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Li X, Ge J, Li M, Deng S, Li J, Ma Y, Zhang J, Zheng Y, Ma L. Network pharmacology, molecular docking technology integrated with pharmacodynamic study to reveal the potential targets of Schisandrol A in drug-induced liver injury by acetaminophen. Bioorg Chem 2021; 118:105476. [PMID: 34788696 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus (SCF) was a Traditional Chinese Medicine for protecting liver. However, underlying therapeutic mechanisms of these bioactive lignans from SCF similar hepatoprotective effects against drug-induced liver injury (DILI) by acetaminophen (APAP) are still unclear. This study aims to discover the potential regulation mechanisms of Schisandrol A in the treatment of DILI by APAP. The integrated UPLC-Q-TOF/MS, pharmacodynamic study, histopathological combination with network pharmacology and molecular docking technology were used to explore the potential mechanisms. The results showed that Schisandrol A reduced the level of AST, ALT, MDA, PNP, TNF-α and IL-1β, increased the levels of the GSH against acute liver failure. Additionally, Schisandrol A could improve the morphological characteristics of DILI by APAP in mice with liver tissue. Molecular docking results had showed that Schisandrol A with high scores when docking with COX-2, ALOX5, CYP2E1, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, EGFR SRC, Nrf2, MAPK14 and MAPK8. The study demonstrated that Schisandrol A could play critical roles in DILI by APAP via regulating TNF signaling pathway, inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammation and inhibiting the activities of cytochrome P450 enzymes, which contributed to searching for leading compounds and the development of new drugs for DILI by APAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiankuan Li
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 301617, PR China
| | - Jiaming Ge
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 301617, PR China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 301617, PR China
| | - Sha Deng
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 301617, PR China
| | - Jiarong Li
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 301617, PR China
| | - Yucong Ma
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, PR China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 301617, PR China
| | - Yanchao Zheng
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 301617, PR China.
| | - Lin Ma
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 301617, PR China.
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2
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Mercogliano MF, Bruni S, Mauro F, Elizalde PV, Schillaci R. Harnessing Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha to Achieve Effective Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030564. [PMID: 33540543 PMCID: PMC7985780 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is a pleiotropic cytokine known to have contradictory roles in oncoimmunology. Indeed, TNFα has a central role in the onset of the immune response, inducing both activation and the effector function of macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and B and T lymphocytes. Within the tumor microenvironment, however, TNFα is one of the main mediators of cancer-related inflammation. It is involved in the recruitment and differentiation of immune suppressor cells, leading to evasion of tumor immune surveillance. These characteristics turn TNFα into an attractive target to overcome therapy resistance and tackle cancer. This review focuses on the diverse molecular mechanisms that place TNFα as a source of resistance to immunotherapy such as monoclonal antibodies against cancer cells or immune checkpoints and adoptive cell therapy. We also expose the benefits of TNFα blocking strategies in combination with immunotherapy to improve the antitumor effect and prevent or treat adverse immune-related effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Florencia Mercogliano
- Laboratorio de Biofisicoquímica de Proteínas, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina;
| | - Sofía Bruni
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina; (S.B.); (F.M.); (P.V.E.)
| | - Florencia Mauro
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina; (S.B.); (F.M.); (P.V.E.)
| | - Patricia Virginia Elizalde
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina; (S.B.); (F.M.); (P.V.E.)
| | - Roxana Schillaci
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina; (S.B.); (F.M.); (P.V.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +54-11-4783-2869; Fax: +54-11-4786-2564
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Gothi D, Spalgais S. Tuberculosis in epidermal growth factor receptor mutation in lung adenocarcinoma on treatment with gefitinib/erlotinib. Indian J Cancer 2018; 54:1. [PMID: 29199650 DOI: 10.4103/ijc.ijc_503_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Gothi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, ESI-PGIMSR, New Delhi, India
| | - S Spalgais
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, ESI-PGIMSR, New Delhi, India
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4
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Wang X, Ma C, Zong Z, Xiao Y, Li N, Guo C, Zhang L, Shi Y. A20 inhibits the motility of HCC cells induced by TNF-α. Oncotarget 2018; 7:14742-54. [PMID: 26909601 PMCID: PMC4924748 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can be facilitated by TNF-α, a prototypical inflammatory cytokine in the HCC microenvironment. A20 is a negative regulator of NF-κB signaling pathway. In the present study we ask whether A20 plays a role in HCC metastasis. We found that A20 expression was downregulated in the invasive cells of microvascular invasions (MVI) compared with the noninvasive cells in 89 tissue samples from patients with HCC by immunochemistry methods. Overexpression of A20 in HCC cell lines inhibited their motility induced by TNF-α. Furthermore, the overexpression of A20 inhibited epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), FAK activation and RAC1 activity. By contrast, knockdown of A20 in one HCC cell line results in the converse. In addition, the overexpression of A20 restrained the formation of MVI in HCC xenograft in nude mice treated with TNF-α. All the results suggested that A20 functioned as a negative regulator in motility of HCC cells induced by TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianteng Wang
- Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhaoyun Zong
- Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Chun Guo
- Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Lining Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yongyu Shi
- Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
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5
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Lovastatin overcomes gefitinib resistance through TNF-α signaling in human cholangiocarcinomas with different LKB1 statuses in vitro and in vivo. Oncotarget 2016; 6:23857-73. [PMID: 26160843 PMCID: PMC4695157 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gefitinib resistance has been shown to complicate cancer therapy. Lovastatin is a proteasome inhibitor that enhances gefitinib-induced antiproliferation in non-small cell lung cancer. The objective of this study is to investigate the mechanism of lovastatin-induced antiproliferation in gefitinib-resistant human cholangiocarcinoma. Two gefitinib-resistant cholangiocarcinoma cell lines, SSP-25 and HuH-28, were used in this study to determine how to compensate gefitinib resistance. The combined effect of these two drugs was examined using the MTT assay, qPCR, immunoblotting, flow cytometry, and in vivo xenograft. Results indicated that lovastatin enhanced TNF-α-induced cell death in vitro. In addition, the combination of lovastatin with gefitinib enhanced accumulation of TNF-α. Furthermore, the treatment induced a synergistic cytotoxic effect and antiproliferation through apoptosis in SSP-25 cells and cell cycle arrest in HuH-28 cells. Reproductive results were also observed in in vivo xenografts. These observations suggest that the combination of gefitinib and lovastatin might have additive antiproliferative effects against gefitinib-resistant cholangiocarcinoma cells. Based on these observations, we concluded that the combination of gefitinib and lovastatin could be used to overcome gefitinib resistance in cholangiocarcinoma cells.
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Komposch K, Sibilia M. EGFR Signaling in Liver Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 17:E30. [PMID: 26729094 PMCID: PMC4730276 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase that is activated by several ligands leading to the activation of diverse signaling pathways controlling mainly proliferation, differentiation, and survival. The EGFR signaling axis has been shown to play a key role during liver regeneration following acute and chronic liver damage, as well as in cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) highlighting the importance of the EGFR in the development of liver diseases. Despite the frequent overexpression of EGFR in human HCC, clinical studies with EGFR inhibitors have so far shown only modest results. Interestingly, a recent study has shown that in human HCC and in mouse HCC models the EGFR is upregulated in liver macrophages where it plays a tumor-promoting function. Thus, the role of EGFR in liver diseases appears to be more complex than what anticipated. Further studies are needed to improve the molecular understanding of the cell-specific signaling pathways that control disease development and progression to be able to develop better therapies targeting major components of the EGFR signaling network in selected cell types. In this review, we compiled the current knowledge of EGFR signaling in different models of liver damage and diseases, mainly derived from the analysis of HCC cell lines and genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Komposch
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Maria Sibilia
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Yen HR, Liu CJ, Yeh CC. Naringenin suppresses TPA-induced tumor invasion by suppressing multiple signal transduction pathways in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 235:1-9. [PMID: 25866363 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Naringenin, a common dietary flavonoid abundantly present in fruits and vegetables, is believed to possess strong anti-proliferative properties and the ability to induce apoptosis in hepatoma cell lines. However, there are no reports describing its effects on the invasion and metastasis of hepatoma cell lines, and the detailed molecular mechanisms of its effects are still unclear. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying naringenin-mediated inhibition of 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced cell invasion and inhibition of secreted and cytosolic MMP-9 production in human hepatoma cells (HepG2, Huh-7, and HA22T) and murine embryonic liver cells (BNL CL2). Naringenin suppressed MMP-9 transcription by inhibiting activator protein (AP)-1 and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity. It suppressed TPA-induced AP-1 activity through inhibiting the phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways, and it suppressed TPA-induced inhibition of NF-κB nuclear translocation through IκB. Additionally, it suppressed TPA-induced activation of ERK/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt upstream of NF-κB and AP-1. These data suggest that naringenin suppresses the invasiveness and metastatic potential of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by inhibiting multiple signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Rong Yen
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Medical Research, Taiwan; Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Research Center for Chinese Medicine & Acupuncture, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ju Liu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi General Hospital, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chou Yeh
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; Department of Chinese Medicine, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi General Hospital, Chia-Yi, Taiwan.
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8
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Rayego-Mateos S, Morgado-Pascual JL, Sanz AB, Ramos AM, Eguchi S, Batlle D, Pato J, Keri G, Egido J, Ortiz A, Ruiz-Ortega M. TWEAK transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor mediates renal inflammation. J Pathol 2014; 231:480-94. [PMID: 24037740 DOI: 10.1002/path.4250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
TWEAK, a member of the TNF superfamily, binds to the Fn14 receptor, eliciting biological responses. EGFR signalling is involved in experimental renal injury. Our aim was to investigate the relationship between TWEAK and EGFR in the kidney. Systemic TWEAK administration into C57BL/6 mice increased renal EGFR phosphorylation, mainly in tubular epithelial cells. In vitro, in these cells TWEAK phosphorylated EGFR via Fn14 binding, ADAM17 activation and subsequent release of the EGFR ligands HB-EGF and TGFα. In vivo the EGFR kinase inhibitor Erlotinib inhibited TWEAK-induced renal EGFR activation and downstream signalling, including ERK activation, up-regulation of proinflammatory factors and inflammatory cell infiltration. Moreover, the ADAM17 inhibitor WTACE-2 also prevented those TWEAK-induced renal effects. In vitro TWEAK induction of proinflammatory factors was prevented by EGFR, ERK or ADAM17 inhibition. In contrast, EGFR transactivation did not modify TWEAK-mediated NF-κB activation. Our data suggest that TWEAK transactivates EGFR in the kidney, leading to modulation of downstream effects, including ERK activation and inflammation, and suggest that inhibition of EGFR signalling could be a novel therapeutic tool for renal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Rayego-Mateos
- Cellular Biology in Renal Diseases Laboratory, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
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9
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Wang H, Wang X, Li X, Fan Y, Li G, Guo C, Zhu F, Zhang L, Shi Y. CD68+HLA-DR+ M1-like macrophages promote motility of HCC cells via NF-κB/FAK pathway. Cancer Lett 2014; 345:91-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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10
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Beidler CB, Petrovan RJ, Conner EM, Boyles JS, Yang DD, Harlan SM, Chu S, Ellis B, Datta-Mannan A, Johnson RL, Stauber A, Witcher DR, Breyer MD, Heuer JG. Generation and Activity of a Humanized Monoclonal Antibody That Selectively Neutralizes the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Ligands Transforming Growth Factor-α and Epiregulin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 349:330-43. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.210765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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11
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Wang SD, Chen BC, Kao ST, Liu CJ, Yeh CC. Genistein inhibits tumor invasion by suppressing multiple signal transduction pathways in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 14:26. [PMID: 24433534 PMCID: PMC3933236 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genistein (Gen) exhibits anti-mutagenic and anti-metastatic activities in hepatoma cell lines. Gen has suppressive effects on tumor growth and angiogenesis in nude mice. Gen suppresses the enzymatic activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9; however, the mechanism underlying its anti-invasive activity on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells is unclear. METHODS In this study, the possible mechanisms underlying Gen-mediated reduction of 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced cell invasion and inhibition of secreted and cytosolic MMP-9 production in human hepatoma cells (HepG2, Huh-7, and HA22T) and murine embryonic liver cells (BNL CL2) were investigated. RESULTS Gen suppressed MMP-9 transcription by inhibiting activator protein (AP)-1 and nuclear factor-κ B (NF-κB) activity. Gen suppressed TPA-induced AP-1 activity through inhibitory phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways, and TPA-stimulated inhibition of NF-κB nuclear translocation through IκB inhibitory signaling pathways. Moreover, Gen suppressed TPA-induced activation of ERK/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt upstream of NF-κB and AP-1. CONCLUSIONS Gen and its inhibition of multiple signal transduction pathways can control the invasiveness and metastatic potential of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulhn-Der Wang
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Collage of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Chyuan Chen
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi General Hospital, 2 Min-Sheng Road, Dalin Town, Chia-Yi 62247, Taiwan
| | - Shung-Te Kao
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ju Liu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi General Hospital, 2 Min-Sheng Road, Dalin Town, Chia-Yi 62247, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chou Yeh
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi General Hospital, 2 Min-Sheng Road, Dalin Town, Chia-Yi 62247, Taiwan
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12
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Brooks MB. Erlotinib and gefitinib, epidermal growth factor receptor kinase inhibitors, may treat non-cancer-related tumor necrosis factor-α mediated inflammatory diseases. Oncologist 2013; 18:e3-5. [PMID: 23355622 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2012-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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13
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Brooks MB. Erlotinib and gefitinib, small-molecule EGFR inhibitors. New uses for old drugs? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/1474651412458460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The process of drug discovery and development takes decades and costs billions, therefore it is pertinent to consider the clinical ‘off-target’ actions of currently approved agents. The safety profile of these agents is already established and there is experience of specific clinical utility. The investigation of recognised ‘off-target’ actions may provide a more rapid avenue to address ‘non-target’ disease states. Herein the potential of the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors erlotinib and geritinib are considered within the context of diabetes.
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14
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Hobbs SS, Goettel JA, Liang D, Yan F, Edelblum KL, Frey MR, Mullane MT, Polk DB. TNF transactivation of EGFR stimulates cytoprotective COX-2 expression in gastrointestinal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 301:G220-9. [PMID: 21566012 PMCID: PMC3154604 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00383.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
TNF and epidermal growth factor (EGF) are well-known stimuli of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression, and TNF stimulates transactivation of EGF receptor (EGFR) signaling to promote survival in colon epithelial cells. We hypothesized that COX-2 induction and cell survival signaling downstream of TNF are mediated by EGFR transactivation. TNF treatment was more cytotoxic to COX-2(-/-) mouse colon epithelial (MCE) cells than wild-type (WT) young adult mouse colon (YAMC) epithelial cells or COX-1(-/-) cells. TNF also induced COX-2 protein and mRNA expression in YAMC cells, but blockade of EGFR kinase activity or expression inhibited COX-2 upregulation. TNF-induced COX-2 expression was reduced and absent in EGFR(-/-) and TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1) knockout MCE cells, respectively, but was restored upon expression of the WT receptors. Inhibition of mediators of EGFR transactivation, Src family kinases and p38 MAPK, blocked TNF-induced COX-2 protein and mRNA expression. Finally, TNF injection increased COX-2 expression in colon epithelium of WT, but not kinase-defective EGFR(wa2) and EGFR(wa5), mice. These data indicate that TNFR1-dependent transactivation of EGFR through a p38- and/or an Src-dependent mechanism stimulates COX-2 expression to promote cell survival. This highlights an EGFR-dependent cell signaling pathway and response that may be significant in colitis-associated carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart S. Hobbs
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics,
| | - Jeremy A. Goettel
- 2Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Dongchun Liang
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics,
| | - Fang Yan
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics,
| | - Karen L. Edelblum
- 2Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Mark R. Frey
- 3Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles and University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Matthew T. Mullane
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics,
| | - D. Brent Polk
- 3Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles and University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
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15
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Kakiashvili E, Dan Q, Vandermeer M, Zhang Y, Waheed F, Pham M, Szászi K. The epidermal growth factor receptor mediates tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced activation of the ERK/GEF-H1/RhoA pathway in tubular epithelium. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:9268-79. [PMID: 21212278 PMCID: PMC3059019 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.179903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α induces cytoskeleton and intercellular junction remodeling in tubular epithelial cells; the underlying mechanisms, however, are incompletely explored. We have previously shown that ERK-mediated stimulation of the RhoA GDP/GTP exchange factor GEF-H1/Lfc is critical for TNF-α-induced RhoA stimulation. Here we investigated the upstream mechanisms of ERK/GEF-H1 activation. Surprisingly, TNF-α-induced ERK and RhoA stimulation in tubular cells were prevented by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibition or silencing. TNF-α also enhanced phosphorylation of the EGFR. EGF treatment mimicked the effects of TNF-α, as it elicited potent, ERK-dependent GEF-H1 and RhoA activation. Moreover, EGF-induced RhoA activation was prevented by GEF-H1 silencing, indicating that GEF-H1 is a key downstream effector of the EGFR. The TNF-α-elicited EGFR, ERK, and RhoA stimulation were mediated by the TNF-α convertase enzyme (TACE) that can release EGFR ligands. Further, EGFR transactivation also required the tyrosine kinase Src, as Src inhibition prevented TNF-α-induced activation of the EGFR/ERK/GEF-H1/RhoA pathway. Importantly, a bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assay and electric cell substrate impedance-sensing (ECIS) measurements revealed that TNF-α stimulated cell growth in an EGFR-dependent manner. In contrast, TNF-α-induced NFκB activation was not prevented by EGFR or Src inhibition, suggesting that TNF-α exerts both EGFR-dependent and -independent effects. In summary, in the present study we show that the TNF-α-induced activation of the ERK/GEF-H1/RhoA pathway in tubular cells is mediated through Src- and TACE-dependent EGFR activation. Such a mechanism could couple inflammatory and proliferative stimuli and, thus, may play a key role in the regulation of wound healing and fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Kakiashvili
- From the Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, and Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Qinghong Dan
- From the Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, and Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Matthew Vandermeer
- From the Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, and Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Yuqian Zhang
- From the Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, and Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Faiza Waheed
- From the Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, and Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Monica Pham
- From the Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, and Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Katalin Szászi
- From the Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, and Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
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16
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Berasain C, Perugorria MJ, Latasa MU, Castillo J, Goñi S, Santamaría M, Prieto J, Avila MA. The epidermal growth factor receptor: a link between inflammation and liver cancer. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2009; 234:713-25. [PMID: 19429859 DOI: 10.3181/0901-mr-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have established that many tumours occur in association with persistent inflammation. One clear example of inflammation-related cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC slowly unfolds on a background of chronic inflammation triggered by exposure to infectious agents (hepatotropic viruses), toxic compounds (ethanol), or metabolic impairment. The molecular links that connect inflammation and cancer are not completely known, but evidence gathered over the past few years is beginning to define the precise mechanisms. A central role for cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-1 (alpha and beta) in liver cancer has been established in experimental models. Besides these inflammatory mediators, mounting evidence points to the dysregulation of specific growth and survival-related pathways in HCC development. Among them is the pathway governed by the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which can be bound and activated by a broad family of ligands. Of special relevance is the fact that the EGFR engages in extensive crosstalk with other signaling pathways, serving as a "signaling hub" for an increasing list of growth factors, cytokines, and inflammatory mediators. In this review, we summarize the most recent evidences supporting a role for the EGFR system in inflammation-related cell signaling, with special emphasis in liver inflammation and HCC. The molecular dissection of the pathways connecting the inflammatory reaction and neoplasia will facilitate the development of novel and more effective antitumor strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Berasain
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
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17
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Shin MS, Shinghirunnusorn P, Sugishima Y, Nishimura M, Suzuki S, Koizumi K, Saiki I, Sakurai H. Cross interference with TNF-alpha-induced TAK1 activation via EGFR-mediated p38 phosphorylation of TAK1-binding protein 1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2009; 1793:1156-64. [PMID: 19393267 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2009.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-alpha-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) has been widely recognized as a kinase that regulates multiple intracellular signaling pathways evoked by cytokines and immune receptor activation. We have recently reported that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) triggers internalization of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) through a TAK1-p38alpha signaling pathway, which results in a transient suppression of the EGFR. In the present study, we investigated the pathway of intracellular signaling in the opposite direction. Ligand-induced activation of EGFR caused phosphorylation of the TAK1-binding proteins TAB1 and TAB2 in a TAK1-independent manner. EGFR-mediated phosphorylation of TAB1 was completely inhibited by a chemical inhibitor and siRNA of p38alpha. The phosphorylation of TAB1 was occurred at Ser-423 and Thr-431, the residues underlying the p38-mediated feedback inhibition of TAK1. In contrast, phosphorylation of TAB2 was sustained, and largely resistant to p38 inhibition. The inducible phosphorylation of TAB1 interfered with a response of EGF-treated cells to TNF-alpha-induced TAK1 activation, which led to the reduction of NF-kappaB activation. Collectively, these results demonstrated that EGFR activation interfered with TNF-alpha-induced TAK1 activation via p38-mediated phosphorylation of TAB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung-Sook Shin
- Division of Pathogenic Biochemistry, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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18
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Transactivation of EGF receptor and ErbB2 protects intestinal epithelial cells from TNF-induced apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:11772-7. [PMID: 18701712 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0801463105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
TNF is a pleiotropic cytokine that activates both anti- and proapoptotic signaling pathways, with cell fate determined by the balance between these two pathways. Activation of ErbB family members, including EGF receptor (EGFR/ErbB1), promotes cell survival and regulates several signals that overlap with those stimulated by TNF. This study was undertaken to determine the effects of TNF on EGFR and ErbB2 activation and intestinal epithelial cell survival. Mice, young adult mouse colon epithelial cells, and EGFR knockout mouse colon epithelial cells were treated with TNF. Activation of EGFR, ErbB2, Akt, Src, and apoptosis were determined in vivo and in vitro. TNF stimulated EGFR phosphorylation in young adult mouse colon epithelial cells, and loss of EGFR expression or inhibition of kinase activity increased TNF-induced apoptosis, which was prevented in WT but not by kinase-inactive EGFR expression. Similarly, TNF injection stimulated apoptosis in EGFR-kinase-defective mice (EGFR(wa2)) compared with WT mice. TNF also activated ErbB2, and loss of ErbB2 expression increased TNF-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, Src-kinase activity and the expression of both EGFR and ErbB2 were required for TNF-induced cell survival. Akt was shown to be a downstream target of TNF-activated EGFR and ErbB2. These findings demonstrate that EGFR and ErbB2 are critical mediators of TNF-regulated antiapoptotic signals in intestinal epithelial cells. Given evidence for TNF signaling in the development of colitis-associated carcinoma, this observation has significant implications for understanding the role of EGFR in maintaining intestinal epithelial cell homeostasis during cytokine-mediated inflammatory responses.
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Ueno Y, Sakurai H, Tsunoda S, Choo MK, Matsuo M, Koizumi K, Saiki I. Heregulin-induced activation of ErbB3 by EGFR tyrosine kinase activity promotes tumor growth and metastasis in melanoma cells. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:340-347. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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20
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Kern MA, Breuhahn K, Schuchmann M, Schirmacher P. [Molecular pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma: new therapeutic approaches and predictive pathology]. DER PATHOLOGE 2008; 28:261-8. [PMID: 17605064 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-007-0890-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide and its incidence is increasing. Multimodal strategies directed towards this carcinoma include primary (e.g. immunisation) and secondary (e.g. antiviral therapy) prevention, surgical approaches, novel specific systemic therapies (targeted therapy), and the treatment of comorbidity (cirrhosis). New molecular approaches are currently under development. These tackle several specific targets, with pathology being challenged in many aspects: experimental evaluation, the development of valid tumor-relevant diagnostic tests as well as morphological evaluation in the context of clinical studies, and finally in routine diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Kern
- Pathologisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 220/221, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland.
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21
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Zhang Q, Bhola NE, Lui VWY, Siwak DR, Thomas SM, Gubish CT, Siegfried JM, Mills GB, Shin D, Grandis JR. Antitumor mechanisms of combined gastrin-releasing peptide receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor targeting in head and neck cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6:1414-24. [PMID: 17431120 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is characterized by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpression, where EGFR levels correlate with survival. To date, EGFR targeting has shown limited antitumor effects in head and neck cancer when administrated as monotherapy. We previously identified a gastrin-releasing peptide/gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRP/GRPR) aurocrine regulatory pathway in HNSCC, where GRP stimulates Src-dependent cleavage of EGFR proligands with subsequent EGFR phosphorylation and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation. To determine whether GRPR targeting can enhance the antitumor efficacy of EGFR inhibition, we investigated the effects of a GRPR antagonist (PD176252) in conjunction with an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (erlotinib). Combined blockade of GRPR and EGFR pathways significantly inhibited HNSCC, but not immortalized mucosal epithelial cell, proliferation, invasion, and colony formation. In addition, the percentage of apoptotic cells increased upon combined inhibition. The enhanced antitumor efficacy was accompanied by increased expression of cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and decreased phospho-EGFR, phospho-MAPK, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Using reverse-phase protein microarray (RPPA), we further detected decreased expression of phospho-c-Jun, phospho-p70S6K, and phospho-p38 with combined targeting. Cumulatively, these results suggest that GRPR targeting can enhance the antitumor effects of EGFR inhibitors in head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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22
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of cancer-related deaths. This malignancy is often diagnosed at an advanced state, when most potentially curative therapies are of limited efficacy. In addition, HCC is a type of tumor highly resistant to available chemotherapeutic agents, which leaves HCC patients with no effective therapeutic options and a poor prognosis. From a molecular perspective, HCC is a heterogeneous type of tumor. However, in most cases, HCC emerges on a background of persistent liver injury, inflammation and hepatocellular proliferation, which is characteristic of chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. Recent studies have revealed that dysregulation of a limited number of growth and survival-related pathways can play a key role in HCC development. The epidermal growth factor receptor (ErbB1) can be bound and activated by a broad family of ligands, and can also engage in extensive cross talk with other signaling pathways. This system is considered as an important defense mechanism for the liver during acute tissue injury; however, accumulating evidences suggest that its chronic stimulation can participate in the neoplastic conversion of the liver. Agents that target the ErbB1 receptor have shown antineoplastic activity in other types of tumors, but their efficacy either alone or in combination with other compounds has just started to be tested in experimental and human HCC. Here, we review the evidences that support the involvement of the ErbB1 in HCC development and that provide a rationale for ErbB1 targeting in HCC prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Berasain
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Singhirunnusorn P, Ueno Y, Matsuo M, Suzuki S, Saiki I, Sakurai H. Transient suppression of ligand-mediated activation of epidermal growth factor receptor by tumor necrosis factor-alpha through the TAK1-p38 signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:12698-706. [PMID: 17327237 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608723200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been shown to be activated by specific ligands as well as other cellular stimuli including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). In the present study, we found that cellular stress suppressed ligand-mediated EGFR activity. Both TNF-alpha and osmotic stress rapidly induced phosphorylation of EGFR. This phosphorylation of EGFR and the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and NF-kappaB occurred independently of the shedding of extracellular membrane-bound EGFR ligands and intracellular EGFR tyrosine kinase activity. Transforming growth factor-beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) was involved in the TNF-alpha-induced signaling pathway to EGFR. In addition, experiments using chemical inhibitors and small interfering RNA demonstrated that p38 alpha is a common mediator for the cellular stress-induced phosphorylation of EGFR. Surprisingly, the modified EGFR was not able to respond to its extracellular ligand due to transient internalization through the clathrin-mediated mechanism. Furthermore, turnover of p38 activation led to dephosphorylation and recycling back to the cell surface of EGFR. These results demonstrated that TNF-alpha has opposite bifunctional activities in modulating the function of the EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattama Singhirunnusorn
- Division of Pathogenic Biochemistry, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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Breuhahn K, Longerich T, Schirmacher P. Dysregulation of growth factor signaling in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncogene 2006; 25:3787-800. [PMID: 16799620 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of pleiotropic growth factors, receptors and their downstream signaling pathway components represent a central protumorigenic principle in human hepatocarcinogenesis. Especially the Insulin-like Growth Factor/IGF-1 receptor (IGF/IGF-1R), Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF/MET), Wingless (Wnt/beta-catenin/FZD), Transforming Growth Factor alpha/Epidermal Growth Factor receptor (TGFalpha/EGFR) and Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGFbeta/TbetaR) pathways contribute to proliferation, antiapoptosis and invasive behavior of tumor cells. This review focuses on the relevant alterations in these pathways identified in human human hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs). Resultant functional effects are modulated by multiple cross-talks between the different signaling pathways and additional tumor-relevant factors, such as cyclooxygenase-2 and p53. Several specific strategies are currently under development such as receptor kinase inhibitors, neutralizing antibodies and antagonistic proteins, which may improve the systemic treatment of human HCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Breuhahn
- Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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25
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Szlosarek P, Charles KA, Balkwill FR. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha as a tumour promoter. Eur J Cancer 2006; 42:745-50. [PMID: 16517151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2006.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/11/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming more evident that many aspects of tumour promotion arise from persistent and unresolving inflammation. One of the key molecules mediating the inflammatory processes in tumour promotion is the cytokine, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Clinically, elevated serum concentrations and increased expression of TNF-alpha are present in various pre-neoplastic and malignant diseases, compared with serum and tissue from healthy individuals. Although over the last few decades high-dose administration of TNF-alpha has been used as a cytotoxic agent, recent pre-clinical cancer models have provided critical evidence to support the link between chronic, low level TNF-alpha exposure and the acquisition of pro-malignant phenotype (i.e., increased growth, invasion and metastasis). Furthermore, sophisticated cellular systems are being utilised to dissect the crucial role TNF-alpha plays in the communication of stromal/inflammatory cells and tumour cells. Understanding the intricate roles of TNF-alpha in the process of tumour promotion will assist in the development of novel cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Szlosarek
- Centre for Translational Oncology, Institute of Cancer and the CR-UK Clinical Centre, Barts and The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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Matsuo M, Sakurai H, Ueno Y, Ohtani O, Saiki I. Activation of MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways by fibronectin requires integrin alphav-mediated ADAM activity in hepatocellular carcinoma: a novel functional target for gefitinib. Cancer Sci 2006; 97:155-62. [PMID: 16441427 PMCID: PMC11159791 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2006.00152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We have shown that the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib ('Iressa', ZD1839) inhibits the development of intrahepatic metastases of hepatocellular carcinoma CBO140C12, and EGFR transactivation by tumor necrosis factor-alpha is a possible target of gefitinib. In the present study, we focused on the fibronectin (FN)-dependent signaling pathway to further elucidate the antimetastatic activity of gefitinib in CBO140C12 cells. We initially observed that FN induced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 and Akt, as well as cell proliferation and CBO140C12 cell invasion. These responses were mediated by EGFR tyrosine kinase, because gefitinib inhibited these effects of FN. FN-induced ERK, p38 and Akt activation was partly blocked by the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-pseudo-peptide FC-336, anti-alphav integrin antibody RMV-7, the broad-spectrum matrix metalloprotease inhibitor GM6001 and the broad spectrum a disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM) inhibitor TAPI-1. But these inhibitors had no effect on EGF-induced signaling pathways, suggesting that integrins and ADAM may be upstream components of EGFR in these responses. These results suggest that FN-induced activation of ERK, p38, Akt, cell proliferation and invasion was mediated, at least in part, via integrins, ADAM and EGFR, and that this FN-induced signaling pathway might be involved in the antimetastatic activity of gefitinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Matsuo
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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