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Benito-Martín A, Jasiulionis MG, García-Silva S. Extracellular vesicles and melanoma: New perspectives on tumor microenvironment and metastasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:1061982. [PMID: 36704194 PMCID: PMC9871288 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1061982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer particles without functional nucleus naturally released from cells which constitute an intercellular communication system. There is a broad spectrum of vesicles shed by cells based on their physical properties such as size (small EVs and large EVs), biogenesis, cargo and functions, which provide an increasingly heterogenous landscape. In addition, they are involved in multiple physiological and pathological processes. In cancer, EV release is opted by tumor cells as a beneficial process for tumor progression. Cutaneous melanoma is a cancer that originates from the melanocyte lineage and shows a favorable prognosis at early stages. However, when melanoma cells acquire invasive capacity, it constitutes the most aggressive and deadly skin cancer. In this context, extracellular vesicles have been shown their relevance in facilitating melanoma progression through the modulation of the microenvironment and metastatic spreading. In agreement with the melanosome secretory capacity of melanocytes, melanoma cells display an enhanced EV shedding activity that has contributed to the utility of melanoma models for unravelling EV cargo and functions within a cancer scenario. In this review, we provide an in-depth overview of the characteristics of melanoma-derived EVs and their role in melanoma progression highlighting key advances and remaining open questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Benito-Martín
- Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio (UAX), Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain,*Correspondence: Alberto Benito-Martín, ; Miriam Galvonas Jasiulionis, ; Susana García-Silva,
| | - Miriam Galvonas Jasiulionis
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,*Correspondence: Alberto Benito-Martín, ; Miriam Galvonas Jasiulionis, ; Susana García-Silva,
| | - Susana García-Silva
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain,*Correspondence: Alberto Benito-Martín, ; Miriam Galvonas Jasiulionis, ; Susana García-Silva,
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The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Melanoma Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14133086. [PMID: 35804857 PMCID: PMC9264817 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma arises from a malignant transformation of the melanocytes in the skin. It is the deadliest form of skin cancer owing to its potential to metastasize. While recent advances in immuno-oncology have been successful in melanoma treatment, not all the patients respond to the treatment equally, thus individual pre-screening and personalized combination therapies are essential to stratify and monitor patients. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as promising biomarker candidates to tackle these challenges. EVs are ~50-1000-nm-sized, lipid bilayer-enclosed spheres, which are secreted by almost all cell types, including cancer cells. Their cargo, such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, amino acids, and metabolites, can be transferred to target cells. Thanks to these properties, EVs can both provide a multiplexed molecular fingerprint of the cell of origin and thus serve as potential biomarkers, or reveal pathways important for cancer progression that can be targeted pharmaceutically. In this review we give a general overview of EVs and focus on their impact on melanoma progression. In particular, we shed light on the role of EVs in shaping the tumor-stroma interactions that facilitate metastasis and summarize the latest findings on molecular profiling of EV-derived miRNAs and proteins that can serve as potential biomarkers for melanoma progression.
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3
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DFF40 deficiency in cancerous T cells is implicated in chemotherapy drug sensitivity and resistance through the regulation of the apoptotic pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 194:114801. [PMID: 34678222 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of the apoptotic pathway is one of the most studied mechanisms regarding cancer cell resistance. Many mutations have been linked to drug resistance. The DNA fragmentation factor 40 (DFF40) has been gaining interest regarding cancer cell response to chemotherapy and patient outcomes. Glioblastomas and uterine leiomyosarcomas have been shown to have a downregulation of DFF40 expression, conferring a poor patient prognosis. In concordance with these observations, in this study, we showed that DFF40 gene is also downregulated in breast, endocervical, ovarian, lung, pancreas and glioblastomas. DFF40 is the endonuclease responsible of DNA fragmentation during apoptosis. In this study, we sought to determine if a DFF40 deficiency in Jurkat T cells could impact the sensitivity to conventional chemotherapy drugs. CRISPR-cas9 generated DFF40 knockout (DFF40 KO) stable Jurkat cells and wild-type (DFF40 WT) cells were treated with different antimetabolites and topoisomerase II (TOP2) inhibitors, and cell viability was subsequently assessed. DFF40 deficient cells show chemoresistance to antimetabolites (e.g. methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine and cytarabine) and surprisingly, they are more sensitive to TOP2 inhibitors (e.g. etoposide and teniposide). DFF40 deficient cells exposed to cytarabine present lower phosphatidylserine translocation levels to the outer cell membrane layer. Etoposide exposure in DFF40 deficient cells induces higher mortality levels and downregulation of Bcl-xL cells compared to DFF40 expressing T cells. The abolition of DFF40 expression in Jurkat cells significantly impairs histone H2AX phosphorylation following etoposide and cytarabine treatments. Our findings suggest that DFF40 is a novel key target in cancer cell resistance that potentially regulates genomic stability.
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Lim K, Kim TH, Trzeciak A, Amitrano AM, Reilly EC, Prizant H, Fowell DJ, Topham DJ, Kim M. In situ neutrophil efferocytosis shapes T cell immunity to influenza infection. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:1046-1057. [PMID: 32747818 PMCID: PMC7791396 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0746-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Early recruitment of neutrophils from the blood to sites of tissue infection is a hallmark of innate immune responses. However, little is known about the mechanisms by which apoptotic neutrophils are cleared in infected tissues during resolution and the immunological consequences of in situ efferocytosis. Using intravital multiphoton microscopy, we show previously unrecognized motility patterns of interactions between neutrophils and tissue-resident phagocytes within the influenza-infected mouse airway. Newly infiltrated inflammatory monocytes become a chief pool of phagocytes and play a key role in the clearance of highly motile apoptotic neutrophils during the resolution phase. Apoptotic neutrophils further release epidermal growth factor and promote the differentiation of monocytes into tissue-resident antigen-presenting cells for activation of antiviral T cell effector functions. Collectively, these results suggest that the presence of in situ neutrophil resolution at the infected tissue is critical for optimal CD8+ T cell-mediated immune protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihong Lim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Tae-Hyoun Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Alissa Trzeciak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Andrea M Amitrano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Emma C Reilly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Hen Prizant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Deborah J Fowell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - David J Topham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
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Maraux M, Gaillardet A, Gally A, Saas P, Cherrier T. Human primary neutrophil mRNA does not contaminate human resolving macrophage mRNA after efferocytosis. J Immunol Methods 2020; 483:112810. [PMID: 32592772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2020.112810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ingestion of apoptotic corpses by macrophages, a process called efferocytosis, is a crucial step in inflammation resolution, since it alters macrophage phenotype toward a pro-resolving profile to foil inflammation and to favor tissue repair. Up to now, the resolving macrophages remain poorly characterized, especially in humans. Global investigations, like RNA sequencing, would be very helpful to unravel some features of these elusive cells. Nonetheless, these inquiries may be challenging in a single-species model, since the fate of ingested mRNA remains unknown and may hinder any subsequent mRNA investigations in the phagocyte. A full human model consisting of primary human neutrophil and primary human monocyte-derived macrophage co-culture was set up several decades ago to mimic in vitro the efferocytosis process. However, to our knowledge, this model has not been characterized as a suitable model to perform global mRNA investigations. Indeed, the extent of ingested neutrophil mRNA contamination has not been assessed in resolving macrophages. This work answers to this crucial question. Indeed, based on the protocols presented in this article, we demonstrate that neutrophil mRNA is severely degraded and is not able to cross-contaminate resolving macrophage mRNA, contrary to apoptotic human peripheral blood derived mononuclear cell (PBMC) or apoptotic leukemic Jurkat cell mRNA. Moreover, this allogenic co-culture system does not favor neither neutrophil activation nor macrophage pro-inflammatory cytokine release. Collectively, we highlight that this model of primary human neutrophil and primary human monocyte-derived macrophage co-culture is the best model for mRNA investigations in human resolving macrophages to help improving our knowledge on these crucial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maraux
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - A Gaillardet
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - A Gally
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - P Saas
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - T Cherrier
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, F-25000 Besançon, France.
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6
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Emamalipour M, Seidi K, Zununi Vahed S, Jahanban-Esfahlan A, Jaymand M, Majdi H, Amoozgar Z, Chitkushev LT, Javaheri T, Jahanban-Esfahlan R, Zare P. Horizontal Gene Transfer: From Evolutionary Flexibility to Disease Progression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:229. [PMID: 32509768 PMCID: PMC7248198 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Flexibility in the exchange of genetic material takes place between different organisms of the same or different species. This phenomenon is known to play a key role in the genetic, physiological, and ecological performance of the host. Exchange of genetic materials can cause both beneficial and/or adverse biological consequences. Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) or lateral gene transfer (LGT) as a general mechanism leads to biodiversity and biological innovations in nature. HGT mediators are one of the genetic engineering tools used for selective introduction of desired changes in the genome for gene/cell therapy purposes. HGT, however, is crucial in development, emergence, and recurrence of various human-related diseases, such as cancer, genetic-, metabolic-, and neurodegenerative disorders and can negatively affect the therapeutic outcome by promoting resistant forms or disrupting the performance of genome editing toolkits. Because of the importance of HGT and its vital physio- and pathological roles, here the variety of HGT mechanisms are reviewed, ranging from extracellular vesicles (EVs) and nanotubes in prokaryotes to cell-free DNA and apoptotic bodies in eukaryotes. Next, we argue that HGT plays a role both in the development of useful features and in pathological states associated with emerging and recurrent forms of the disease. A better understanding of the different HGT mediators and their genome-altering effects/potentials may pave the way for the development of more effective therapeutic and diagnostic regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Emamalipour
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khaled Seidi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | | | - Mehdi Jaymand
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hasan Majdi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zohreh Amoozgar
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - L T Chitkushev
- Department of Computer Science, Metropolitan College, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States.,Health Informatics Lab, Metropolitan College, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tahereh Javaheri
- Health Informatics Lab, Metropolitan College, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rana Jahanban-Esfahlan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Peyman Zare
- Faculty of Medicine, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Dioscuri Center of Chromatin Biology and Epigenomics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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7
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Syncytin 1 dependent horizontal transfer of marker genes from retrovirally transduced cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17637. [PMID: 31776415 PMCID: PMC6881383 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54178-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Retroviral transduction is routinely used to generate cell lines expressing exogenous non-viral genes. Here, we show that human cells transduced to stably express GFP transfer GFP gene to non-transduced cells. This horizontal gene transfer was mediated by a fraction of extracellular membrane vesicles that were released by the transduced cells. These vesicles carried endogenous retroviral envelope protein syncytin 1 and essentially acted as replication-competent retroviruses. The ability to transfer the GFP gene correlated with the levels of syncytin 1 expression in the transduced cells and depended on the fusogenic activity of this protein, substantiating the hypothesis that endogenous syncytin 1 mediates fusion stage in the delivery of extracellular vesicle cargo into target cells. Our findings suggest that testing for replication-competent retroviruses, a routine safety test for transduced cell products in clinical studies, should be also carried out for cell lines generated by retroviral vectors in in vitro studies.
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Redah Alassaif F, Redah Alassaif E, Rani Chavali S, Dhanapal J. Suppressing the growth of HL-60 acute myeloid leukemia cells by chitosan coated anthraquinone nanoparticles in vitro. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2018.1509340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatimah Redah Alassaif
- Department of Central Military Laboratory & Blood bank, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Redah Alassaif
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Almana General Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Santosh Rani Chavali
- Genetics Laboratory, Pediatrics Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Jeevitha Dhanapal
- Biologicals Department, Labmate (Asia) Private Limited, Chennai, India
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9
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The Squamoid Cells in Biphasic Squamoid Alveolar Renal Carcinoma Present Cytophagocytosis (Not Emperipolesis) of Apoptotic Neutrophilic Granulocytes. Am J Surg Pathol 2018; 42:420-422. [DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000000906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Mohr M, Tosun S, Arnold WH, Edenhofer F, Zänker KS, Dittmar T. Quantification of cell fusion events human breast cancer cells and breast epithelial cells using a Cre-LoxP-based double fluorescence reporter system. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3769-82. [PMID: 25900663 PMCID: PMC11113140 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1910-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The biological phenomenon of cell fusion plays an important role in several physiological processes, like fertilization, placentation, or wound healing/tissue regeneration, as well as pathophysiological processes, such as cancer. Despite this fact, considerably less is still known about the factors and conditions that will induce the merging of two plasma membranes. Inflammation and proliferation has been suggested as a positive trigger for cell fusion, but it remains unclear, which of the factor(s) of the inflamed microenvironment are being involved. To clarify this we developed a reliable assay to quantify the in vitro fusion frequency of cells using a fluorescence double reporter vector (pFDR) containing a LoxP-flanked HcRed/DsRed expression cassette followed by an EGFP expression cassette. Because cell fusion has been implicated in cancer progression four human breast cancer cell lines were stably transfected with a pFDR vector and were co-cultured with the stably Cre-expressing human breast epithelial cell line. Cell fusion is associated with a Cre-mediated recombination resulting in induction of EGFP expression in hybrid cells, which can be quantified by flow cytometry. By testing a panel of different cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and other compounds, including exosomes, under normoxic and hypoxic conditions our data indicate that the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α together with hypoxia is a strong inducer of cell fusion in human MDA-MB-435 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Mohr
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, Witten/Herdecke University, Stockumer Str. 10, 58448, Witten, Germany
| | - Songül Tosun
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, Witten/Herdecke University, Stockumer Str. 10, 58448, Witten, Germany
| | - Wolfgang H Arnold
- Department of Biological and Material Sciences in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Frank Edenhofer
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Group, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kurt S Zänker
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, Witten/Herdecke University, Stockumer Str. 10, 58448, Witten, Germany
| | - Thomas Dittmar
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, Witten/Herdecke University, Stockumer Str. 10, 58448, Witten, Germany.
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11
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Riley DR, Sieber KB, Robinson KM, White JR, Ganesan A, Nourbakhsh S, Dunning Hotopp JC. Bacteria-human somatic cell lateral gene transfer is enriched in cancer samples. PLoS Comput Biol 2013; 9:e1003107. [PMID: 23840181 PMCID: PMC3688693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There are 10× more bacterial cells in our bodies from the microbiome than human cells. Viral DNA is known to integrate in the human genome, but the integration of bacterial DNA has not been described. Using publicly available sequence data from the human genome project, the 1000 Genomes Project, and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we examined bacterial DNA integration into the human somatic genome. Here we present evidence that bacterial DNA integrates into the human somatic genome through an RNA intermediate, and that such integrations are detected more frequently in (a) tumors than normal samples, (b) RNA than DNA samples, and (c) the mitochondrial genome than the nuclear genome. Hundreds of thousands of paired reads support random integration of Acinetobacter-like DNA in the human mitochondrial genome in acute myeloid leukemia samples. Numerous read pairs across multiple stomach adenocarcinoma samples support specific integration of Pseudomonas-like DNA in the 5′-UTR and 3′-UTR of four proto-oncogenes that are up-regulated in their transcription, consistent with conversion to an oncogene. These data support our hypothesis that bacterial integrations occur in the human somatic genome and may play a role in carcinogenesis. We anticipate that the application of our approach to additional cancer genome projects will lead to the more frequent detection of bacterial DNA integrations in tumors that are in close proximity to the human microbiome. There are 10× more bacterial cells in the human body than there are human cells that are part of the human microbiome. Many of those bacteria are in constant, intimate contact with human cells. We sought to establish if bacterial cells insert their own DNA into the human genome. Such random mutations could cause disease in the same manner that mutagens like UV rays from the sun or chemicals in cigarettes induce mutations. We detected the integration of bacterial DNA in the human genome more readily in tumors than normal samples. In particular, extensive amounts of DNA with similarity to Acinetobacter DNA were fused to human mitochondrial DNA in acute myeloid leukemia samples. We also identified specific integrations of DNA with similarity to Pseudomonas DNA near the untranslated regulatory regions of four proto-oncogenes. This supports our hypothesis that bacterial integrations occur in the human somatic genome that may potentially play a role in carcinogenesis. Further study in this area may provide new avenues for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Riley
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Karsten B. Sieber
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kelly M. Robinson
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James Robert White
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ashwinkumar Ganesan
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Computer Science and Electrical Engineering Department, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Syrus Nourbakhsh
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- University of Maryland College Park, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Julie C. Dunning Hotopp
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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ICAD deficiency in human colon cancer and predisposition to colon tumorigenesis: linkage to apoptosis resistance and genomic instability. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57871. [PMID: 23451280 PMCID: PMC3579889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that DNA fragmentation factor, which comprises a caspase-3-activated DNase (CAD) and its inhibitor (ICAD), may influence the rate of cell death by generating PARP-1-activating DNA breaks. Here we tested the hypothesis that ICAD-deficient colon epithelial cells exhibiting resistance to death stimuli may accumulate additional genetic modifications, leading to a tumorigenic phenotype. We show that ICAD deficiency may be associated with colon malignancy in humans. Indeed, an examination of ICAD expression using immunohistochemistry in an array of both colon cancer and normal tissues revealed that ICAD expression levels were severely compromised in the cancerous tissues. Upon DNA damage caused by a low dose of irradiation, ICAD cells acquire a tumorigenic phenotype. Colon epithelial cells derived from ICAD mice showed a significant resistance to death induced by the colon carcinogen dimethylhydrazine in vitro and in mice. Such resistance was associated with a decrease in PARP-1 activation. In an animal model of dimethylhydrazine-induced colon tumorigenesis, ICAD−/− mice developed significantly higher numbers of tumors with markedly larger sizes than the wild-type counterparts. Interestingly, the phenotype of the ICAD−/− mice was not associated with a significant increase in the precancerous aberrant crypt foci suggesting a potential link to tumor progression rather than initiation. More importantly, ICAD deficiency was associated with severe genomic instability as assessed by array comparative genomic hybridization. Such genomic instability consisted most prominently of amplifications but with sizable deletions as compared to the wild-type counterparts affecting several cancer-related genes including RAF-1, GSN, LMO3, and Fzd6 independently of p53. Altogether, our results present a viable case for the involvement of ICAD deficiency in colon carcinogenesis and show that apoptosis and genomic instability may comprise the means by which such deficiency may contribute to the process of increasing susceptibility to carcinogen-induced tumorigenesis.
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13
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Bhayani KR, Rajwade JM, Paknikar KM. Radio frequency induced hyperthermia mediated by dextran stabilized LSMO nanoparticles: in vitro evaluation of heat shock protein response. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:015102. [PMID: 23221040 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/1/015102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Dextran stabilized La(0.7)Sr(0.3)MnO(3) (Dex-LSMO) is an alternative cancer hyperthermia agent holding considerable promise. Here, we have carried out a comparative study on radio frequency (~264 kHz) induced Dex-LSMO mediated heating and extraneous heating (mimicking generalized hyperthermia) in terms of changes in the morphology, proliferation pattern and induction of heat shock proteins in a human melanoma cell line (A375). Our results clearly show that the cellular effects seen with extraneous heating (60 min at 43 °C) could be reproduced by just six minutes of radio frequency induced Dex-LSMO mediated heating. More importantly, the observed enhanced levels of HSP 70 and 90 (molecular markers of heat shock that trigger favorable immunological reactions) seen with Dex-LSMO mediated heating were comparable to extraneous heating. These results suggest the possible utility of Dex-LSMO as a cancer hyperthermia agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Bhayani
- Centre for Nanobioscience, Agharkar Research Institute, G G Agarkar Road, Pune 411004, India
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14
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Chitosan/PLA nanoparticles as a novel carrier for the delivery of anthraquinone: Synthesis, characterization and in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 101:126-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Gaiffe E, Prétet JL, Launay S, Jacquin E, Saunier M, Hetzel G, Oudet P, Mougin C. Apoptotic HPV positive cancer cells exhibit transforming properties. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36766. [PMID: 22574222 PMCID: PMC3344932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that DNA can be transferred from dying engineered cells to neighboring cells through the phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies, which leads to cellular transformation. Here, we provide evidence of an uptake of apoptotic-derived cervical cancer cells by human mesenchymal cells. Interestingly, HeLa (HPV 18+) or Ca Ski (HPV16+) cells, harboring integrated high-risk HPV DNA but not C-33 A cells (HPV-), were able to transform the recipient cells. Human primary fibroblasts engulfed the apoptotic bodies effectively within 30 minutes after co-cultivation. This mechanism is active and involves the actin cytoskeleton. In situ hybridization of transformed fibroblasts revealed the presence of HPV DNA in the nucleus of a subset of phagocytosing cells. These cells expressed the HPV16/18 E6 gene, which contributes to the disruption of the p53/p21 pathway, and the cells exhibited a tumorigenic phenotype, including an increased proliferation rate, polyploidy and anchorage independence growth. Such horizontal transfer of viral oncogenes to surrounding cells that lack receptors for HPV could facilitate the persistence of the virus, the main risk factor for cervical cancer development. This process might contribute to HPV-associated disease progression in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Gaiffe
- Equipe d'Accueil 3181, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 133, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Jean-Luc Prétet
- Equipe d'Accueil 3181, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 133, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Sophie Launay
- Equipe d'Accueil 3181, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 133, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Elise Jacquin
- Equipe d'Accueil 3181, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 133, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Maëlle Saunier
- Equipe d'Accueil 3181, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 133, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Geneviève Hetzel
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pierre Oudet
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christiane Mougin
- Equipe d'Accueil 3181, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 133, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besançon, Besançon, France
- * E-mail:
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16
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Iglesias-Guimarais V, Gil-Guiñon E, Gabernet G, García-Belinchón M, Sánchez-Osuna M, Casanelles E, Comella JX, Yuste VJ. Apoptotic DNA degradation into oligonucleosomal fragments, but not apoptotic nuclear morphology, relies on a cytosolic pool of DFF40/CAD endonuclease. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:7766-79. [PMID: 22253444 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.290718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic cell death is characterized by nuclear fragmentation and oligonucleosomal DNA degradation, mediated by the caspase-dependent specific activation of DFF40/CAD endonuclease. Here, we describe how, upon apoptotic stimuli, SK-N-AS human neuroblastoma-derived cells show apoptotic nuclear morphology without displaying concomitant internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. Cytotoxicity afforded after staurosporine treatment is comparable with that obtained in SH-SY5Y cells, which exhibit a complete apoptotic phenotype. SK-N-AS cell death is a caspase-dependent process that can be impaired by the pan-caspase inhibitor q-VD-OPh. The endogenous inhibitor of DFF40/CAD, ICAD, is correctly processed, and dff40/cad cDNA sequence does not reveal mutations altering its amino acid composition. Biochemical approaches show that both SH-SY5Y and SK-N-AS resting cells express comparable levels of DFF40/CAD. However, the endonuclease is poorly expressed in the cytosolic fraction of healthy SK-N-AS cells. Despite this differential subcellular distribution of DFF40/CAD, we find no differences in the subcellular localization of both pro-caspase-3 and ICAD between the analyzed cell lines. After staurosporine treatment, the preferential processing of ICAD in the cytosolic fraction allows the translocation of DFF40/CAD from this fraction to a chromatin-enriched one. Therefore, the low levels of cytosolic DFF40/CAD detected in SK-N-AS cells determine the absence of DNA laddering after staurosporine treatment. In these cells DFF40/CAD cytosolic levels can be restored by the overexpression of their own endonuclease, which is sufficient to make them proficient at degrading their chromatin into oligonucleosome-size fragments after staurosporine treatment. Altogether, the cytosolic levels of DFF40/CAD are determinants in achieving a complete apoptotic phenotype, including oligonucleosomal DNA degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Iglesias-Guimarais
- Cell Death, Senescence, and Survival Group, Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Neurociencies, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Fullwood MJ, Lee J, Lin L, Li G, Huss M, Ng P, Sung WK, Shenolikar S. Next-generation sequencing of apoptotic DNA breakpoints reveals association with actively transcribed genes and gene translocations. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26054. [PMID: 22087219 PMCID: PMC3210745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA fragmentation is a well-recognized hallmark of apoptosis. However, the precise DNA sequences cleaved during apoptosis triggered by distinct mechanisms remain unclear. We used next-generation sequencing of DNA fragments generated in Actinomycin D-treated human HL-60 leukemic cells to generate a high-throughput, global map of apoptotic DNA breakpoints. These data highlighted that DNA breaks are non-random and show a significant association with active genes and open chromatin regions. We noted that transcription factor binding sites were also enriched within a fraction of the apoptotic breakpoints. Interestingly, extensive apoptotic cleavage was noted within genes that are frequently translocated in human cancers. We speculate that the non-random fragmentation of DNA during apoptosis may contribute to gene translocations and the development of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J. Fullwood
- A*STAR-Duke-NUS Neuroscience Partnership, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joanne Lee
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lifang Lin
- A*STAR-Duke-NUS Neuroscience Partnership, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Guoliang Li
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Wing-Kin Sung
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shirish Shenolikar
- Signature Research Programs in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders and Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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18
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Chiang JH, Yang JS, Ma CY, Yang MD, Huang HY, Hsia TC, Kuo HM, Wu PP, Lee TH, Chung JG. Danthron, an anthraquinone derivative, induces DNA damage and caspase cascades-mediated apoptosis in SNU-1 human gastric cancer cells through mitochondrial permeability transition pores and Bax-triggered pathways. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 24:20-9. [PMID: 21126053 DOI: 10.1021/tx100248s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Anthraquinones have been shown to induce apoptosis in different types of tumor cells, but the mechanisms of danthron-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in human gastric cancer cells have not been adequately explored. This study investigated the roles of caspase cascades, ROS, DNA damage, mitochondrial disruption, and Bax and Bcl-2 proteins in danthron-induced apoptosis of SNU-1 human gastric cancer cells, a commonly used cell culture system for in vitro studies. Cells were incubated with different concentrations of danthron in a time- and/or dose-dependent manner. Cell morphological changes (shrinkage and rounding) were examined by a phase-contrast microscope, whereas cell viability and apoptotic populations were determined by flow cytometric analysis using propidium iodide (PI) and annexin V-FITC staining. The fluorescent DAPI nucleic acid stain and Comet assay were applied to detect danthron-induced chromatin condensation (an apoptotic characteristic) and DNA damage. Increasing the levels of caspase-3, -8, and -9 activities was involved in danthron-induced apoptosis, and they could be attenuated by inhibitors of specific caspases, indicating that danthron triggered the caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway. Further studies with flow cytometric analyses indicated that cellular levels of ROS, cytosolic Ca(2+), and mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pore opening were increased, but the level of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ(m)) was decreased. Also, the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 levels and other proapoptotic proteins associated with modulating the ΔΨ(m) were up-regulated. Apoptotic signaling was also stimulated after exposure to danthron and determined by Western blotting and real-time PCR analyses. In summary, it is suggested that danthron-induced apoptotic cell death was involved in mitochondrial depolarization, which led to release of cytochrome c, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), and endonuclease G (Endo G) and caused the activation of caspase-9 and -3 in SNU-1 human gastric cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo-Hua Chiang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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19
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Waterhouse M, Themeli M, Bertz H, Zoumbos N, Finke J, Spyridonidis A. Horizontal DNA transfer from donor to host cells as an alternative mechanism of epithelial chimerism after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2010; 17:319-29. [PMID: 20837151 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Animal and human studies have shown that after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation, epithelial cells containing donor-derived genome emerge. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are still unclear. We hypothesized that horizontal transfer of the hematopoietic donor-DNA to the host epithelium confers a possible operating mechanism. In an in vitro model mimicking the lymphocyte-epithelial interaction, we cocultivated keratinocyte HaCaT cells (Y-chromosome negative) with nonapoptotic or apoptotic, CMFDA, or BrdU-labeled hematopoietic Jurkat cells (Y+) and looked for the emergence of HaCaT cells bearing Jurkat genome. We found that DNA can be horizontally transferred from hematopoietic to epithelial cell lines through phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies. The ingested genomic material was also found within the nuclear compartment and in isolated chromosomes obtained from HaCaT metaphases. Both lysosomal inhibition in HaCaT cells and repetitive load of HaCaT cells with apoptotic bodies increased the intercellular and intranuclear DNA delivery. Although recipient cells remained viable and showed to express the foreign DNA, this expression was transient. Taking into consideration these findings of horizontal DNA transfer between hematopoietic and epithelial cells, we evaluated by quantitative microsatellite analysis the amount of donor DNA in 176 buccal swabs obtained from 71 patients after allogeneic transplantation. We found a high amount of donor-DNA (mean 26.6%) in the majority (89.7%) of them, although no donor hematopoietic cells were evident in the samples by immunofluorescence. We propose that the incessant charge of the transplant recipient with donor-DNA and its "inappropriate" intranuclear delivery in host epithelium may explain the emergence of epithelial cells with donor-derived genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Waterhouse
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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20
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Zernecke A, Bidzhekov K, Noels H, Shagdarsuren E, Gan L, Denecke B, Hristov M, Köppel T, Jahantigh MN, Lutgens E, Wang S, Olson EN, Schober A, Weber C. Delivery of microRNA-126 by apoptotic bodies induces CXCL12-dependent vascular protection. Sci Signal 2009; 2:ra81. [PMID: 19996457 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2000610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1017] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a pivotal process in embryogenesis and postnatal cell homeostasis and involves the shedding of membranous microvesicles termed apoptotic bodies. In response to tissue damage, the CXC chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 counteract apoptosis and recruit progenitor cells. Here, we show that endothelial cell-derived apoptotic bodies are generated during atherosclerosis and convey paracrine alarm signals to recipient vascular cells that trigger the production of CXCL12. CXCL12 production was mediated by microRNA-126 (miR-126), which was enriched in apoptotic bodies and repressed the function of regulator of G protein (heterotrimeric guanosine triphosphate-binding protein) signaling 16, an inhibitor of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. This enabled CXCR4, a GPCR, to trigger an autoregulatory feedback loop that increased the production of CXCL12. Administration of apoptotic bodies or miR-126 limited atherosclerosis, promoted the incorporation of Sca-1+ progenitor cells, and conferred features of plaque stability on different mouse models of atherosclerosis. This study highlights functions of microRNAs in health and disease that may extend to the recruitment of progenitor cells during other forms of tissue repair or homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Zernecke
- Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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21
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Buzder T, Yin X, Wang X, Banfalvi G, Basnakian AG. Uptake of foreign nucleic acids in kidney tubular epithelial cells deficient in proapoptotic endonucleases. DNA Cell Biol 2009; 28:435-42. [PMID: 19558214 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2008.0850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Degradation of DNA during gene delivery is an obstacle for gene transfer and for gene therapy. DNases play a major role in degrading foreign DNA. However, which of the DNases are involved and whether their inactivation can improve gene delivery have not been studied. We have recently identified deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) and endonuclease G (EndoG) as the major degradative enzymes in the mouse kidney proximal tubule epithelial (TKPTS) cells. In this study, we used immortalized mouse TKPTS cells and primary tubular epithelial cells isolated from DNase I or EndoG knockout (KO) mice and examined the degradation of plasmid DNA during its uptake. DNase I and EndoG KO cells showed a higher rate of transfection by pECFP-N1 plasmid than wild-type cells. In addition, EndoG KO cells prevented the uptake of fluorescent-labeled RNA. Complete inhibition of secreted DNase I by G-actin did not improve plasmid transfection, indicating that only intracellular DNase I affects DNA stability. Data demonstrate the importance of DNase I and EndoG in host cell defense against gene and RNA delivery to renal tubular epithelial cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timea Buzder
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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