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Zhang ZH, Guo JT, Xie Y, Sun SY. Essential role of postoperative follow-up in the management of clear cell sarcoma. World J Clin Cases 2024; 12:5299-5303. [DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v12.i23.5299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Clear cell sarcoma (CCS) is a rare melanocytic soft tissue sarcoma known for its propensity to metastasize to the lymph nodes and typically has an unfavorable prognosis. Currently, surgical resection is the primary treatment for localized CCS, while radiotherapy and chemotherapy are preferred for metastatic cases. The roles of adjuvant chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and lymph node dissection are controversial. Although immunotherapy has emerged as a promising avenue in CCS treatment research, there are no established clinical standards for postoperative follow-up. This editorial discusses a recent article by Liu et al, with a focus on current diagnostic modalities, treatment approaches, and the challenging prognosis associated with CCS. Our aim is to underscore the importance of long-term patient follow-up in CCS management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Han Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jin-Tao Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Minimally Invasive Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Techniques, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ying Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Si-Yu Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Minimally Invasive Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Techniques, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
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2
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Kucinski JP, Calderon D, Kendall GC. Biological and therapeutic insights from animal modeling of fusion-driven pediatric soft tissue sarcomas. Dis Model Mech 2024; 17:dmm050704. [PMID: 38916046 PMCID: PMC11225592 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Survival for children with cancer has primarily improved over the past decades due to refinements in surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. Although these general therapies are sometimes curative, the cancer often recurs, resulting in poor outcomes for patients. Fusion-driven pediatric soft tissue sarcomas are genetically defined by chromosomal translocations that create a chimeric oncogene. This distinctive, almost 'monogenic', genetic feature supports the generation of animal models to study the respective diseases in vivo. This Review focuses on a subset of fusion-driven pediatric soft tissue sarcomas that have transgenic animal tumor models, which includes fusion-positive and infantile rhabdomyosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, undifferentiated small round cell sarcoma, alveolar soft part sarcoma and clear cell sarcoma. Studies using the animal models of these sarcomas have highlighted that pediatric cancers require a specific cellular state or developmental stage to drive tumorigenesis, as the fusion oncogenes cause different outcomes depending on their lineage and timing of expression. Therefore, understanding these context-specific activities could identify targetable activities and mechanisms critical for tumorigenesis. Broadly, these cancers show dependencies on chromatin regulators to support oncogenic gene expression and co-opting of developmental pathways. Comparative analyses across lineages and tumor models will further provide biological and therapeutic insights to improve outcomes for these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack P. Kucinski
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43215, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology PhD Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Delia Calderon
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43215, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology PhD Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Genevieve C. Kendall
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43215, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology PhD Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43215, USA
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3
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Fischer GM, Papke DJ. Gene fusions in superficial mesenchymal neoplasms: Emerging entities and useful diagnostic adjuncts. Semin Diagn Pathol 2023:S0740-2570(23)00046-1. [PMID: 37156707 DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2023.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous mesenchymal neoplasms are diagnostically challenging because of their overlapping morphology, and, often, the limited tissue in skin biopsy specimens. Molecular and cytogenetic techniques have identified characteristic gene fusions in many of these tumor types, findings that have expanded our understanding of disease pathogenesis and motivated development of useful ancillary diagnostic tools. Here, we provide an update of new findings in tumor types that can occur in the skin and superficial subcutis, including dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, benign fibrous histiocytoma, epithelioid fibrous histiocytoma, angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma, glomus tumor, myopericytoma/myofibroma, non-neural granular cell tumor, CIC-rearranged sarcoma, hybrid schwannoma/perineurioma, and clear cell sarcoma. We also discuss recently described and emerging tumor types that can occur in superficial locations and that harbor gene fusions, including nested glomoid neoplasm with GLI1 alterations, clear cell tumor with melanocytic differentiation and ACTIN::MITF translocation, melanocytic tumor with CRTC1::TRIM11 fusion, EWSR1::SMAD3-rearranged fibroblastic tumor, PLAG1-rearranged fibroblastic tumor, and superficial ALK-rearranged myxoid spindle cell neoplasm. When possible, we discuss how fusion events mediate the pathogenesis of these tumor types, and we also discuss the related diagnostic and therapeutic implications of these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant M Fischer
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - David J Papke
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America.
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4
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Panza E, Ozenberger BB, Straessler KM, Barrott JJ, Li L, Wang Y, Xie M, Boulet A, Titen SW, Mason CC, Lazar AJ, Ding L, Capecchi MR, Jones KB. The clear cell sarcoma functional genomic landscape. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e146301. [PMID: 34156976 DOI: 10.1172/jci146301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell sarcoma (CCS) is a deadly malignancy affecting adolescents and young adults. It is characterized by reciprocal translocations resulting in expression of the chimeric EWSR1-ATF1 or EWSR1-CREB1 fusion proteins, driving sarcomagenesis. Besides these characteristics, CCS has remained genomically uncharacterized. Copy number analysis of human CCSs showed frequent amplifications of the MITF locus and chromosomes 7 and 8. Few alterations were shared with Ewing sarcoma or desmoplastic, small round cell tumors, which are other EWSR1-rearranged tumors. Exome sequencing in mouse tumors generated by expression of EWSR1-ATF1 from the Rosa26 locus demonstrated no other repeated pathogenic variants. Additionally, we generated a new CCS mouse by Cre-loxP-induced chromosomal translocation between Ewsr1 and Atf1, resulting in copy number loss of chromosome 6 and chromosome 15 instability, including amplification of a portion syntenic to human chromosome 8, surrounding Myc. Additional experiments in the Rosa26 conditional model demonstrated that Mitf or Myc can contribute to sarcomagenesis. Copy number observations in human tumors and genetic experiments in mice rendered, for the first time to our knowledge, a functional landscape of the CCS genome. These data advance efforts to understand the biology of CCS using innovative models that will eventually allow us to validate preclinical therapies necessary to achieve longer and better survival for young patients with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Panza
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Benjamin B Ozenberger
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Krystal M Straessler
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Departments of Orthopaedics and Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Jared J Barrott
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Li Li
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Yanliang Wang
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Mingchao Xie
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, McDonnell Genome Institute, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Anne Boulet
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Simon Wa Titen
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Clinton C Mason
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Alexander J Lazar
- Departments of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Li Ding
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, McDonnell Genome Institute, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Mario R Capecchi
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Kevin B Jones
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Atypical clear cell sarcoma of the pleura presenting as large pleural effusion with 22q12 abnormality: A challenging case with twists and turns. HUMAN PATHOLOGY: CASE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ehpc.2021.200489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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6
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Clanchy FIL. Rationale for Early Detection of EWSR1 Translocation-Associated Sarcoma Biomarkers in Liquid Biopsy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:824. [PMID: 33669307 PMCID: PMC7920076 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcomas are mesenchymal tumours that often arise and develop as a result of chromosomal translocations, and for several forms of sarcoma the EWSR1 gene is a frequent translocation partner. Sarcomas are a rare form of malignancy, which arguably have a proportionally greater societal burden that their prevalence would suggest, as they are more common in young people, with survivors prone to lifelong disability. For most forms of sarcoma, histological diagnosis is confirmed by molecular techniques such as FISH or RT-PCR. Surveillance after surgical excision, or ablation by radiation or chemotherapy, has remained relatively unchanged for decades, but recent developments in molecular biology have accelerated the progress towards routine analysis of liquid biopsies of peripheral blood. The potential to detect evidence of residual disease or metastasis in the blood has been demonstrated by several groups but remains unrealized as a routine diagnostic for relapse during remission, for disease monitoring during treatment, and for the detection of occult, residual disease at the end of therapy. An update is provided on research relevant to the improvement of the early detection of relapse in sarcomas with EWSR1-associated translocations, in the contexts of biology, diagnosis, and liquid biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix I. L. Clanchy
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK;
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
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7
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Abstract
Among the various genes that can be rearranged in soft tissue neoplasms associated with nonrandom chromosomal translocations, EWSR1 is the most frequent one to partner with other genes to generate recurrent fusion genes. This leads to a spectrum of clinically and pathologically diverse mesenchymal and nonmesenchymal neoplasms, variably manifesting as small round cell, spindle cell, clear cell or adipocytic tumors, or tumors with distinctive myxoid stroma. This review summarizes the growing list of mesenchymal neoplasms that are associated with EWSR1 gene rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khin Thway
- Sarcoma Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, 203 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JJ, UK.
| | - Cyril Fisher
- Department of Musculoskeletal Pathology, Royal Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Robert Aitken Institute for Clinical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Abstract
In this review, Goding and Arnheiter present the current understanding of MITF's role and regulation in development and disease and highlight key areas where our knowledge of MITF regulation and function is limited. All transcription factors are equal, but some are more equal than others. In the 25 yr since the gene encoding the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) was first isolated, MITF has emerged as a key coordinator of many aspects of melanocyte and melanoma biology. Like all transcription factors, MITF binds to specific DNA sequences and up-regulates or down-regulates its target genes. What marks MITF as being remarkable among its peers is the sheer range of biological processes that it appears to coordinate. These include cell survival, differentiation, proliferation, invasion, senescence, metabolism, and DNA damage repair. In this article we present our current understanding of MITF's role and regulation in development and disease, as well as those of the MITF-related factors TFEB and TFE3, and highlight key areas where our knowledge of MITF regulation and function is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin R Goding
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Heinz Arnheiter
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Heath, Bethesda, Maryland 20824, USA
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Ibrahim RM, Steenstrup Jensen S, Juel J. Clear cell sarcoma-A review. J Orthop 2018; 15:963-966. [PMID: 30210202 PMCID: PMC6134154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jor.2018.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clear cell sarcoma (CCS) previously known as malignant melanoma (MM) of the soft tissue, although, similar in morphology to MM, contemporary histopathologic and cytogenetic techniques have made this diagnosis obsolete, as it is now possible to distinguish between CCS and MM. CCS is often diagnosed in young adults with median age of 25 years. Overall mortality is generally poor, and the 5-year survival is between 40 and 60%. Hence, early diagnosis and radical surgery are key in the treatment of this extremely rare malignancy of the soft tissue comprising only about 1% of all sarcomas. This article present an overview of this rare malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Mossad Ibrahim
- Department Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Signe Steenstrup Jensen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jacob Juel
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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10
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Reevaluation of MAML2 fusion–negative mucoepidermoid carcinoma: a subgroup being actually hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma of the salivary gland with EWSR1 translocation. Hum Pathol 2017; 61:9-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2016.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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Chen L, Guo W, Ren L, Yang M, Zhao Y, Guo Z, Yi H, Li M, Hu Y, Long X, Sun B, Li J, Zhai S, Zhang T, Tian S, Meng Q, Yu N, Zhu D, Tang G, Tang Q, Ren L, Liu K, Zhang S, Che T, Yu Z, Wu N, Jing L, Zhang R, Cong T, Chen S, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Bai X, Guo Y, Zhao L, Zhang F, Zhao H, Zhang L, Hou Z, Zhao J, Li J, Zhang L, Sun W, Zou X, Wang T, Ge L, Liu Z, Hu X, Wang J, Yang S, Li N. A de novo silencer causes elimination of MITF-M expression and profound hearing loss in pigs. BMC Biol 2016; 14:52. [PMID: 27349893 PMCID: PMC4922063 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-016-0273-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genesis of novel gene regulatory modules is largely responsible for morphological and functional evolution. De novo generation of novel cis-regulatory elements (CREs) is much rarer than genomic events that alter existing CREs such as transposition, promoter switching or co-option. Only one case of de novo generation has been reported to date, in fish and without involvement of phenotype alteration. Yet, this event likely occurs in other animals and helps drive genetic/phenotypic variation. Results Using a porcine model of spontaneous hearing loss not previously characterized we performed gene mapping and mutation screening to determine the genetic foundation of the phenotype. We identified a mutation in the non-regulatory region of the melanocyte-specific promoter of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) gene that generated a novel silencer. The consequent elimination of expression of the MITF-M isoform led to early degeneration of the intermediate cells of the cochlear stria vascularis and profound hearing loss, as well as depigmentation, all of which resemble the typical phenotype of Waardenburg syndrome in humans. The mutation exclusively affected MITF-M and no other isoforms. The essential function of Mitf-m in hearing development was further validated using a knock-out mouse model. Conclusions Elimination of the MITF-M isoform alone is sufficient to cause deafness and depigmentation. To our knowledge, this study provides the first evidence of a de novo CRE in mammals that produces a systemic functional effect. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-016-0273-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.,Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences (Ministry of Agriculture), Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Weiwei Guo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Lili Ren
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Mingyao Yang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, China
| | - Yaofeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zongyi Guo
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences (Ministry of Agriculture), Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Haijin Yi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Mingzhou Li
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, China
| | - Yiqing Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xi Long
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences (Ministry of Agriculture), Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Boyuan Sun
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, China
| | - Jinxiu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Suoqiang Zhai
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Tinghuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences (Ministry of Agriculture), Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Shilin Tian
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, China
| | - Qingyong Meng
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ning Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences (Ministry of Agriculture), Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Guoqing Tang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, China
| | - Qianzi Tang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, China
| | - Liming Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Shihua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences (Ministry of Agriculture), Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Tiandong Che
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, China
| | - Zhengquan Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Lan Jing
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences (Ministry of Agriculture), Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tao Cong
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Siqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences (Ministry of Agriculture), Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Yiqiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xiaoqing Bai
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences (Ministry of Agriculture), Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Ying Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lidong Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Fengming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences (Ministry of Agriculture), Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences (Ministry of Agriculture), Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Zhaohui Hou
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Jiugang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences (Ministry of Agriculture), Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Jianan Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences (Ministry of Agriculture), Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Communicative Disorders and Sciences, Center for Hearing and Deafness, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Xiangang Zou
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences (Ministry of Agriculture), Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences (Ministry of Agriculture), Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Liangpeng Ge
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences (Ministry of Agriculture), Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Zuohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences (Ministry of Agriculture), Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jingyong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences (Ministry of Agriculture), Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing, 402460, China.
| | - Shiming Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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DiVito KA, Trabosh VA, Chen YS, Simbulan-Rosenthal CM, Rosenthal DS. Inhibitor of differentiation-4 (Id4) stimulates pigmentation in melanoma leading to histiocyte infiltration. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:101-7. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A. DiVito
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Georgetown University School of Medicine; Washington DC USA
| | - Valerie A. Trabosh
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Georgetown University School of Medicine; Washington DC USA
| | - You-Shin Chen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Georgetown University School of Medicine; Washington DC USA
| | | | - Dean S. Rosenthal
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Georgetown University School of Medicine; Washington DC USA
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13
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Rosner K, Adsule S, Haynes B, Kirou E, Kato I, Mehregan DR, Shekhar MPV. Rad6 is a Potential Early Marker of Melanoma Development. Transl Oncol 2014; 7:S1936-5233(14)00044-8. [PMID: 24831578 PMCID: PMC4145396 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the leading cause of death from skin cancer in industrialized countries. Several melanoma-related biomarkers and signaling pathways have been identified; however, their relevance to melanoma development/progression or to clinical outcome remains to be established. Aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway is implicated in various cancers including melanoma. We have previously demonstrated Rad6, an ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, as an important mediator of β-catenin stability in breast cancer cells. Similar to breast cancer, β-catenin-activating mutations are rare in melanomas, and since β-catenin signaling is implicated in melanoma, we examined the relationship between β-catenin levels/activity and expression of β-catenin transcriptional targets Rad6 and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor-M (Mitf-M) in melanoma cell models, and expression of Rad6, β-catenin, and Melan-A in nevi and cutaneous melanoma tissue specimens. Our data show that Rad6 is only weakly expressed in normal human melanocytes but is overexpressed in melanoma lines. Unlike Mitf-M, Rad6 overexpression in melanoma lines is positively associated with high molecular weight β-catenin protein levels and β-catenin transcriptional activity. Double-immunofluorescence staining of Rad6 and Melan-A in melanoma tissue microarray showed that histological diagnosis of melanoma is significantly associated with Rad6/Melan-A dual positivity in the melanoma group compared to the nevi group (P=.0029). In contrast to strong β-catenin expression in normal and tumor areas of superficial spreading malignant melanoma (SSMM), Rad6 expression is undetectable in normal areas and Rad6 expression increases coincide with increased Melan-A in the transformed regions of SSMM. These data suggest a role for Rad6 in melanoma pathogenesis and that Rad6 expression status may serve as an early marker for melanoma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karli Rosner
- Department of Dermatology, Wayne State University, 110, East Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201; Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, 110, East Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201; Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, 110, East Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201.
| | - Shreelekha Adsule
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, 110, East Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Brittany Haynes
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, 110, East Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201; Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, 110, East Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Evangelia Kirou
- Department of Dermatology, Wayne State University, 110, East Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Ikuko Kato
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, 110, East Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201; Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, 110, East Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Darius R Mehregan
- Department of Dermatology, Wayne State University, 110, East Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Malathy P V Shekhar
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, 110, East Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201; Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, 110, East Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201; Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, 110, East Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201.
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14
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Fisher C. The diversity of soft tissue tumours withEWSR1gene rearrangements: a review. Histopathology 2013; 64:134-50. [DOI: 10.1111/his.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Cheah AL, Goldblum JR, Billings SD. Molecular diagnostics complementing morphology in superficial mesenchymal tumors. Semin Diagn Pathol 2013; 30:95-109. [PMID: 23327733 DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Molecular techniques are increasingly important in the practice of surgical pathology. In soft tissue tumors, there are a number of tumors with recurring cytogenetic abnormalities. Knowledge of these abnormalities has furthered our understanding of these tumors and has also allowed development of molecular techniques to aid in the diagnosis. This review will focus on mesenchymal tumors with specific cytogenetic abnormalities that may present as a superficial tumor of the dermis or subcutis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L Cheah
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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16
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Yamada K, Ohno T, Aoki H, Semi K, Watanabe A, Moritake H, Shiozawa S, Kunisada T, Kobayashi Y, Toguchida J, Shimizu K, Hara A, Yamada Y. EWS/ATF1 expression induces sarcomas from neural crest-derived cells in mice. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:600-10. [PMID: 23281395 DOI: 10.1172/jci63572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell sarcoma (CCS) is an aggressive soft tissue malignant tumor characterized by a unique t(12;22) translocation that leads to the expression of a chimeric EWS/ATF1 fusion gene. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying the involvement of EWS/ATF1 in CCS development. In addition, the cellular origins of CCS have not been determined. Here, we generated EWS/ATF1-inducible mice and examined the effects of EWS/ATF1 expression in adult somatic cells. We found that forced expression of EWS/ATF1 resulted in the development of EWS/ATF1-dependent sarcomas in mice. The histology of EWS/ATF1-induced sarcomas resembled that of CCS, and EWS/ATF1-induced tumor cells expressed CCS markers, including S100, SOX10, and MITF. Lineage-tracing experiments indicated that neural crest-derived cells were subject to EWS/ATF1-driven transformation. EWS/ATF1 directly induced Fos in an ERK-independent manner. Treatment of human and EWS/ATF1-induced CCS tumor cells with FOS-targeted siRNA attenuated proliferation. These findings demonstrated that FOS mediates the growth of EWS/ATF1-associated sarcomas and suggest that FOS is a potential therapeutic target in human CCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunari Yamada
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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17
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The Role of Molecular Testing in the Diagnosis of Cutaneous Soft Tissue Tumors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 31:221-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sder.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Zhao Y, Li KKC, Ng KP, Ng CH, Lee KAW. The RNA Pol II sub-complex hsRpb4/7 is required for viability of multiple human cell lines. Protein Cell 2012; 3:846-54. [PMID: 23073835 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-012-2085-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved RNA Polymerase II Rpb4/7 sub-complex has been thoroughly studied in yeast and impacts gene expression at multiple levels including transcription, mRNA processing and decay. In addition Rpb4/7 exerts differential effects on gene expression in yeast and Rpb4 is not obligatory for yeast (S. cerevisiae) survival. Specialised roles for human (hs) Rpb4/7 have not been extensively described and we have probed this question by depleting hsRpb4/7 in established human cell lines using RNA interference. We find that Rpb4/7 protein levels are inter-dependent and accordingly, the functional effects of depleting either protein are co-incident. hsRpb4/7 exhibits gene-specific effects and cells initially remain viable upon hsRpb4/7 depletion. However prolonged hsRpb4/7 depletion is cytotoxic in the range of cell lines tested. Protracted cell death occurs by an unknown mechanism and in some cases is accompanied by a pronounced elongated cell morphology. In conclusion we provide evidence for a gene-specific role of hsRpb4/7 in human cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Sai Kung, Hong Kong SAR China
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19
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Abstract
EWSR1-CREB1 and EWSR1-ATF1 are gene fusions of which one or both have now been consistently described in 5 histopathologically and behaviorally diverse neoplasms: angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma, conventional clear cell sarcoma (of tendons and aponeuroses), clear cell sarcoma-like tumor of the gastrointestinal tract, hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma of the salivary gland, and primary pulmonary myxoid sarcoma. Some of the tumors in this group have been described only recently, and others have been the subject of recent genetic insights contributing to their characterization. These neoplasms are all rare; yet, the increasing frequency with which EWSR1-CREB1 and EWSR1-ATF1 fusions are being described in separate entities is noteworthy. The additional molecular mechanisms by which tumors with such variable morphologic, immunohistochemical, and clinical phenotypes are generated are yet to be understood. We review the clinicopathologic and molecular features of this group of neoplasms unified by the presence of EWSR1-CREB1 and EWSR1-ATF1 genetic fusions.
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20
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Rossi S, Szuhai K, Ijszenga M, Tanke HJ, Zanatta L, Sciot R, Fletcher CDM, Dei Tos AP, Hogendoorn PCW. EWSR1-CREB1 and EWSR1-ATF1 Fusion Genes in Angiomatoid Fibrous Histiocytoma. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:7322-8. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Hallor KH, Micci F, Meis-Kindblom JM, Kindblom LG, Bacchini P, Mandahl N, Mertens F, Panagopoulos I. Fusion genes in angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma. Cancer Lett 2007; 251:158-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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22
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Antonescu CR, Dal Cin P, Nafa K, Teot LA, Surti U, Fletcher CD, Ladanyi M. EWSR1-CREB1 is the predominant gene fusion in angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2007; 46:1051-60. [PMID: 17724745 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular hallmark of angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma (AFH) is not well defined, with only six cases with specific gene fusions reported to date, consisting of either FUS-ATF1 or EWSR1-ATF1. To address this, we investigated the presence of FUS-ATF1, EWSR1-ATF1, and the highly related EWSR1-CREB1 fusion in a group of nine AFHs. All cases were subjected to RT-PCR for EWSR1-ATF1 and EWSR1-CREB1. FISH for EWSR1 and FUS rearrangements was performed in most cases. Transcriptional profiling was performed in three tumors and their gene expression was compared to five clear cell sarcomas expressing either the EWSR1-ATF1 or EWSR1-CREB1 fusion. By RT-PCR, eight out of nine tumors showed the presence of the EWSR1-CREB1 fusion, while one had an EWSR1-ATF1 transcript. FISH showed evidence of EWSR1 rearrangement in seven out of eight cases. Karyotypic analysis performed in one tumor showed a t(2;22)(q33;q12). High transcript levels were noted for TFE3 in AFH tumors, while overexpression of genes involved in melanogenesis, such as MITF, GP100, and MET was noted in somatic clear cell sarcomas. We report for the first time the presence of EWSR1-CREB1 in AFH, which now appears to be the most frequent gene fusion in this tumor. EWSR1-CREB1 is a novel translocation recently described in clear cell sarcoma of the GI tract. EWSR1-ATF1, identified in some AFH cases, is the most common genetic abnormality in soft tissue clear cell sarcoma. Thus, identical fusions involving ATF1 and CREB1 are found in two distinct sarcomas, which may be able to transform two different types of mesenchymal precursor cells, unlike most other sarcoma gene fusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina R Antonescu
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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23
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Antonescu CR, Nafa K, Segal NH, Dal Cin P, Ladanyi M. EWS-CREB1: a recurrent variant fusion in clear cell sarcoma--association with gastrointestinal location and absence of melanocytic differentiation. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:5356-62. [PMID: 17000668 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-2811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Clear cell sarcoma (CCS) usually arises in the lower extremities of young adults and is typically associated with a t(12;22) translocation resulting in the fusion of EWS (EWSR1) with ATF1, a gene encoding a member of the cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) family of transcription factors. CCS arising in the gastrointestinal tract is rare and its pathologic and molecular features are not well defined. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We report a novel variant fusion of EWS to CREB1, a gene at 2q32 encoding another CREB family member highly related to ATF1, detected in three women with gastrointestinal CCS. All three cases contained an identical EWS-CREB1 fusion transcript that was shown by reverse transcription-PCR. In two of the cases tested, EWS gene rearrangement was also confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization and the EWS-CREB1 genomic junction fragments were isolated by long-range DNA PCR. RESULTS Morphologically, all three tumors lacked melanin pigmentation. By immunohistochemistry, there was a strong and diffuse S100 protein reactivity, whereas all melanocytic markers were negative. Ultrastructurally, two of the cases lacked melanosomes. The melanocyte-specific transcript of MITF was absent in two cases, and only weakly expressed in the third case. The Affymetrix gene expression data available in one case showed lower expression of the melanocytic genes MITF, TYR, and TYRP1, compared with four EWS-ATF1-positive CCSs of non-gastrointestinal origin. CONCLUSIONS EWS-CREB1 may define a novel subset of CCS that occurs preferentially in the gastrointestinal tract and shows little or no melanocytic differentiation. Thus, evidence of melanocytic lineage or differentiation is not a necessary feature of sarcomas with gene fusions involving CREB family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina R Antonescu
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, and Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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24
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Davis IJ, Kim JJ, Ozsolak F, Widlund HR, Rozenblatt-Rosen O, Granter SR, Du J, Fletcher JA, Denny CT, Lessnick SL, Linehan WM, Kung AL, Fisher DE. Oncogenic MITF dysregulation in clear cell sarcoma: defining the MiT family of human cancers. Cancer Cell 2006; 9:473-84. [PMID: 16766266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2006] [Revised: 04/07/2006] [Accepted: 04/25/2006] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Clear cell sarcoma (CCS) harbors a pathognomonic chromosomal translocation fusing the Ewing's sarcoma gene (EWS) to the CREB family transcription factor ATF1 and exhibits melanocytic features. We show that EWS-ATF1 occupies the MITF promoter, mimicking melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) signaling to induce expression of MITF, the melanocytic master transcription factor and an amplified oncogene in melanoma. Knockdown/rescue studies revealed that MITF mediates the requirement of EWS-ATF1 for CCS survival in vitro and in vivo as well as for melanocytic differentiation. Moreover, MITF and TFE3 reciprocally rescue one another in lines derived from CCS or pediatric renal carcinoma. Seemingly unrelated tumors thus employ distinct strategies to oncogenically dysregulate the MiT family, collectively broadening the definition of MiT-associated human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Davis
- Melanoma Program in Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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25
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Hallor KH, Mertens F, Jin Y, Meis-Kindblom JM, Kindblom LG, Behrendtz M, Kalén A, Mandahl N, Panagopoulos I. Fusion of the EWSR1 and ATF1 genes without expression of the MITF-M transcript in angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2005; 44:97-102. [PMID: 15884099 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma (AFH) is a rare soft tissue tumor that usually occurs in children and young adults. Only two cases of AFH with genetic rearrangements have been reported previously; both of these had a FUS-ATF1 fusion gene. We have studied an AFH from a 9-year-old boy whose tumor displayed a t(12;22)(q13;q12) as the sole cytogenetic aberration. FISH,RT-PCR, and sequence analyses revealed an EWSR1-ATF1 fusion gene that has previously been reported in clear cell sarcoma (CCS), a soft tissue sarcoma that is morphologically and clinically distinct from AFH. This study thus has demonstrated that the EWSR1-ATF1 chimera represents a fusion gene that can be associated with different tumor types. Simultaneous expression of the EWSR1-ATF1 and MITF-M transcripts in CCS has led to the proposal that the MITF-M promoter is transactivated by EWSR1-ATF1. The AFH, however, did not express the MITF-M transcript, supporting the theory that MITF-M expression in CCS is a reflection of its cellular origin, rather than a consequence of the presence of an EWSR1-ATF1 fusion protein. Activation of the EWSR1-ATF1 oncogene is probably an early step in the transformation process, but the overall gene expression patterns are likely to vary considerably between AFH and CCS, in keeping with their clinicopathologic differences.
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26
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Abstract
The first mouse microphthalmia transcription factor (Mitf ) mutation was discovered over 60 years ago, and since then over 24 spontaneous and induced mutations have been identified at the locus. Mitf encodes a member of the Myc supergene family of basic helix-loop-helix zipper (bHLH-Zip) transcription factors. Like Myc, Mitf regulates gene expression by binding to DNA as a homodimer or as a heterodimer with another related family member, in the case of Mitf the Tfe3, Tfeb, and Tfec proteins. The study of Mitf has provided many insights into the biology of melanocytes and helped to explain how melanocyte-specific gene expression and signaling is regulated. The human homologue of MITF is mutated in patients with the pigmentary and deafness disorder Waardenburg Syndrome Type 2A (WS2A). The mouse Mitf mutations therefore serve as a model for the study of this human disease. Mutations and/or aberrant expression of several MITF family member genes have also been reported in human cancer, including melanoma (MITF), papillary renal cell carcinoma (TFE3, TFEB), and alveolar soft part sarcoma (TFE3). Genes in the MITF/TFE pathway may therefore also represent valuable therapeutic targets for the treatment of human cancer. Here we review recent developments in the analysis of Mitf function in vivo and in vitro and show how traditional genetics, modern forward genetics and in vitro biochemical analyses have combined to produce an intriguing story on the role and actions of a gene family in a living organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiríkur Steingrímsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
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27
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Heeg-Truesdell E, LaBonne C. A slug, a fox, a pair of sox: transcriptional responses to neural crest inducing signals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 72:124-39. [PMID: 15269887 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest, a cell type found only in vertebrate embryos, gives rise to the structures of the skull and face and most of the peripheral nervous system, as well as other cell types characteristic of vertebrates. These cells are of great clinical significance and a wide variety of congenital defects are due to aberrant neural crest development. Increasing numbers of studies are contributing to our understanding of how this group of cells form and differentiate during normal development. Wnt, FGF, BMP, and Notch-mediated signals all have essential roles in this process, and several of these signals appear to play multiple temporally distinct roles. Changes in the response of neural crest cells to the same signal over time may be mediated, in part, by an ever-changing cocktail of transcription factors expressed within these cells. Neural crest development is thus a complex multistep process, and elucidating the molecular mechanisms that mediate distinct aspects of this process will require that we determine the role of each of these factors alone and in combination. Here, we review some recent advances in our understanding of the signals and downstream transcription factors involved in neural crest cell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Heeg-Truesdell
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Cell Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3500, USA
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28
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Schaefer KL, Brachwitz K, Wai DH, Braun Y, Diallo R, Korsching E, Eisenacher M, Voss R, Van Valen F, Baer C, Selle B, Spahn L, Liao SK, Lee KAW, Hogendoorn PCW, Reifenberger G, Gabbert HE, Poremba C. Expression Profiling of t(12;22) Positive Clear Cell Sarcoma of Soft Tissue Cell Lines Reveals Characteristic Up-Regulation of Potential New Marker Genes Including ERBB3. Cancer Res 2004; 64:3395-405. [PMID: 15150091 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-0809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Clear cell sarcoma of soft tissue (CCSST), also known as malignant melanoma of soft parts, represents a rare lesion of the musculoskeletal system usually affecting adolescents and young adults. CCSST is typified by a chromosomal t(12;22)(q13;q12) translocation resulting in a fusion between the Ewing sarcoma gene (EWSR1) and activating transcription factor 1 (ATF1), of which the activity in nontransformed cells is regulated by cyclic AMP. Our aim was to identify critical differentially expressed genes in CCSST tumor cells in comparison with other solid tumors affecting children and young adults to better understand signaling pathways regulating specific features of the development and progression of this tumor entity. We applied Affymetrix Human Genome U95Av2 oligonucleotide microarrays representing approximately 12,000 genes to generate the expression profiles of the CCSST cell lines GG-62, DTC-1, KAO, MST2, MST3, and Su-CC-S1 in comparison with 8 neuroblastoma, 7 Ewing tumor, and 6 osteosarcoma cell lines. Subsequent hierarchical clustering of microarray data clearly separated all four of the tumor types from each other and identified differentially expressed transcripts, which are characteristically up-regulated in CCSST. Statistical analysis revealed a group of 331 probe sets, representing approximately 300 significant (P < 0.001) differentially regulated genes, which clearly discriminated between the CCSST and other tumor samples. Besides genes that were already known to be highly expressed in CCSST, like S100A11 (S100 protein) or MITF (microphthalmia-associated transcription factor), this group shows an obvious portion of genes that are involved in cyclic AMP response or regulation, in pigmentation processes, or in neuronal structure and signaling. Comparison with other expression profile analyses on neuroectodermal childhood tumors confirms the high robustness of this strategy to characterize tumor entities based on their gene expression. We found the avian erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homologue 3 (ERBB3) to be one of the most dramatically up-regulated genes in CCSST. Quantitative real-time PCR and Northern blot analysis verified the mRNA abundance and confirmed the absence of the inhibitory transcript variant of this gene. The protein product of the member of the epidermal growth factor receptor family ERBB3 could be shown to be highly present in all of the CCSST cell lines investigated, as well as in 18 of 20 primary tumor biopsies. In conclusion, our data demonstrate new aspects of the phenotype and the biological behavior of CCSST and reveal ERBB3 to be a useful diagnostic marker.
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MESH Headings
- Blotting, Northern
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22/genetics
- Cluster Analysis
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, erbB/genetics
- Genetic Markers/genetics
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neuroblastoma/genetics
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- RNA-Binding Protein EWS/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-3/biosynthesis
- Receptor, ErbB-3/genetics
- Sarcoma, Clear Cell/genetics
- Sarcoma, Clear Cell/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Ewing/genetics
- Soft Tissue Neoplasms/genetics
- Soft Tissue Neoplasms/metabolism
- Translocation, Genetic
- Up-Regulation
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