properties and surface roughness of a composite resin. J Oral Sci 2021; 63:320-325. [PMID: 34470987 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.21-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the effects of some whitening toothpastes on the surface roughness and coloration susceptibility of a composite resin, as well as their whitening effectiveness. METHODS This study was carried out in two different stages. In experiment A, samples were divided into 7 subgroups to compare the surface roughness and coloration susceptibility of the composite resin: distilled water, conventional toothpaste, and 5 different whitening toothpastes. In experiment B, samples were divided into 8 subgroups to compare the whitening effectiveness of the whitening toothpastes: conventional toothpaste, 5 other whitening toothpastes, and two bleaching groups. After toothbrushing simulation, the color and surface roughness of the samples were measured. Data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance, paired t-test and Tukey post-hoc test (α = 0.05). RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences among the surface roughness values for the groups for any period before and after brushing (P > 0.05). In terms of the coloration susceptibility of the composite resin and the whitening effects of the toothpastes, no statistically significant differences were evident among the groups for any period before and after brushing (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION The results of this study indicate that effective toothbrushing is more important than the type of toothpaste employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve N Yilmaz
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Atatürk University
| | - Pinar Gul
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Atatürk University
| | - Mehmet Unal
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University
| | - Guven Turgut
- Department of Basic Sciences, Science Faculty, Erzurum Technical University
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Kim HJ, Jang JH, Choi D, Kim J, Shim JH, Kim DS. Bleaching toothpaste with two different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide: A randomized double-blinded clinical trial. J Dent 2020; 103:103508. [PMID: 33121984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This randomized double-blinded clinical trial evaluated the bleaching efficacy and incidence of contact hypersensitivity of three kinds of bleaching toothpaste. METHODS Forty-nine participants above A2 shade on the maxillary central incisor (#11) and canine (#13) were randomized into three groups: TW group (n = 15), 0.75 % HP-containing toothpaste (Toothwhole white); VL group (n = 15), 0.75 % HP-containing toothpaste (Vussen 7); and VH group (n = 17), 2.8 % of HP-containing toothpaste (Vussen 28). Participants were instructed to manually brush their teeth for 3 min, 3 times per day for 12 weeks. They were followed-up after 4 and 12 weeks. Shade measurements were performed using a spectrophotometer (SP), and data were calculated with CIELab (ΔEab*) and CIEDE2000 (ΔE00) formula. Additionally, visual inspection (VI) using the Vitapan classical shade guide was also performed, and the correlation between the two measurements was analyzed by comparing the CIELab (ΔEab*) values. The incidence of contact hypersensitivity at each follow-up was recorded. A mixed-effect model was performed to assess shade changes and chi-square tests for the incidence of contact hypersensitivity, respectively. RESULTS At 12 week follow-up, all groups showed ΔEab* above 3.46, and ΔE00 above 2.25 for tooth #11. For tooth #13, the ΔEab* and ΔE00 of VH and TW groups only were above those thresholds. Shade change varied according to toothpaste and follow-up points. SP and VI showed a moderate positive correlation for L*, a*, and b*, respectively (P < 0.05). Contact hypersensitivity was not significantly different among the groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Bleaching toothpaste with higher HP yields a better shade change than other toothpaste after 12 weeks. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The use of bleaching toothpaste with a higher HP concentration results in a better shade improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Kyung Hee University Dental Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Jang
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongseok Choi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Biostatistics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland State University of Public Health, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jei Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hee Shim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Duck-Su Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Kyaw KY, Otsuki M, Hiraishi N, Segarra MS, Tagami J. Effect of application of desensitizers before bleaching on change of tooth shade. Dent Mater J 2019; 38:790-797. [PMID: 31434830 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2018-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of desensitizer pre-treatment on in-office bleaching using an artificial discoloration tooth model. The stained specimens were divided into four groups (n=10); without application (Control group), Shield Force plus (SF group), UltraEz (UE group) and Teeth Mate AP paste (TM group) applied before bleaching. Each group was bleached by an in-office bleaching agent. The CIE L*a*b* values were measured by a colorimeter before and after ten consecutive bleaching treatments and the color difference (∆E) was calculated. There was no statistical difference among ∆E values of Control, UE, and TM groups (p>0.05). There was a significant difference between SF and Control groups (p<0.001). It was concluded that application of TM and UE did not affect the change of tooth shade while SF application impeded the bleaching effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khin Yupar Kyaw
- Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Department of Restorative Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Masayuki Otsuki
- Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Department of Restorative Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Noriko Hiraishi
- Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Department of Restorative Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Michelle Sunico Segarra
- Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Department of Restorative Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University.,Section of Operative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of the Philippines Manila Pedro Gil St
| | - Junji Tagami
- Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Department of Restorative Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
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Bergesch V, Baggio Aguiar FH, Turssi CP, Gomes França FM, Basting RT, Botelho Amaral FL. Shade changing effectiveness of plasdone and blue covarine-based whitening toothpaste on teeth stained with chlorhexidine and black tea. Eur J Dent 2019; 11:432-437. [PMID: 29279667 PMCID: PMC5727726 DOI: 10.4103/ejd.ejd_97_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study evaluated the effectiveness of toothbrushing with whitening toothpaste in altering the shade of stained human enamel. Materials and Methods Thirty fragments of human enamel, stained with chlorhexidine/black tea underwent 1000 and 5000 brushing cycles (BC) with (n = 10): PLS (Gel Dental Day, Bitufo), Close Up White Now, Unilever (COVB) and regular (Gel Dental Night, Bitufo) toothpaste. Images were taken before staining (baseline), after staining (STN) and following 1000 and 5000 BC and were analyzed using the CIELAB parameters (ΔE, Δb and ΔL). Statistical Analysis Used Data were submitted to two-way ANOVA (α = 0.05). Results ΔE was higher from STN to baseline; 1000 BC to STN and 5000 BC to STN (P < 0.001). Significant differences in Δb values were found from 1000 BC to STN and 5000 BC to STN. For COVB, greater ΔL was observed from 1000 BC to STN, what differed statistically from the regular toothpaste (P < 0.05). There was no difference between toothpaste when ΔL was calculated from 5000 CB to STN. Conclusions Toothpaste containing COVB or PLS in association with 5000 BCs showed similar effectiveness in changing enamel shade; but after the first 1000 toothbrushing cycles, the use of COVB toothpaste promoted higher lightness in stained enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania Bergesch
- São Leopoldo Mandic Institute and Research Center, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Heidari A, Shahrabi M, Shahrabi MS. Efficacy of Three Toothpastes in Iron Stain Removal from Primary Teeth. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019; 12:10-14. [PMID: 31496564 PMCID: PMC6710951 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim This study aimed to assess the iron stain removal efficacy of three toothpastes in extracted primary teeth. Materials and methods In this in vitro study, 60 extracted sound primary teeth were selected, decoronated at the cementoenamel junction, and their pulp chambers were filled with a composite. The teeth were then immersed in ferrous sulfate solution and brushed 3,000 times in an automatic tooth-brushing machine using Colgate, whitening Crest, and conventional Crest dentifrices. Stain removal was done in four groups using a prophylaxis paste. Digital images were obtained from the teeth before and after brushing with dentifrices and the changes in color parameters were measured using Photoshop and iColor software programs. Changes in color parameters were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA while multiple comparisons were done by Tukey's test. Results The greatest change in chroma was observed in the prophylaxis group and then in the whitening Crest, Colgate, and conventional Crest (mean values of −65.2, −31.07, −21.27, and −0.73, respectively). Prophylaxis completely removed the stains. The greatest reduction in value occurred in conventional Crest, Colgate, and whitening Crest (−18.07, −12.23, and −0.4, respectively). In the L*a*b* system, the least reductions were noted in the whitening Crest, Colgate, and conventional Crest (mean values of −1.96, −3.92, and −3.37, respectively). Prophylaxis significantly improved tooth brightness (a mean increase of 4.26). Conclusion None of the toothpastes in this study were capable of effectively removing iron stains. Crest whitening toothpaste was slightly effective in this regard. Clinical significance Iron drops are routinely prescribed for children younger than 2 years of age to prevent iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia. However, iron stains on teeth are a common concern for many parents. Finding toothpastes with greater efficacy for iron stain removal can help in this respect. How to cite this article Heidari A, Shahrabi M, et al. Efficacy of Three Toothpastes in Iron Stain Removal from Primary Teeth. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019;12(1):10–14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Heidari
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shahrabi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh S Shahrabi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Muntean A, Sava S, Delean AG, Mihailescu AM, Dumitrescu LS, Moldovan M, Festila DG. Toothpaste Composition Effect on Enamel Chromatic and Morphological Characteristics: In Vitro Analysis. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12162610. [PMID: 31426296 PMCID: PMC6720655 DOI: 10.3390/ma12162610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this in vitro study was to assess the effect of toothpastes, with different compositions, on optical and morphological features of sound and demineralized enamel. We selected twenty-five teeth, recently extracted for orthodontic purposes, for this in vitro study. The teeth were caries free, without stains, fissures, filling or hypoplasia observed at inspection under standard conditions. Teeth were brushed (for 2–3 min, twice a day, for 21 days), with five different toothpastes (four commercially available and an experimental one) containing fluoride and hydroxyapatite. After that, teeth were demineralized with 37% orthophosforic acid (Ultra Etch®, Ultradent Products Inc., South Jordan, UT, USA) for 60 s. We repeated the brushing protocol for another 21 days on demineralized enamel. Enamel vestibular surfaces were examined using a spectrophotometer (Vita EasyShade -Vita Zahnfabrik, Bad Sackingen, Germany) and a Scanning Electron Microscope (Inspect S®, FEI Company, Hillsboro, OR, USA). Differences were statistically significant for colour parameters L* and ΔE*. SEM evaluation reveals demineralized enamel mineral gain after brushing with selected toothpastes. Toothpastes with specific ingredients can represent a balance between aesthetic and mineralization, and an oral hygiene correct algorithm is able to preserve enamel characteristics during ortodontic treatement with fixed appliances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandrina Muntean
- Paediatric Dentistry Department 2, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 31 A. Iancu Street, 400083 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sorina Sava
- Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Department 4, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 15 V. Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Ada Gabriela Delean
- Conservative Dentistry Department 2, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 33 Motilor Street, 400001 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ana Maria Mihailescu
- Oral Rehabilitation Department 3, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 15 V. Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Laura Silaghi Dumitrescu
- Department of Polymeric Composites, Babes-Bolyai University, Institute of Chemistry Raluca Ripan, 30 Fantanele Str., 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marioara Moldovan
- Department of Polymeric Composites, Babes-Bolyai University, Institute of Chemistry Raluca Ripan, 30 Fantanele Str., 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dana Gabriela Festila
- Orthodontics Department 1, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 31 A. Iancu Street, 400083 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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11
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Ito Y, Otsuki M, Tagami J. Effect of pH conditioners on tooth bleaching. Clin Exp Dent Res 2019; 5:212-218. [PMID: 31249701 PMCID: PMC6585585 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of pH conditioners on tooth bleaching using hematoporphirin-stained paper and artificially discolored bovine tooth model. Experimental bleaching gels containing 23% hydrogen peroxide, adjusting pH 7.0 by different pH conditioners (NaOH, NaHCO3, Na2CO3, KOH, KHCO3, and K2CO3), were prepared. Each bleaching gel was applied on a hematoporphirin-stained paper, and the light was exposed for 5 min. Before and after bleaching, color was measured and color difference was calculated. Artificially discolored bovine tooth samples were prepared and bleached by four experimental bleaching gels containing NaOH, NaHCO3, Na2CO3, or KHCO3. The bleaching time was 10 min with light exposure, and bleaching was repeated 10 times. The color of bleached surface was measured at each bleaching period, and color difference was calculated. In the experiment using hematoporphirin-stained paper, degrees of color difference were KHCO3 > NaHCO3 > KOH > NaOH > Na2CO3 ≥ K2CO3. In the experiment using bovine teeth, degrees of color difference were KHCO3 > NaHCO3 > NaOH > Na2CO3. It was concluded that the bleaching materials with same pH and different pH conditioners showed different bleaching effects and that both cation and anion in the pH conditioners affected bleaching effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ito
- Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Department of Restorative Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Masayuki Otsuki
- Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Department of Restorative Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Junji Tagami
- Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Department of Restorative Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
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12
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OKADA M, OTSUKI M, TAGAMI J. Effect of nonthermal atmospheric discharge on stain removal of tooth. Dent Mater J 2019; 38:396-402. [DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2018-025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mari OKADA
- Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Masayuki OTSUKI
- Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Junji TAGAMI
- Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
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13
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14
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Kyaw KY, Otsuki M, Segarra MS, Hiraishi N, Tagami J. Effect of Calcium-phosphate Desensitizers on Staining Susceptibility of Acid-eroded Enamel. Oper Dent 2018; 44:281-288. [PMID: 30106333 DOI: 10.2341/18-024-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of calcium-phosphate-based desensitizers, Teethmate AP paste (TMAP) and Teethmate Desensitizer (TMD) (Kuraray Noritake Dental, Tokyo, Japan), on the prevention of staining on acid-eroded enamel. METHODS AND MATERIALS Forty polished enamel samples (4×4×1 mm) from bovine incisors were randomly divided into five groups (n=8). After immersion in 50 mL of 0.5% citric acid (pH 2.5) for 15 minutes to form acid-eroded surfaces, the surfaces were subjected to different treatments with TMAP, TMD, and NaF (0.21% means 950 ppm) for five minutes. Another eroded group was not treated with desensitizer. For the control group, the samples were not eroded or treated. All the samples were stored in artificial saliva (AS) at pH 7.2 for 24 hours at 37°C. The TMAP, TMD, or NaF was reapplied at eight and 16 hours during the 24 hours of storage time. The surface roughness (Sa) was evaluated following ISO 25178 for surface texture using confocal laser scanning microscopy (VK-X 150 series, Keyence, Osaka, Japan) before acid erosion, after acid erosion, and after 24 hours of incubation in AS. Afterward, the color difference was measured with a dental colorimeter (Shade Eye NCC, Shofu, Kyoto, Japan) before and after staining with tea solution. RESULTS One-way repeated measures analysis of variance showed that acid erosion significantly increased Sa (p<0.001). TMAP- and TMD-treated groups exhibited lower Sa values than the NaF group and the no-desensitizer treatment group. The greatest staining was observed in the NaF group and the no-desensitizer group, while the TMAP and TMD groups significantly decreased the formation of stains. CONCLUSIONS Acid-eroded enamel increased surface roughness and tended to absorb more stains. However, the application of TMAP and TMD moderated the roughness and thus prevented the formation of extrinsic stains.
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Kyaw KY, Otsuki M, Segarra MS, Tagami J. Effect of sodium fluoride pretreatment on the efficacy of an in-office bleaching agent: An in vitro study. Clin Exp Dent Res 2018; 4:113-118. [PMID: 30181907 PMCID: PMC6115870 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This in vitro study evaluated the effect of sodium fluoride (NaF) on the bleaching efficacy using an artificial discolored bovine tooth model. Twenty specimens were prepared from bovine teeth by staining with black tea extract and were divided into two groups (n = 10). In control group, specimens were immersed in distilled water for 30 min. In NaF group, specimens were applied with 0.2% NaF for 30 min. Then, the specimens in each group were bleached by an in-office bleaching material (Shofu Hi-Lite, Shofu, Kyoto, Japan). The CIE L*a*b* values were measured by a dental colorimeter before and after 10 consecutive bleaching treatments, and the color difference (ΔE) was calculated. Brightness and color difference (ΔE) increased in both groups per bleaching cycle. There were no statistical differences in ΔE values between both groups (p > 0.05). It was concluded that the application of NaF before bleaching did not interfere with the bleaching effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khin Yupar Kyaw
- Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Department of Restorative Sciences, Graduate school of Medical and Dental SciencesTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityJapan
| | - Masayuki Otsuki
- Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Department of Restorative Sciences, Graduate school of Medical and Dental SciencesTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityJapan
| | - Michelle Sunico Segarra
- Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Department of Restorative Sciences, Graduate school of Medical and Dental SciencesTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityJapan
- Section of Operative Dentistry, College of DentistryUniversity of the PhilippinesPhilippines
| | - Junji Tagami
- Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Department of Restorative Sciences, Graduate school of Medical and Dental SciencesTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityJapan
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16
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Wang C, Lucas R, Smith AJ, Cooper PR. An in vitro screening assay for dental stain cleaning. BMC Oral Health 2017; 17:37. [PMID: 28068974 PMCID: PMC5223583 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-016-0328-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed to develop an in vitro model for stain removal from natural enamel for the assessment and comparison of oral hygiene products. METHODS Bovine teeth (n = 8 per group) were ground/polished to provide flat enamel specimens and ferric-tannate deposits were precipitated onto the enamel surfaces. The ferric-tannate stained enamel specimens were brushed using an in vitro tooth-brushing simulator with slurries containing commercially available toothpaste products, dental abrasive particles, and sodium tripolyphosphate (STP) solutions of different concentrations. The colour of the enamel surfaces was measured using a spectrophotometer before and after stain application as well as after the brushing treatments. RESULTS Differences in stain removal efficacy were found between the toothpastes categorised as whitening and non-whitening comprising of different types of dental abrasives (hydrated silica and alumina). A mean value of 27% for stain removal was detected for the three non-whitening toothpastes and 59% of stain removal was detected for the three whitening toothpastes after 1000 strokes. Compared with the slurry with Zeodent 113 abrasive alone, the addition of STP provided better performance for stain removal under the same brushing conditions (mean value of 62% for Zeodent 113 abrasive alone and 72% with the addition of 5% (w/w) STP after 1000 strokes). No difference was evident between the STP concentration of 5% (w/w) and 10% (w/w). CONCLUSIONS The ferric-tannate/bovine enamel model reported here provides good stain retention, is rapidly and easily prepared, and is shown to be progressively and reproducibly sensitive to toothbrushing using different toothpastes and surfactant/chelating agent solutions. Importantly, it provides good discrimination between various oral hygiene products. The stain removal assay reported here has considerable potential to enable comparative assessments of different toothpaste types in terms of their cleaning capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxiang Wang
- Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B5 7EG, UK.
| | - Robert Lucas
- GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare, St. George's Avenue, Weybridge, Surrey, KT13 ODE, UK
| | - Anthony J Smith
- Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B5 7EG, UK
| | - Paul R Cooper
- Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B5 7EG, UK
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Kwon SR, Kurti SR, Oyoyo U, Li Y. Effect of Light-Activated Tooth Whitening on Color Change Relative to Color of Artificially Stained Teeth. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2016; 27 Suppl 1:S10-7. [PMID: 25913537 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is still controversy as to the efficacy of light activation used in tooth whitening. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of light activation on tooth color change relative to the artificial dye color. MATERIALS AND METHODS Extracted human third molars (160) were randomly distributed into eight groups of 20 specimens each based on artificial staining and use of light activation. All groups received three 45-minute sessions of in-office whitening at 3-day intervals. Color measurements were performed with an intraoral spectrophotometer at baseline prior to staining (T0), after artificial staining (T1), 1-day--(T2), and 1-week--(T3) post-whitening. Color differences were calculated relative to after artificial staining color parameters (L*1, a*1, b*1) with the use of a software analysis program enabling synchronization of two images. RESULTS Within the same staining groups, the light-activated samples exhibited a greater color change than their nonlight-activated counterparts. However, only in the case of the yellow-stained samples at 1-day post-whitening was there a significant difference between the nonlight-activated and light-activated groups (Tukey's post hoc multiple comparison test for pairwise comparisons, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Light activation is a valid method for enhancing the efficacy of tooth whitening with respect to overall color change and works best with yellow stains. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Light activation is a valid method for enhancing the efficacy of tooth whitening with respect to overall color change and works best with yellow stains.
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18
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da Rosa GM, da Silva LM, de Menezes M, do Vale HF, Regalado DF, Pontes DG. Effect of whitening dentifrices on the surface roughness of a nanohybrid composite resin. Eur J Dent 2016; 10:170-175. [PMID: 27095891 PMCID: PMC4813430 DOI: 10.4103/1305-7456.178305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The present study verified the influence of whitening dentifrices on the surface roughness of a nanohybrid composite resin. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two specimens were prepared with Filtek™ Z350 XT (3M/ESPE) and randomly divided into four groups (n = 08) that were subjected to brushing simulation equivalent to the period of 1 month. The groups assessed were a control group with distilled water (G1), Colgate Total 12 Professional Clean (G2), Sensodyne Extra Whitener Extra Fresh (G3), and Colgate Luminous White (G4). A sequence of 90 cycles was performed for all the samples. The initial roughness of each group was analyzed by the Surface Roughness Tester (TR 200-TIME Group Inc., CA, USA). After the brushing period, the final roughness was measured, and the results were statistically analyzed using nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn tests for intergroup roughness comparison in the time factor. For intragroup and “Δ Final − Initial” comparisons, the Wilcoxon test and (one-way) ANOVA were, respectively, performed (α = 0.05). Results: The roughness mean values before and after brushing showed no statistically significant difference when the different dentifrices were used. None of the dentifrices analyzed increased significantly the nanohybrid composite resin surface roughness in a 1 month of tooth brushing simulation. Conclusions: These results suggest that no hazardous effect on the roughness of nanohybrid composite resin can be expected when whitening dentifrices are used for a short period. Similar studies should be conducted to analyze other esthetic composite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Migliorin da Rosa
- Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, State University of Amazonas, UEA, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Luciana Mendonça da Silva
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Amazonas, UFAM, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Márcio de Menezes
- Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, State University of Amazonas, UEA, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Hugo Felipe do Vale
- Department of Periodontology, School of Health Sciences, State University of Amazonas, UEA, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Diego Ferreira Regalado
- Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, State University of Amazonas, UEA, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Danielson Guedes Pontes
- Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, State University of Amazonas, UEA, Manaus, Brazil.,Department of Operative Dentistry, Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Amazonas, UFAM, Manaus, Brazil
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Wang W, Zhu Y, Li J, Liao S, Ai H. Efficacy of cold light bleaching using different bleaching times and their effects on human enamel. Dent Mater J 2015; 32:761-6. [PMID: 24088831 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2013-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the efficacy of cold light bleaching using different bleaching times and the effects thereof on tooth enamel. Before and after bleaching, stained tooth specimens were subjected to visual and instrumental colorimetric assessments using Vita Shade Guide and spectrophotometric shade matching. Enamel surface alterations were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to analyze surface morphology, surface microhardness (SMH) measurement to determine changes in mechanical properties, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to characterize post-bleaching enamel composition. Cold light bleaching successfully improved tooth color, with optimal efficacy when bleaching time was beyond 10 min. Significant differences in surface morphology were observed among the different bleaching times, but no significant differences were observed for enamel composition and surface microhardness among the different bleaching times. Results of this study revealed an association between the bleaching time of cold light bleaching and its whitening efficacy. Together with the results on enamel surface changes, this study provided positive evidence to support cold light bleaching as an in-office bleaching treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University
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20
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Kim JY, Sung YE, Kim KO. Descriptive Analysis of Toothpaste Flavor Using Novel Sample Preparation Procedure. J SENS STUD 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/joss.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yoon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Engineering; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 120-750 Korea
| | - Young-Eun Sung
- Cosmetics & Personal Care Research Institute; Amorepacific Corporation; Yongin Gyeonggi Korea
| | - Kwang-Ok Kim
- Department of Food Science and Engineering; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 120-750 Korea
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21
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Torres CRG, Perote LCCC, Gutierrez NC, Pucci CR, Borges AB. Efficacy of Mouth Rinses and Toothpaste on Tooth Whitening. Oper Dent 2013; 38:57-62. [DOI: 10.2341/11-360-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Objectives
People increasingly desire tooth whitening. Considering the wide range of whitening products on the market, this study evaluated the efficacy of whitening toothpastes and mouth rinses compared with the 10% carbamide peroxide (CP) whitening gel.
Methods
We obtained 120 cylindrical specimens from bovine teeth, which were darkened for 24 hours in a coffee solution. The color measurement was performed by a spectrophotometer using the CIE L*a*b* system, and specimens were divided into six groups according to the use of the following agents: group 1, conventional fluoridated toothpaste; group 2, Close Up White Now; group 3, Listerine Whitening; group 4, Colgate Plax Whitening; group 5, experimental mouth rinse with Plasdone; and group 6, 10% CP Whiteness Perfect. After the simulation of 12 weeks of treatment for groups 1 to 5 and 14 days of treatment for group 6, the specimens were subjected to a new color reading.
Results
Data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (α=0.05), which showed significant differences among groups after 12 weeks for ΔE (p=0.001). Results of the Tukey test revealed that groups 3, 4, and 6 presented significantly higher color alteration than groups 1, 2, and 5.
Conclusions
The whitening toothpaste Close Up White Now and the experimental mouth rinse with Plasdone showed similar color alteration as conventional toothpaste after a 12-week treatment simulation. These groups presented significantly lower color alteration compared with whitening mouth rinses Listerine and Colgate Plax Whitening, which showed similar results to those observed after 14 days of bleaching with 10% CP treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- CRG Torres
- Carlos R G Torres, DDS, PhD, UNESP Univ. Estadual Paulista, Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - LCCC Perote
- Letícia C C C Perote, DDS, UNESP Univ. Estadual Paulista, Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - NC Gutierrez
- Natália C Gutierrez, DDS, MS, UNESP Univ. Estadual Paulista, Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - CR Pucci
- Cesar R Pucci, DDS, MS, PhD, UNESP Univ. Estadual Paulista, Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - AB Borges
- Alessandra B Borges, DDS, MS, PhD, UNESP Univ. Estadual Paulista, Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo, Brazil
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Hahn P, Schondelmaier N, Wolkewitz M, Altenburger MJ, Polydorou O. Efficacy of tooth bleaching with and without light activation and its effect on the pulp temperature: an in vitro study. Odontology 2012; 101:67-74. [PMID: 22395767 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-012-0063-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the colour stability of bleaching after light activation with halogen unit, laser, LED unit or chemical activation up to 3 months after treatment. Four groups of teeth (n = 20) were bleached with Opalescence Xtra Boost (38% hydrogen peroxide) using four different methods: activation with halogen, LED, laser or chemical activation only. All teeth were bleached in one session for four times (4 × 15 min) and the colour was evaluated using a spectrophotometer at the following time points: before bleaching, immediately after bleaching, 1 day, and 1 and 3 months after the end of bleaching. Between the tested time points, the teeth were stored in 0.9% NaCl solution. Additionally, the temperature increase in the pulp chamber was measured using a measuring sensor connected to a computer. Bleaching with the halogen unit showed the highest colour change. Halogen unit, laser and chemical activation resulted in whiter teeth after 1 and 3 months compared to the colour after the end of the bleaching procedure (p ≤ 0.05). Three months after the end of bleaching, the shade changes observed were-halogen: 7.1 > chemical activation: 6.2 > LED: 5.4 > laser: 5.2. Halogen showed the highest temperature increase (17.39°C ± 1.96) followed by laser (14.06°C ± 2.55) and LED (0.41°C ± 0.66) (p < 0.0001). Chemical activation did not affect the temperature in the pulp chamber. The use of light activation did not show any advantages compared to chemical bleaching. Although halogen unit showed the higher shade's change, its use resulted also in the higher pulp temperature. According to the present findings, light activation of the bleaching agent seems not to be beneficial compared to bleaching without light activation, concerning the colour stability up to 3 months after bleaching and the pulp temperature caused during the bleaching procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Hahn
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Dental School and Hospital, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, Freiburg, Germany
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Joiner A. Whitening toothpastes: a review of the literature. J Dent 2010; 38 Suppl 2:e17-24. [PMID: 20562012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2010.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Revised: 05/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review and summarise the whitening agents contained within tooth whitening toothpaste formulations, their mode of action in tooth whitening, and the in vitro and clinical methods used to evaluate and demonstrate their efficacy. METHODS Original scientific full papers or reviews listed in ISI Web of Science and Medline were included in this review using the search terms white*, toothpaste and dentifrice. CONCLUSIONS Due to the reported consumer and patient dissatisfaction with their perceived tooth color, toothpaste manufacturers have responded by developing a vast array of contemporary whitening toothpastes. One of the key functional ingredients in whitening toothpastes is the abrasive system. In general, these have been designed to give effective removal of extrinsic stains and help prevent tooth stains from reforming without undue abrasivity towards the dental hard tissues. Whitening toothpastes may contain additional agents that augment the abrasive cleaning by aiding the removal and/or prevention of extrinsic stains, for examples, peroxide, enzymes, citrate, pyrophosphate and hexametaphosphate, or optical agents such as blue covarine which can improve tooth whiteness following tooth brushing. In vitro methods used to evaluate tooth whitening efficacy typically determine the ability of a toothpaste formulation to remove/prevent model extrinsic stains on substrates such as enamel or hydroxyapatite or changes in the intrinsic color of tooth specimens. Clinical protocols for evaluating the efficacy of whitening toothpastes typically determine either stain removal or prevention, where changes in natural stain or chlorhexidine/tea induced stain are measured typically over 2-6 weeks. In some clinical studies the overall tooth color change was measured using techniques such as Vita shade guides, colorimeters and image analysis of digital photographs of teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Joiner
- Unilever Oral Care, Quarry Road East, Bebington, Wirral, UK.
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Polydorou O, Hellwig E, Hahn P. The efficacy of three different in-office bleaching systems and their effect on enamel microhardness. Oper Dent 2008; 33:579-86. [PMID: 18833865 DOI: 10.2341/07-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This in vitro study evaluated and compared the efficacy of three in-office bleaching systems and investigated their effect on enamel microhardness. Three groups of 12 teeth (third molars) each were bleached as follows: Group A: Opalescence Xtra Boost (38% HP), Group B: Easywhite Ready (30% HP) with plasma unit and Group C: Zoom2 system (25% HP with the Zoom2 unit). The teeth were stained with tea for 24 hours, followed by the appropriate bleaching procedure. Each bleaching cycle was conducted for 15 minutes. The bleaching procedure was repeated until a shade change of six tabs (VITA shade guide) was obtained. The shade of the teeth was evaluated before, immediately after bleaching and one month later, both visually and digitally. Additionally, the "change of shade tabs per minute" was calculated. For the digital evaluation, the photos were taken under the same circumstances and the L*a*b* values were calculated using Photoshop. Five additional enamel samples for each group were prepared, and Knoop microhardness was evaluated before and after 15 minutes of bleaching. According to the visual shade evaluation, the treatment cycles required to reach the defined level of bleaching were: 1.58 for Group A (23.7 minutes), 1.02 for Group B (16.2 minutes) and 1.25 for Group C (18.7 minutes). Immediately after bleaching, a significant difference was found between Groups A and B (p = 0.0094). However, one month after the bleaching procedure, no significant difference could be observed among the three groups. According to the digital evaluation, no significant differences were found among the three bleaching systems for each of the L*a*b* values and the three times tested (p > 0.05). No significant difference (p = 0.055) was noticed among the three groups regarding microhardness after bleaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Polydorou
- University Medical Center Freiburg, Dental School and Hospital, Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Freiburg, Germany.
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25
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Jarad F, Griffiths C, Jaffri M, Adeyemi A, Youngson C. The effect of bleaching, varying the shade or thickness of composite veneers on final colour: An in vitro study. J Dent 2008; 36:554-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Revised: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Lee BS, Huang SH, Chiang YC, Chien YS, Mou CY, Lin CP. Development of in vitro tooth staining model and usage of catalysts to elevate the effectiveness of tooth bleaching. Dent Mater 2008; 24:57-66. [PMID: 17442388 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2007.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2006] [Revised: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Whole blood or tea was frequently used to stain the teeth for measuring the effectiveness of different bleaching materials. However, the components of blood or tea cannot be quantitatively determined and variability might exist among different brands of tea. The purpose of this study was to develop a reproducible in vitro tooth-staining model to simulate the intrinsic discoloration of teeth and evaluate the ability of two catalysts to enhance the bleaching activity of H(2)O(2). METHODS Rhodamine B, Orange II, Fe(III) phthalocyanine, and tea were used to stain the tooth specimens for 4-72 h and subsequently bleached by H(2)O(2) for 4-72 h. The process was photographed using a digital stereoscopic microscope and a digital camera. The image was transformed to get L*, a*, b* values of CIE Lab system with image processing software. The catalytic ability of light irradiation plus addition of Fe/Sodium-Y or Mn/Sodium-Y for specimens stained by Orange II was evaluated in test tubes and in extracted tooth model. RESULTS The color of specimens stained by Rhodamine B could not be sufficiently recovered after bleaching by H(2)O(2). In addition, the reaction of Fe(III) phthalocyanine with H(2)O(2) in test tubes was too fast to be monitored. Light activation plus use of Fe/Sodium-Y or Mn/Sodium-Y could significantly accelerate the bleaching efficiency of H(2)O(2). SIGNIFICANCE Orange II was the most appropriate dye for tooth staining among the dyes used in this study. Addition of Fe/Sodium-Y or Mn/Sodium-Y plus light irradiation could elevate the bleaching efficacy of H(2)O(2) for those specimens stained by Orange II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor-Shiunn Lee
- School of Dentistry and Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University and National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 1 Chang-Te Street, Taipei, Taiwan
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Griffiths CE, Bailey JR, Jarad FD, Youngson CC. An investigation into most effective method of treating stained teeth: an in vitro study. J Dent 2007; 36:54-62. [PMID: 18061333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2007.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Revised: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the most efficacious method of treating stained teeth: bleaching alone, veneering alone or a combination of bleaching and veneering and whether the choice alters depending on the degree of staining. METHODS Extracted teeth were sectioned to give 117 samples. These samples were split into unstained, lightly and darkly stained groups based on CIE-Lab value L*. The lightly and darkly stained groups were stained using tea. Teeth from each group were then assigned to one of four subgroups (control (C), bleaching alone (B), veneering alone (V), or a combination of bleaching and veneering (BV), each containing 13 samples. Veneering was performed using 0.8-mm thick ceramic veneer of shade B1. CIE-Lab values were recorded using a spectrophotometer and the colour difference (Delta E) was calculated for each intervention. The final colour was compared to the value for obtained from a B1 (Vita) Shade tab. Statistical significance was assessed using analysis of variance. RESULTS In all three test groups, intervention resulted in a statistically significant colour change compared to the C group (p<or=0.001). In the unstained group, the only intervention that reached statistically significant parity to B1 was BV (p=0.015). In the lightly stained group, BV produced the most colour change and the value closest to B1 (p<or=0.003). In dark group, BV produced the greatest colour change and the value closest to B1 however; this was not statistically significantly better than V (p=0.146). CONCLUSIONS All the interventions produced a statistically significant and clinically visible colour change compared to the control. External light-activated bleaching produced a clinically visible colour change. In all groups the combination of bleaching and veneering gave the closest value to B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Griffiths
- BDS Liverpool, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Adeyemi A, Jarad F, Pender N, Higham S. Comparison of quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) and digital imaging applied for the detection and quantification of staining and stain removal on teeth. J Dent 2006; 34:460-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2005.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2005] [Revised: 10/26/2005] [Accepted: 10/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Shellis RP, Addy M, Rees GD. In vitro studies on the effect of sodium tripolyphosphate on the interactions of stain and salivary protein with hydroxyapatite. J Dent 2004; 33:313-24. [PMID: 15781139 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2004.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2004] [Revised: 09/06/2004] [Accepted: 09/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study properties of sodium tripolyphosphate (STP) relevant to inhibition or removal of dental stain in vitro. METHODS The effects of STP and other phosphates on adsorption of a dietary chromogen (black tea polyphenol) and salivary protein to hydroxyapatite (HA) powder were studied by analysing loss of protein or tea stain from solutions mixed with HA or HA pre-treated with the test agents. The effects on desorption of protein and stain from HA were studied by analysis of water or solutions of test agents mixed with HA or HA pre-treated with saliva or tea solution. RESULTS At concentrations and pH representative of those likely to occur in the mouth, STP inhibited adsorption of salivary protein and black tea polyphenol to, and desorbed these substances from, HA surfaces. Adsorption and desorption of protein and stain were not influenced by pH of the STP solutions but adsorption varied with concentration. STP showed equivalent effectiveness with respect to salivary protein adsorption and desorption as a longer-chain condensed phosphate. The inhibitory activity of HA-bound STP on adsorption of salivary protein and stain resisted extensive washing. CONCLUSIONS STP is likely to be an effective agent for inhibiting and removing dental stain, whether bound directly to mineralised surfaces or indirectly via salivary pellicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Shellis
- Division of Restorative Dentistry, University of Bristol Dental School, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK.
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Sulieman M, Addy M, Rees JS. Development and evaluation of a method in vitro to study the effectiveness of tooth bleaching. J Dent 2003; 31:415-22. [PMID: 12878024 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-5712(03)00069-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To develop and evaluate a reproducible intrinsic discolouration model in vitro, based on tea, which would allow the effectiveness of bleaching to be evaluated. METHOD The crown portions of extracted human third molars were sectioned bucco-lingually in half. Colour assessments were made at baseline, post staining and post whitening using a standard clinical shade guide (SG), a shade vision clinical colorimeter system (SVS) and a reflectance chromometer. Internal staining employed a standard tea solution into which groups of five specimens were placed from 1 to 6 days. All assessments demonstrated maximum staining within one day. Groups of stained specimens were exposed to 1. Water (placebo control) 2. Enamel polished 3. Enamel polished and bleached through enamel 4. Bleached through enamel 5. Bleached through dentine 6. Bleached through enamel and dentine 7. Exposed to the bleach vehicle (minus active control). Control and bleach gel treatments were for 30 min. Comparisons of treatment effects were made using unpaired t-test on groups selected a priori for analysis. RESULTS SG and SVS revealed that control and polish treatments had no or little effect respectively on tooth shade but all bleach treatments produced marked and statistically significant whitening effects and to a similar magnitude. Bleaching treatments returned the majority of specimens to the original shade or beyond representing a SG mean change of 13.8-15 shade guide units (SGU). Chromometer readings were consistent except that polishing alone increased tooth lightness slightly. CONCLUSIONS Teeth were reproducibly stained internally, to provide a model in vitro by which to evaluate bleaching. The model, could be used to study many aspects of vital tooth bleaching, but has the limitation, without in vivo or in situ data, of cautiously extrapolating the effects in vitro to outcome clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sulieman
- Department of Oral and Dental Science, University of Bristol Dental School, Lower Maudlin Street, BS1 2LY, Bristol, UK
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Amaechi BT, Higham SM. Quantitative light-induced fluorescence: a potential tool for general dental assessment. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2002; 7:7-13. [PMID: 11818006 DOI: 10.1117/1.1427044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2001] [Revised: 07/20/2001] [Accepted: 08/16/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Current dental diagnostic methods can detect caries but cannot quantify the mineral status of a lesion. Quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) measures the percentage of fluorescence change of demineralized enamel with respect to surrounding sound enamel, and relates it directly to the amount of mineral lost during demineralization. Development of caries-like lesions and subsequent remineralization of the lesions were monitored by QLF. The results showed that the percentage of fluorescence change (Delta Q) increased linearly with the demineralization time and decreased with increased remineralization time. Stained teeth were whitened with a bleaching agent and the change in stain intensity (Delta E) was quantified using QLF. The results showed that Delta E decreased linearly as the tooth regained its natural color. Factors that might affect the use of QLF to detect and quantify caries were also examined. It was concluded that QLF could be used to detect and longitudinally monitor the progression or remineralization of incipient caries, however lesion detection may be limited by the presence of saliva or plaque and enhanced by staining. The change in shade of discolored teeth by whitening agents could be quantitatively measured by QLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennett T Amaechi
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Department of Community Dentistry, Cariology Group, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA.
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Pretty IA, Edgar WM, Higham SM. The use of QLF to quantify in vitro whitening in a product testing model. Br Dent J 2001; 191:566-9. [PMID: 11767858 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4801235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Professional and consumer interest in whitening products continues to increase against a background of both increased oral health awareness and demand for cosmetic procedures. In the current legal climate, few dentists are providing 'in-office' whitening treatments, and thus many patients turn to home-use products. The most common of these are the whitening toothpastes. Researchers are keen to quantify the effectiveness of such products through clinically relevant trials. AIM Previous studies examining whitening products have employed a variety of stained substrates to monitor stain removal. This study aimed to quantify the removal of stain from human enamel using a new device, quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF). The experimental design follows that of a product-testing model. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 11 previously extracted molar teeth were coated with transparent nail varnish leaving an exposed window of enamel. The sound, exposed enamel was subject to a staining regime of human saliva, chlorhexidine and tea. Each of the eleven teeth was subjected to serial exposures of a positive control (Bocasan), a negative control (water) and a test product (Yotuel toothpaste). Following each two-minute exposure QLF images of the teeth were taken (a total of 5 applications). Following completion of one test solution, the teeth were cleaned, re-stained and the procedure repeated with the next solution. QLF images were stored on a PC and analysed by a blinded single examiner. The deltaQ value at 5% threshold was reported. ANOVA and paired t-tests were used to analyse the data. RESULTS The study confirmed the ability of QLF to longitudinally quantify stain reduction from human enamel. The reliability of the technique in relation to positive and negative test controls was proven. The positive control had a significantly (alpha = 0.05) higher stain removal efficacy than water (p = 0.023) and Yotuel (p = 0.046). Yotuel was more effective than water (p = 0.023). CONCLUSION The research community, the practicing clinician and the consumer all require sound product evaluation data. The use of human enamel specimens may offer more relevant clinical data. QLF has been designed as an in vivo device. Further development of the technique should permit in vivo clinical whitening trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Pretty
- The University of Liverpool, Department of Clinical Dental Sciences.
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In vitro chemical stain removal by 'whitening' toothpastes. Br Dent J 2000. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4800553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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