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Song D, Lian Y, Zhang L. The potential of activator protein 1 (AP-1) in cancer targeted therapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1224892. [PMID: 37483616 PMCID: PMC10361657 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1224892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Activator protein-1 (AP-1) is a transcription factor that consists of a diverse group of members including Jun, Fos, Maf, and ATF. AP-1 involves a number of processes such as proliferation, migration, and invasion in cells. Dysfunctional AP-1 activity is associated with cancer initiation, development, invasion, migration and drug resistance. Therefore, AP-1 is a potential target for cancer targeted therapy. Currently, some small molecule inhibitors targeting AP-1 have been developed and tested, showing some anticancer effects. However, AP-1 is complex and diverse in its structure and function, and different dimers may play different roles in different type of cancers. Therefore, more research is needed to reveal the specific mechanisms of AP-1 in cancer, and how to select appropriate inhibitors and treatment strategies. Ultimately, this review summarizes the potential of combination therapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Song
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Women and Children Diseases, Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Genetic Medicine of Shandong Health Commission, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Lian
- Department of Obstetrics, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Women and Children Diseases, Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Genetic Medicine of Shandong Health Commission, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, China
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Abstract
We disclose herein electro-oxidative synthesis as the general protocol for procuring phenazines under mild reaction conditions. Using aerial oxygen as an oxidant, inexpensive electrolyte, and electrodes, a diverse range of phenazines have been accessed in good yields via the ring contraction of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepines. In addition, the syntheses of phenazines and diamino phenazines via direct electro-oxidation of dihydrophenazines and electro-dimerization of o-phenylenediamines, respectively, have also been accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, NH-44, Nagrota Bypass, Jammu 181221, J & K, India
| | - Namrata Kotwal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, NH-44, Nagrota Bypass, Jammu 181221, J & K, India
| | - Pankaj Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, NH-44, Nagrota Bypass, Jammu 181221, J & K, India
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Buric AJ, Dickerhoff J, Yang D. Novel DNA Bis-Intercalator XR5944 as a Potent Anticancer Drug-Design and Mechanism of Action. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144132. [PMID: 34299405 PMCID: PMC8304338 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review is dedicated to Professor William A. Denny’s discovery of XR5944 (also known as MLN944). XR5944 is a DNA-targeted agent with exceptionally potent antitumor activity and a novel DNA binding mode, bis-intercalation and major groove binding, as well as a novel mechanism of action, transcription inhibition. This novel anticancer compound represents a remarkable accomplishment resulting from two decades of drug discovery by Professor Denny and coworkers. Here, we review our work on the structural study of the DNA binding mode of XR5944 and mechanistic study of XR5944 action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Buric
- College of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, 575 W Stadium Ave, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (A.J.B.); (J.D.)
| | - Jonathan Dickerhoff
- College of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, 575 W Stadium Ave, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (A.J.B.); (J.D.)
| | - Danzhou Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, 575 W Stadium Ave, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (A.J.B.); (J.D.)
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, 201 S University St, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
- Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-765-494-8148
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Cinelli MA. Topoisomerase 1B poisons: Over a half-century of drug leads, clinical candidates, and serendipitous discoveries. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:1294-1337. [PMID: 30456874 DOI: 10.1002/med.21546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Topoisomerases are DNA processing enzymes that relieve supercoiling (torsional strain) in DNA, are necessary for normal cellular division, and act by nicking (and then religating) DNA strands. Type 1B topoisomerase (Top1) is overexpressed in certain tumors, and the enzyme has been extensively investigated as a target for cancer chemotherapy. Various chemical agents can act as "poisons" of the enzyme's religation step, leading to Top1-DNA lesions, DNA breakage, and eventual cellular death. In this review, agents that poison Top1 (and have thus been investigated for their anticancer properties) are surveyed, including natural products (such as camptothecins and indolocarbazoles), semisynthetic camptothecin and luotonin derivatives, and synthetic compounds (such as benzonaphthyridines, aromathecins, and indenoisoquinolines), as well as targeted therapies and conjugates. Top1 has also been investigated as a therapeutic target in certain viral and parasitic infections, as well as autoimmune, inflammatory, and neurological disorders, and a summary of literature describing alternative indications is also provided. This review should provide both a reference for the medicinal chemist and potentially offer clues to aid in the development of new Top1 poisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maris A Cinelli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Meier C, Steinhauer TN, Koczian F, Plitzko B, Jarolim K, Girreser U, Braig S, Marko D, Vollmar AM, Clement B. A Dual Topoisomerase Inhibitor of Intense Pro-Apoptotic and Antileukemic Nature for Cancer Treatment. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:347-352. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Meier
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry; Pharmaceutical Institute of the Christian Albrechts University in Kiel; Gutenbergstraße 76 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Tamara N. Steinhauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry; Pharmaceutical Institute of the Christian Albrechts University in Kiel; Gutenbergstraße 76 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Fabian Koczian
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research; Pharmaceutical Biology; University of Munich; Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Birte Plitzko
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry; Pharmaceutical Institute of the Christian Albrechts University in Kiel; Gutenbergstraße 76 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Katharina Jarolim
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology; University of Vienna; Währinger Straße 38 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Ulrich Girreser
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry; Pharmaceutical Institute of the Christian Albrechts University in Kiel; Gutenbergstraße 76 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Simone Braig
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research; Pharmaceutical Biology; University of Munich; Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology; University of Vienna; Währinger Straße 38 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Angelika M. Vollmar
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research; Pharmaceutical Biology; University of Munich; Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Bernd Clement
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry; Pharmaceutical Institute of the Christian Albrechts University in Kiel; Gutenbergstraße 76 24118 Kiel Germany
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Serobian A, Thomas DS, Ball GE, Denny WA, Wakelin LPG. The solution structure of bis(phenazine-1-carboxamide)-DNA complexes: MLN 944 binding corrected and extended. Biopolymers 2016; 101:1099-113. [PMID: 24898663 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
MLN 944 is a bisintercalating DNA-binding antitumor agent known to be a template inhibitor of transcription. Previous (1) H NMR studies of its d(ATGCAT)2 complex concluded that its phenazine chromophores are protonated. However, we find that this is not so, which has important consequences for the charged state of the ligand, for the orientation of its 1-carboxamide group in the complex, and for the details of the interaction of its protonated interchromophore linker with the DNA base pairs. Here, we report a corrected solution structure of the MLN 944-d(ATGCAT)2 complex, and extend the study to complexes with d(TATGCATA)2 , and d(TACGCGTA)2 , using a variety of (1) H and (31) P NMR methods and molecular dynamics simulations employing the AMBER 12 force field. We find that for all three complexes MLN 944 binds as a dication, in which the chromophores are uncharged, in the DNA major groove spanning the central 2 GC base pairs in a manner that maintains the dyad symmetry of the DNA. The carboxamide group lies in the plane of the chromophore, its NH making hydrogen bonding interactions with the phenazine N10 nitrogen, and the protonated linkers form hydrogen bonds with the O6 atom of guanine. The dynamics simulations reveal extensive solvent interactions involving the linker amines, the carboxamide group, and the DNA bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Serobian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, 2052, NSW, Australia
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Zhang B, Li X, Li B, Gao C, Jiang Y. Acridine and its derivatives: a patent review (2009 - 2013). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2015; 24:647-64. [PMID: 24848259 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.902052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acridine derivatives have been extensively explored as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of a number of diseases, such as cancer, Alzheimer's, and bacterial and protozoan infections. Their mode of action is mainly attributed to DNA intercalation and the subsequent effects on the biological processes linked to DNA and its related enzymes. AREA COVERED This review covers the relevant efforts in developing acridine derivatives with enhanced therapeutic potency and selectivity and as fluorescent materials, with particular focus on the newly patented acridine derivatives in 2009 - 2013, acridine drugs in clinical trials and preclinical studies, and other new derivatives that emerged in 2009 - 2013. EXPERT OPINION Thousands of acridines with therapeutic and biological activities or with photochemical properties have been developed. In addition, to modify the position and the nature of the substituent on the acridine core, more attention may be paid to the development of azaacridine or other heteroatom-substituted acridine derivatives and their synthesis methods to broaden the application of acridine derivatives. In cancer chemotherapy, the mode of action of acridine derivatives needs to be further studied. Efficient methods for identification and optimization of acridine derivatives to localize at the sites of disease need to be further developed. Moreover, acridine drugs may be combined with such bioactive agents as DNA repair proteins inhibitors to overcome tumor resistance and improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Tsinghua University, Department of Chemistry , Beijing 100084 , PR China
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Cimmino A, Evidente A, Mathieu V, Andolfi A, Lefranc F, Kornienko A, Kiss R. Phenazines and cancer. Nat Prod Rep 2012; 29:487-501. [DOI: 10.1039/c2np00079b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Wolf SJ, Wakelin LPG, He Z, Stewart BW, Catchpoole DR. In vitro assessment of novel transcription inhibitors and topoisomerase poisons in rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2009; 64:1059-69. [PMID: 19277661 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-009-0962-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children. Current chemotherapy regimes include the topoisomerase II poison etoposide and the transcription inhibitor actinomycin D. Poor clinical response necessitate identification of new agents to improve patient outcomes. METHODS We assessed the in vitro cytotoxicity (MTT assay) of DNA intercalating agents in five established human RMS cell lines. These include novel classes of transcription inhibitors and topoisomerase poisons, previously shown to have potential as anti-cancer agents. RESULTS Amongst the former agents, bisintercalating bis(9-aminoacridine-4-carboxamides) linked through the 9-position, and bis(phenazine-1-carboxamides) linked via their side chains, are compared with established transcription inhibitors. Amongst the latter, monofunctional acridine-4-carboxamides related to N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]acridine-4-carboxamide, DACA, are compared with established topoisomerase poisons. CONCLUSIONS Our findings specifically highlight the topoisomerase poison 9-amino-DACA, its 5-methylsulphone derivative, AS-DACA, and the bis(phenazine-1-carboxamide) transcription inhibitor MLN944/XR5944, currently in phase I trial, as candidates for further research into new agents for the treatment of RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Wolf
- The Tumour Bank, Oncology Research Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
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Jobson AG, Willmore E, Tilby MJ, Mistry P, Charlton P, Austin CA. Effect of phenazine compounds XR11576 and XR5944 on DNA topoisomerases. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2008; 63:889-901. [PMID: 18679685 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-008-0812-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 07/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous in vitro cleavage data showed that XR11576 and XR5944 stabilised topoisomerase I and topoisomerase II complexes on DNA in a dose-dependent fashion. However, some studies indicated a possible topoisomerase-independent mechanism of action for these drugs. METHODS Three methods, the TARDIS assay, immunoband depletion and the K(+)/SDS assay have been used to assess topoisomerase complex formation induced by XR11576 or XR5944 in human leukaemic K562 cells. RESULTS TARDIS and immunoband depletion assays demonstrated that XR11576 and XR5944 induced complex formation for both topoisomerase I and topoisomerase II (alpha and beta) in a dose- and time-dependent manner, following exposure times of 24 and 48 h at concentrations of 1 or 10 microM. The K(+)/SDS assay showed the formation of protein/DNA complexes after a 1 h exposure to 1 or 10 muM XR11576. CONCLUSION Our data confirm that XR11576 or XR5944 can form topoisomerase complexes, after long periods of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Jobson
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
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