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Low KP, Bhuvaneswari R, Thong PS, Bunte RM, Soo KC. Novel delivery of Chlorin e6 using anti-EGFR antibody tagged virosomes for fluorescence diagnosis of oral cancer in a hamster cheek pouch model. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 83:143-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Saavedra R, Rocha LB, Dąbrowski JM, Arnaut LG. Modulation of Biodistribution, Pharmacokinetics, and Photosensitivity with the Delivery Vehicle of a Bacteriochlorin Photosensitizer for Photodynamic Therapy. ChemMedChem 2013; 9:390-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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de Visscher SAHJ, Witjes MJH, van der Vegt B, de Bruijn HS, van der Ploeg-van den Heuvel A, Amelink A, Sterenborg HJCM, Roodenburg JLN, Robinson DJ. Localization of liposomal mTHPC formulations within normal epithelium, dysplastic tissue, and carcinoma of oral epithelium in the 4NQO-carcinogenesis rat model. Lasers Surg Med 2013; 45:668-78. [PMID: 24174342 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Foslip and Fospeg are liposomal formulations of the photosensitizer mTHPC (Foscan), which is used for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of malignancies. Literature suggests that liposomal mTHPC formulations have better properties and increased tumor uptake compared to Foscan. To investigate this, we used the 4NQO-induced carcinogen model to compare the localization of the different mTHPC formulations within normal, precancerous, and cancerous tissue. In contrast to xenograft models, the 4NQO model closely mimics the carcinogenesis of human oral dysplasia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-four rats drank water with the carcinogen 4NQO. When oral examination revealed tumor, the rats received 0.15 mg/kg mTHPC (Foscan, Foslip, or Fospeg). At 2, 4, 8, 24, 48, or 96 hours after injection the rats were sacrificed. Oral tissue was sectioned for HE slides and for fluorescence confocal microscopy. The HE slides were scored on the severity of dysplasia by the epithelial atypia index (EAI). The calibrated fluorescence intensity per formulation or time point was correlated to EAI. RESULTS Fospeg showed higher mTHPC fluorescence in normal and tumor tissue compared to both Foscan and Foslip. Significant differences in fluorescence between tumor and normal tissue were found for all formulations. However, at 4, 8, and 24 hours only Fospeg showed a significant difference. The Pearson's correlation between EAI and mTHPC fluorescence proved weak for all formulations. CONCLUSION In our induced carcinogenesis model, Fospeg exhibited a tendency for higher fluorescence in normal and tumor tissue compared to Foslip and Foscan. In contrast to Foscan and Foslip, Fospeg showed significantly higher fluorescence in tumor versus normal tissue at earlier time points, suggesting a possible clinical benefit compared to Foscan. Low correlation between grade of dysplasia and mTHPC fluorescence was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan A H J de Visscher
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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Parihar A, Dube A, Gupta PK. Photodynamic treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma in hamster cheek pouch model using chlorin p6-histamine conjugate. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2013; 10:79-86. [PMID: 23465376 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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de Visscher SAHJ, Witjes MJH, Kascáková S, Sterenborg HJCM, Robinson DJ, Roodenburg JLN, Amelink A. In vivo quantification of photosensitizer concentration using fluorescence differential path-length spectroscopy: influence of photosensitizer formulation and tissue location. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:067001. [PMID: 22734779 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.6.067001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In vivo measurement of photosensitizer concentrations may optimize clinical photodynamic therapy (PDT). Fluorescence differential path-length spectroscopy (FDPS) is a non-invasive optical technique that has been shown to accurately quantify the concentration of Foscan® in rat liver. As a next step towards clinical translation, the effect of two liposomal formulations of mTHPC, Fospeg® and Foslip®, on FDPS response was investigated. Furthermore, FDPS was evaluated in target organs for head-and-neck PDT. Fifty-four healthy rats were intravenously injected with one of the three formulations of mTHPC at 0.15 mg kg(-1). FDPS was performed on liver, tongue, and lip. The mTHPC concentrations estimated using FDPS were correlated with the results of the subsequent harvested and chemically extracted organs. An excellent goodness of fit (R(2)) between FDPS and extraction was found for all formulations in the liver (R(2)=0.79). A much lower R(2) between FDPS and extraction was found in lip (R(2)=0.46) and tongue (R(2)=0.10). The lower performance in lip and in particular tongue was mainly attributed to the more layered anatomical structure, which influences scattering properties and photosensitizer distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan A H J de Visscher
- University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Oncology, The Netherlands.
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Bovis MJ, Woodhams JH, Loizidou M, Scheglmann D, Bown SG, Macrobert AJ. Improved in vivo delivery of m-THPC via pegylated liposomes for use in photodynamic therapy. J Control Release 2011; 157:196-205. [PMID: 21982898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Pegylated liposomal nanocarriers have been developed with the aim of achieving improved uptake of the clinical PDT photosensitiser, m-THPC, into target tissues through increased circulation time and bioavailability. This study investigates the biodistribution and PDT efficacy of m-THPC in its standard formulation (Foscan®) compared to m-THPC incorporated in liposomes with different degrees of pegylation (FosPEG 2% and FosPEG 8%), following i.v. administration to normal and tumour bearing rats. The plasma pharmacokinetics were described using a three compartmental analysis and gave elimination half lives of 90 h, 99 h and 138 h for Foscan®, FosPEG 2% and 8% respectively. The accumulation of m-THPC in tumour and normal tissues, including skin, showed that maximal tumour to skin ratios were observed at ≤ 24 h with FosPEG 2% and 8%, whilst skin photosensitivity studies showed Foscan® induces more damage compared to the liposomes at drug-light intervals of 96 and 168 h. PDT treatment at 24h post-administration (0.05 mg kg⁻¹) showed higher tumour necrosis using pegylated liposomal formulations in comparison to Foscan®, which is attributed to the higher tumour uptake and blood plasma concentrations. Clinically, this improved selectivity has the potential to reduce not only normal tissue damage, but the drug dose required and cutaneous photosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Bovis
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, National Medical Laser Centre, University College London, London, UK.
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Senge MO, Brandt JC. Temoporfin (Foscan®, 5,10,15,20-tetra(m-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin)--a second-generation photosensitizer. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 87:1240-96. [PMID: 21848905 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.00986.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review traces the development and study of the second-generation photosensitizer 5,10,15,20-tetra(m-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin through to its acceptance and clinical use in modern photodynamic (cancer) therapy. The literature has been covered up to early 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias O Senge
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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Shirmanova M, Zagaynova E, Sirotkina M, Snopova L, Balalaeva I, Krutova I, Lekanova N, Turchin I, Orlova A, Kleshnin M. In vivo study of photosensitizer pharmacokinetics by fluorescence transillumination imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2010; 15:048004. [PMID: 20799847 DOI: 10.1117/1.3478310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of in vivo investigation of the pharmacokinetics of photosensitizers by means of fluorescence transillumination imaging is demonstrated. An animal is scanned in the transilluminative configuration by a single source and detector pair. Transillumination is chosen as an alternative approach to reflection imaging. In comparison with the traditional back-reflection technique, transillumination is preferable for photosensitizer detection due to its higher sensitivity to deep-seated fluorophores. The experiments are performed on transplantable mouse cervical carcinomas using three drugs: photosens, alasens, and fotoditazin. For quantitative evaluation of the photosensitizer concentration in tumor tissue the fluorescence signal is calibrated using tissue phantoms. We show that the kinetics of photosensitizer tumor uptake obtained by transillumination imaging in vivo agree with data of standard ex vivo methods. The described approach enables rapid and cost-effective study of newly developed photosensitizers in small animals.
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Glanzmann TM, Zellweger MP, Borle F, Conde R, Radu A, Ballini JP, Jaquet Y, Pilloud R, van den Bergh H, Monnier P, Andrejevic-Blant S, Wagnières GA. Assessment of a sheep animal model to optimise photodynamic therapy in the oesophagus. Lasers Surg Med 2009; 41:643-52. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.20844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Photodynamic therapy with meta-tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin (Foscan®) in the management of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: experience with 35 patients. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2009; 266:1937-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-009-0947-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Betz CS, Rauschning W, Stranadko EP, Riabov MV, Albrecht V, Nifantiev NE, Hopper C. Optimization of treatment parameters for Foscan®‐PDT of basal cell carcinomas. Lasers Surg Med 2008; 40:300-11. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.20632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Triesscheijn M, Ruevekamp M, Out R, Van Berkel TJC, Schellens J, Baas P, Stewart FA. The pharmacokinetic behavior of the photosensitizer meso-tetra-hydroxyphenyl-chlorin in mice and men. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2006; 60:113-22. [PMID: 17009028 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-006-0356-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Meso-tetra-hydroxyphenyl-chlorin (mTHPC) is a hydrophobic photosensitizer that binds to plasma lipoproteins after intravenous injection. In vitro experiments with human plasma have shown that mTHPC initially binds to an unknown protein and subsequently redistributes to lipoprotein fractions. It has been suggested that this might explain the unusual pharmacokinetic profile of mTHPC humans. In humans, unlike in rodents, reappearance of mTHPC has been reported, resulting in a second plasma peak after intravenous injection. However, previous studies analyzed only limited time points during the first 24 h after injection. Our aim was to determine the pharmacokinetics of mTHPC in detail, and to investigate whether the pharmacokinetic behavior of the drug is affected by binding of mTHPC to lipoproteins in vivo. METHODS Plasma of cancer patients and mice, intravenously injected with mTHPC, was analyzed for total drug content and drug distribution over the lipoprotein fractions. RESULTS Pharmacokinetic profiles of mTHPC in a group of human subjects showed that apparent steady state drug levels were maintained for at least 10 h. Closer examination of individual profiles showed that the initial (5 min) plasma drug levels were on average 86% of the maximal plasma concentration, which occurred at about 5 h after injection. In mice, however, plasma pharmacokinetics were described by a standard bi-exponential decline of the drug concentration. The majority (>58%) of mTHPC injected into both BALB/c nude mice and patients initially bound to the HDL plasma fraction. We extended our study to ApoE -/- mice, with highly elevated lipoprotein levels, and SR-BI -/- mice, which are lacking the main clearance pathway for HDL associated cholesteryl esters, to take into account the differences between lipoprotein levels and clearance in mice and man. Although mTHPC distribution over the lipoproteins changed in these mice, pharmacokinetic profiles of mTHPC remained the same. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that neither lipoprotein levels nor cholesterol metabolism affects the pharmacokinetics of mTHPC in plasma.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Apolipoproteins E/genetics
- Area Under Curve
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/blood
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/blood
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Half-Life
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/blood
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/pathology
- Humans
- Injections, Intravenous
- Lipoproteins/analysis
- Lipoproteins/blood
- Lipoproteins, HDL/blood
- Lipoproteins, VLDL/blood
- Mesoporphyrins/blood
- Mesoporphyrins/pharmacokinetics
- Mesoporphyrins/therapeutic use
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Neoplasms/blood
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Photochemotherapy/methods
- Photosensitizing Agents/administration & dosage
- Photosensitizing Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Photosensitizing Agents/therapeutic use
- Scavenger Receptors, Class B/genetics
- Species Specificity
- Tissue Distribution
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Triesscheijn
- Division of Experimental Therapy, The Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Mitra S, Maugain E, Bolotine L, Guillemin F, Foster TH. Temporally and Spatially Heterogeneous Distribution of mTHPC in a Murine Tumor Observed by Two-color Confocal Fluorescence Imaging and Spectroscopy in a Whole-mount Model. Photochem Photobiol 2005; 81:1123-30. [PMID: 15971933 DOI: 10.1562/2005-03-24-ra-471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Efficient intratumor delivery of anticancer drugs and photosensitizers is an important factor in the success of chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy, respectively. Unfortunately, their adequate and uniform intratumor distribution is impeded by several physiological barriers and by binding to tissue components. Measurement of gross tumor drug accumulation is a routine method of investigating the uptake and clearance of chemotherapy agents and photosensitizers but tells little about their extravascular spatial distribution. We use whole-mount two-color confocal fluorescence imaging and imaging spectroscopy of unprocessed excised murine tumor fragments to investigate the intratumor distribution of the photosensitizer meso-tetrahydroxyphenyl chlorin (mTHPC) as a function of distance from blood vessels perfused with 0.2 mum diameter fluorescent microspheres. Significant mismatches between drug and perfused vasculature are caused by heterogeneities in tumor blood supply. We describe complex microscopic mTHPC gradients that reverse dramatically relative to the perfused vasculature with time after injection. This imaging technique can be applied to screen the dynamic intratumor distribution of other fluorescent photosensitizers and anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Mitra
- Department of Radiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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Photodynamic therapy and photodiagnosis for Barrett's oesophagus and early oesophageal carcinoma. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2004; 1:319-34. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-1000(05)00009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2004] [Revised: 02/07/2005] [Accepted: 02/07/2005] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Jones HJ, Vernon DI, Brown SB. Photodynamic therapy effect of m-THPC (Foscan) in vivo: correlation with pharmacokinetics. Br J Cancer 2003; 89:398-404. [PMID: 12865935 PMCID: PMC2394256 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2003] [Revised: 04/30/2003] [Accepted: 05/02/2003] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
m-Tetra(hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (m-THPC, Foscan, Temoporfin) has an unusually high photodynamic efficacy which cannot be explained by its photochemical properties alone. In vivo interactions are therefore of critical importance in determining this high potency. The pharmacokinetics of m-THPC in a rat tumour model was determined using (14)C m-THPC in an LSBD(1) fibrosarcoma implanted into BDIX rats. The photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficacy was determined at different drug administrations to light intervals and correlated with the tumour and plasma pharmacokinetic data. The plasma pharmacokinetics of m-THPC can be interpreted by compartmental analysis as having three half-lives of 0.46, 6.91 and 82.5 h, with a small initial volume of distribution, suggesting retention in the vascular compartment. Tissues of the reticuloendothelial system showed high accumulation of m-THPC, particularly the liver. PDT efficacy of m-THPC over the same time course seemed to exhibit two peaks of activity (2 and 24 h), in terms of tumour growth delay with the peak at 24 h postinjection correlating to the maximum tumour concentration. Investigation on tumour cells isolated from m-THPC-treated tumours suggested that the peak PDT activity at 2 h represents an effect on the vasculature while the peak at 24 h shows a more direct response. These results indicate that the in vivo PDT effect of m-THPC occurs via several mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Jones
- DI Vernon School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre for Photobiology and Photodynamic Therapy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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