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Abdollahi S, Hasanpour Ardekanizadeh N, Poorhosseini SM, Gholamalizadeh M, Roumi Z, Goodarzi MO, Doaei S. Unraveling the Complex Interactions between the Fat Mass and Obesity-Associated (FTO) Gene, Lifestyle, and Cancer. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:2406-2419. [PMID: 36104156 PMCID: PMC9776650 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmac101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Carcinogenesis is a complicated process and originates from genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Recent studies have reported a potential critical role for the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene in carcinogenesis through different signaling pathways such as mRNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) demethylation. The most common internal modification in mammalian mRNA is the m6A RNA methylation that has significant biological functioning through regulation of cancer-related cellular processes. Some environmental factors, like physical activity and dietary intake, may influence signaling pathways engaged in carcinogenesis, through regulating FTO gene expression. In addition, people with FTO gene polymorphisms may be differently influenced by cancer risk factors, for example, FTO risk allele carriers may need a higher intake of nutrients to prevent cancer than others. In order to obtain a deeper viewpoint of the FTO, lifestyle, and cancer-related pathway interactions, this review aims to discuss upstream and downstream pathways associated with the FTO gene and cancer. The present study discusses the possible mechanisms of interaction of the FTO gene with various cancers and provides a comprehensive picture of the lifestyle factors affecting the FTO gene as well as the possible downstream pathways that lead to the effect of the FTO gene on cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Abdollahi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of
Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naeemeh Hasanpour Ardekanizadeh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences,
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Gholamalizadeh
- Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical
Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Roumi
- Department of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad
University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mark O Goodarzi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine,
Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Saeid Doaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences,
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Comparison of faecal protein biomarkers' diagnostic accuracy for colorectal advanced neoplasms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2623. [PMID: 35173276 PMCID: PMC8850428 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06689-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis of colorectal advanced neoplasms (ANs), including colorectal cancer (CRC) and advanced adenoma (AA), has a positive effect on the survival rate. As a first attempt, the aim of this meta-analysis was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of faecal protein biomarkers for the detection of colorectal neoplasms with consideration of a wide range of covariates. A systematic literature search was performed up to Jun 10, 2021 on Web of Sciences, Scopus and PubMed. The diagnostic accuracies were calculated using the bivariate/hierarchical random effect model. Biomarkers were determined to be clinically applicable (CA) if they had areas under the curve > 0.70 and positive and negative likelihood ratios > 2 and < 0.5, respectively. A total of 47,059 test results were extracted from 16 immunochemical faecal occult blood test (iFOBT), 26 pyruvate kinase-M2 (PK-M2) and 23 faecal calprotectin (FC) studies. Only iFOBT, PK-M2 and FC for CRC plus iFOBT and PK-M2 for AN were CA. iFOBT had significantly superior accuracy (P = 0.02 versus PK-M2 and P < 0.01 versus FC for CRC; P < 0.01 versus PK-M2 for AN). Regarding covariates, the lateral flow method of PK-M2 measurement increased its accuracy for CRC detection compared to the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (P < 0.01). iFOBT is recommended as the most accurate faecal biomarker for CRC and AN diagnosis.
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Novel Diagnostic Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020852. [PMID: 35055034 PMCID: PMC8776048 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is still a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Less than half of cases are diagnosed when the cancer is locally advanced. CRC is a heterogenous disease associated with a number of genetic or somatic mutations. Diagnostic markers are used for risk stratification and early detection, which might prolong overall survival. Nowadays, the widespread use of semi-invasive endoscopic methods and feacal blood tests characterised by suboptimal accuracy of diagnostic results has led to the detection of cases at later stages. New molecular noninvasive tests based on the detection of CRC alterations seem to be more sensitive and specific then the current methods. Therefore, research aiming at identifying molecular markers, such as DNA, RNA and proteins, would improve survival rates and contribute to the development of personalized medicine. The identification of “ideal” diagnostic biomarkers, having high sensitivity and specificity, being safe, cheap and easy to measure, remains a challenge. The purpose of this review is to discuss recent advances in novel diagnostic biomarkers for tumor tissue, blood and stool samples in CRC patients.
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Che Alhadi S, Wan Zain WZ, Zahari Z, Md Hashim MN, Syed Abd. Aziz SH, Zakaria Z, Wong MPK, Zakaria AD. The Use of M2-Pyruvate Kinase as a Stool Biomarker for Detection of Colorectal Cancer in Tertiary Teaching Hospital: A Comparative Study. Ann Coloproctol 2020; 36:409-414. [PMID: 32972105 PMCID: PMC7837393 DOI: 10.3393/ac.2020.08.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Guaiac fecal occult blood test (gFOBT) has been the standard for colorectal screening but it has low sensitivity and specificity. This study evaluated the use of fecal tumor M2-pyruvate kinase (M2-PK) for detection of colorectal cancer and to compare with the current surveillance tool; gFOBT in symptomatic adult subjects underwent colonoscopy. Methods Stool samples were collected prospectively from symptomatic adults who had elective colonoscopy from September 2014 to January 2016 and were analyzed with the ScheBo M2-PK Quick test and laboratory detection of fecal hemoglobin. Results The results were correlated to the colonoscopy findings and/or histopathology report. Eighty-five subjects (age of 56.8 ± 15.3 years [mean ± standard deviation]) were recruited with a total of 17 colorectal cancer (20.0%) and 10 colorectal adenoma patients (11.8%). The sensitivity of M2-PK test in colorectal cancer detection was higher than gFOBT (100% vs. 64.7%). M2-PK test had a lower specificity when compared to gFOBT (72.5% vs. 88.2%) in colorectal cancer detection. The positive and negative predictive values were 47.2% and 100% for M2-PK test and 57.9% and 90.9% for gFOBT. Conclusion Fecal M2-PK Quick test has a high sensitivity for detection of colorectal cancer when compared to gFOBT, making it the potential choice for colorectal tumor screening biomarker in the future.
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Zhu K, Li Y, Deng C, Wang Y, Piao J, Lin Z, Chen L. Significant association of PKM2 and NQO1 proteins with poor prognosis in breast cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2020; 216:153173. [PMID: 32841776 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1) have been known to play significant functions in tumorigenesis and development. The association between PKM2 and NQO1 in breast cancer continues, however, to be unclear. In the present study, according to UALCAN and GEPIA database, the mRNA levels of PKM2 and NQO1 in breast primary tumor were significantly higher compared to normal breast tissue. Consonant with these findings, increased expression of both PKM2 and NQO1 were detected in clinical samples and BC cell lines. More importantly, consolidated high expression of NQO1 and PKM2 were obtained to be related with worse clinical stage, relapse, shorter relapse free survival (RFS), and poorer overall survival (OS) in human breast cancer. We subsequently found that knockdown of NQO1 reduced the protein level of PKM2 significantly. Moreover, deletion of PKM2 significantly reduced colony formation, migration and invasion of BC cells. A positive correlation between PKM2 and NQO1 expression was identified by immunohistochemical analyses of 108 specimens of breast cancer patients (rs = 0.60, P = 0.00). Finally, endogenous Co-IP demonstrated that PKM2 and NQO1 interact in breast cancer cells. The results of this study suggest that the correlation between NQO1 and PKM2 might play a critical role during breast tumourigenesis and serve as novel diagnostic biomarkers for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhu
- Cancer Research Center, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133002, China; Key laboratory of the Science and Technology Department of Jilin Province, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Yue Li
- Cancer Research Center, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133002, China; Department of Biochemistry and molecular biology, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133002, China; Key laboratory of the Science and Technology Department of Jilin Province, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Chunling Deng
- Cancer Research Center, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133002, China; Department of Biochemistry and molecular biology, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133002, China; Key laboratory of the Science and Technology Department of Jilin Province, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Yixuan Wang
- Cancer Research Center, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133002, China; Key laboratory of the Science and Technology Department of Jilin Province, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Junjie Piao
- Cancer Research Center, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133002, China; Key laboratory of the Science and Technology Department of Jilin Province, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Zhenhua Lin
- Cancer Research Center, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133002, China; Key laboratory of the Science and Technology Department of Jilin Province, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Liyan Chen
- Cancer Research Center, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133002, China; Department of Biochemistry and molecular biology, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133002, China; Key laboratory of the Science and Technology Department of Jilin Province, Yanji 133002, China.
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Rigi F, Jannatabad A, Izanloo A, Roshanravan R, Hashemian HR, Kerachian MA. Expression of tumor pyruvate kinase M2 isoform in plasma and stool of patients with colorectal cancer or adenomatous polyps. BMC Gastroenterol 2020; 20:241. [PMID: 32727566 PMCID: PMC7388451 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-020-01377-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor pyruvate kinase M2 isoform (tM2-PK), which is an isoform of PK-glycolytic enzyme and appears on the surface of cancerous proliferating cells, has been used as a diagnostic biomarker for colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of this study was to evaluate the tM2-PK measurement test for the diagnosis of CRCs and adenomatous polyps in plasma and stool samples in an Iranian population. Methods In this prospective study, a total of 226 stool and 178 plasma samples were received from patients referred to colonoscopy units. tM2-PK enzyme was measured using two separate ScheBo-Biotech-AG ELISA kits for stool and plasma samples. Results According to ROC curves, in the tumor group, at the cut-off value of 4 U/ml, the sensitivity of fecal tM2-PK test was 100% and the specificity was 68%, and in the polyp group, the sensitivity and specificity were 87 and 68%, respectively. For tumor detection in plasma specimens, a cut-off value > 25 U/ml has a sensitivity and specificity of 90.9 and 91.3%, respectively. Similarly, for polyp detection, a cut-off value > 19 U/ml has a sensitivity of 96.3% and the specificity of 85.5%. Conclusions Based on our results, a cut-off range of 4.8–8 U/ml and > 8 U/ml could be used to detect polyp and tumor in stool samples, respectively. Similarly, a cut-off range of 19–25 U/ml and > 25 U/ml is recommended in plasma samples, suggesting tM2-PK test as a non-invasive assay to diagnose CRC and adenomatous polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farideh Rigi
- Razavi Cancer Research Center, Razavi Hospital, Imam Reza International University, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Science, Sabzevar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Jannatabad
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Science, Sabzevar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Azra Izanloo
- Razavi Cancer Research Center, Razavi Hospital, Imam Reza International University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Roshanravan
- Razavi Cancer Research Center, Razavi Hospital, Imam Reza International University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Hashemian
- Razavi Cancer Research Center, Razavi Hospital, Imam Reza International University, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Amin Kerachian
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,Cancer Genetics Research Unit, Reza Radiotherapy and Oncology Center, Mashhad, Iran.
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Loktionov A, Soubieres A, Bandaletova T, Francis N, Allison J, Sturt J, Mathur J, Poullis A. Biomarker measurement in non-invasively sampled colorectal mucus as a novel approach to colorectal cancer detection: screening and triage implications. Br J Cancer 2020; 123:252-260. [PMID: 32398859 PMCID: PMC7374197 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-0893-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Faecal tests are widely applied for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening and considered for triaging symptomatic patients with suspected CRC. However, faecal tests can be inconvenient, complex and expensive. Colorectal mucus (CM) sampled using our new patient-friendly non-invasive technique is rich in CRC biomarkers. This study aimed to evaluate diagnostic accuracy of CRC detection by measuring protein biomarkers in CM. Methods Colorectal mucus samples were provided by 35 healthy controls, 62 CRC-free symptomatic patients and 40 CRC patients. Biomarkers were quantified by ELISA. Diagnostic performances of haemoglobin, C-reactive protein, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1, M2-pyruvate kinase, matrix metalloproteinase-9, peptidyl arginine deiminase-4, epidermal growth factor receptor, calprotectin and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin were assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results Colorectal mucus haemoglobin was superior compared to other biomarkers. For haemoglobin, the areas under the curve for discriminating between CRC and healthy groups (‘screening’) and between CRC and symptomatic patients (‘triage’) were 0.921 and 0.854 respectively. The sensitivity of 80.0% and specificities of 94.3% and 85.5% for the two settings respectively were obtained. Conclusions Haemoglobin quantification in CM reliably detects CRC. This patient-friendly approach presents an attractive alternative to faecal immunochemical test; however, the two methods need to be directly compared in larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Loktionov
- DiagNodus Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK. .,DiagNodus Ltd, St John's Innovation Centre, Cowley Road, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Anet Soubieres
- Department of Gastroenterology, St George's Hospital, London, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | - Tatiana Bandaletova
- DiagNodus Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK.,DiagNodus Ltd, St John's Innovation Centre, Cowley Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nader Francis
- Department of Surgery, Yeovil District Hospital, Yeovil, UK.,Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joanna Allison
- Department of Surgery, Yeovil District Hospital, Yeovil, UK
| | - Julian Sturt
- Department of Surgery, Southend University Hospital, Southend-on-Sea, UK
| | - Jai Mathur
- Department of Gastroenterology, St George's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Andrew Poullis
- Department of Gastroenterology, St George's Hospital, London, UK
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Colorectal cancer detection by biomarker quantification in noninvasively collected colorectal mucus: preliminary comparison of 24 protein biomarkers. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 31:1220-1227. [PMID: 31498281 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000001535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Noninvasive colorectal cancer detection and screening remain global diagnostic challenges because the existing stool tests either lack sensitivity or are complex and expensive. Moreover, colorectal cancer screening uptake is low due to stool sampling inconvenience. We have developed a simple and patient-friendly noninvasive technique for collecting highly informative colorectal mucus. In this study, we aimed to comparatively assess a range of candidate biomarkers in colorectal mucus samples for colorectal cancer detection. METHODS The study included 17 patients with colorectal cancer and 35 healthy controls, who provided noninvasively collected colorectal mucus samples. Protein biomarker quantification in these samples by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays allowed comparing diagnostic performances of 24 candidate biomarkers that comprised haemoglobin, D-dimer, M2-pyruvate kinase, carcinoembryonic antigen, C-reactive protein, calprotectin, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin, protein S100A12, tumour necrosis factor α, clusterin, soluble cytokeratin 18, caspase-cleaved cytokeratin 18, citrullinated histone H3, peptidyl arginine deiminase 4, epidermal growth factor, epidermal growth factor receptor, matrix metalloproteinase 9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1, periostin, vascular endothelial growth factor A, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and mucin 2. Tested biomarkers were ranked for colorectal cancer detection efficiency using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. RESULTS High area under the curve values between 0.943 and 0.768 were observed for haemoglobin, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1, M2-pyruvate kinase, peptidyl arginine deiminase 4, C-reactive protein, matrix metalloproteinase 9, epidermal growth factor receptor, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin and calprotectin. CONCLUSION Quantification of protein biomarkers in noninvasively collected samples of colorectal mucus certainly allows detecting colorectal cancer. Further clinical evaluation of the optimal biomarkers identified by this study is needed.
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Rosso C, Cabianca L, Gili FM. Non-invasive markers to detect colorectal cancer in asymptomatic population. MINERVA BIOTECNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.23736/s1120-4826.18.02493-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Lu DH, Lv WW, Li WX, Gao YD. High PKM2 expression is independently correlated with decreased overall survival in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:3603-3610. [PMID: 30127967 PMCID: PMC6096177 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most lethal and malignant types of cancer that affects global human health. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme M2 (PKM2) expression on the clinical features and prognosis of HCC. The present study employed univariate logistic regression to investigate the correlation between PKM2 expression and clinical features. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to estimate the independent effect of PKM2 expression on survival status. The results revealed that patients in the high PKM2 group (≥11.25) exhibited significantly lower creatinine levels (P=0.043), higher fetoprotein levels (P<0.001), advanced stage (P<0.001) and higher grade (P=0.004) compared with patients with low PKM2 expression levels (<11.25). In addition, patients with high PKM2 expression exhibited poor prognosis compared with patients with low PKM2 expression. After correcting the covariates, PKM2 expression remains significantly associated with reduced overall survival (P<0.05). These findings suggested that PKM2 is an independent risk factor for HCC and provides valuable information for future studies on the pathogenesis of HCC and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hui Lu
- Department of Oncology, People's Liberation Army 105 Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Wen Lv
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China.,Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Xing Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, P.R. China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, P.R. China
| | - Yue-Dong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, P.R. China.,Kunming Biological Diversity Regional Center of Instruments, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, P.R. China
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Liu Y, Wu H, Mei Y, Ding X, Yang X, Li C, Deng M, Gong J. Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of PKM2 protein expression in cirrhotic hepatocellular carcinoma and non-cirrhotic hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15294. [PMID: 29127353 PMCID: PMC5681582 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14813-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), a key protein in glucose and lipid metabolism, has been reported to be related to carcinogenesis in various malignancies. However, its roles in hepatocellular carcinoma with cirrhotic liver (CL) and hepatocellular carcinoma with non-cirrhoticliver (NCL) haves not been investigated. In our study western bloting, qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were performed to evaluate the clinical significance of PKM2 protein expression in CL and NCL. The results revealed that PKM2 protein expression was significantly higher in HCC tissues than in their adjacent non-tumour tissues. The high expression rates of PKM2 were more frequently noted in CL (45. 6%) than in NCL (31. 9%) tissues. High PKM2 expression in CL and NCL tissues was significantly associated with vascular invasion (P = 0.002 and P = 0.004, respectively) and intrahepatic metastasis (P < 0.001 and P = 0.019, respectively). Importantly, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the disease-specific survival (DSS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were lower in CL with high PKM2 expression than in NCL with high PKM2 expression (P = 0.003 and P = 0.003, respectively). Overall, high PKM2 expression was more frequently found in CL than in NCL, and PKM2 overexpression was associated with poor survival rates in patients with CL and NCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Geriatric gastroenterology, the Fifth People's Hospital of Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Ying Mei
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiong Ding
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiaoli Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Changping Li
- Department of gastroenterology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
| | - Mingming Deng
- Department of gastroenterology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
| | - Jianping Gong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Song L, Zhang W, Chang Z, Pan Y, Zong H, Fan Q, Wang L. miR-4417 Targets Tripartite Motif-Containing 35 (TRIM35) and Regulates Pyruvate Kinase Muscle 2 (PKM2) Phosphorylation to Promote Proliferation and Suppress Apoptosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:1741-1750. [PMID: 28394882 PMCID: PMC5398329 DOI: 10.12659/msm.900296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that are strongly involved in various types of carcinogenesis, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aimed to clarify whether miR-4417 promotes HCC growth by targeting TRIM35 and regulating PKM2 phosphorylation. MATERIAL AND METHODS Online software, including TargetScan and miRanda, was used to predict the potential target of miR-4417. Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot assays were performed to detect the expression levels of mRNA and protein, respectively. Cell proliferation was measured by MTT assay and apoptosis in A549 cells was examined by flow cytometry. RESULTS Bioinformatics reveal that TRIM35 mRNA contains 1 conserved target site of miR-4417. High level of miR-4417 and low levels of TRIM35 mRNA and protein were observed in HCC cells compared with a normal liver cell line. Biological function analysis showed that miR-4417 inhibitor inhibits cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis in HCC cells. Furthermore, we verified that TRIM35 is a functional target of miR-4417 by use of luciferase reporter assay, and TRIM35 overexpressing showed an elevation of proliferation and a reduction of apoptosis in HCC cells. We subsequently investigated whether miR-4417 and TRIM35 regulate HCC cell proliferation and apoptosis through PKM2 Y105 phosphorylation, and the results supported our speculation that miR-4417 targets TRIM35 and regulates the Y105 phosphorylation of PKM2 to promote hepatocarcinogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that miR-4417 may function as an oncogene in HCC and is a potential alternative therapeutic target for this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Song
- Corresponding Authors: Lijie Song, e-mail: , Liuxing Wang, e-mail:
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Tinmouth J, Vella ET, Baxter NN, Dubé C, Gould M, Hey A, Ismaila N, McCurdy BR, Paszat L. Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average Risk Populations: Evidence Summary. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 2016:2878149. [PMID: 27597935 PMCID: PMC5002289 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2878149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. The objectives of this systematic review were to evaluate the evidence for different CRC screening tests and to determine the most appropriate ages of initiation and cessation for CRC screening and the most appropriate screening intervals for selected CRC screening tests in people at average risk for CRC. Methods. Electronic databases were searched for studies that addressed the research objectives. Meta-analyses were conducted with clinically homogenous trials. A working group reviewed the evidence to develop conclusions. Results. Thirty RCTs and 29 observational studies were included. Flexible sigmoidoscopy (FS) prevented CRC and led to the largest reduction in CRC mortality with a smaller but significant reduction in CRC mortality with the use of guaiac fecal occult blood tests (gFOBTs). There was insufficient or low quality evidence to support the use of other screening tests, including colonoscopy, as well as changing the ages of initiation and cessation for CRC screening with gFOBTs in Ontario. Either annual or biennial screening using gFOBT reduces CRC-related mortality. Conclusion. The evidentiary base supports the use of FS or FOBT (either annual or biennial) to screen patients at average risk for CRC. This work will guide the development of the provincial CRC screening program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Tinmouth
- Prevention and Cancer Control, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Emily T. Vella
- Program in Evidence-Based Care, Cancer Care Ontario, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Nancy N. Baxter
- Prevention and Cancer Control, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Catherine Dubé
- Prevention and Cancer Control, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Ottawa, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Gould
- William Osler Health Centre, Etobicoke, ON, Canada
- Vaughan Endoscopy Clinic, Vaughan, ON, Canada
| | - Amanda Hey
- Northeast Cancer Centre Health Sciences North/Horizon Santé-Nord, Sudbury Outpatient Centre, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Lawrence Paszat
- Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Kim YC, Kim JH, Cheung DY, Kim TH, Jun EJ, Oh JW, Kim CW, Chung WC, Kim BW, Kim SS, Kim JI, Park SH, Kim JK. The Usefulness of a Novel Screening Kit for Colorectal Cancer Using the Immunochromatographic Fecal Tumor M2 Pyruvate Kinase Test. Gut Liver 2016; 9:641-8. [PMID: 25473070 PMCID: PMC4562782 DOI: 10.5009/gnl13457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims M2 pyruvate kinase (M2-PK) is an enzyme that is produced in undifferentiated and proliferating tissues. This study aims to evaluate the usefulness of the immunochromatographic M2 pyruvate kinase (iM2-PK) for the screening of colorectal cancer (CRC) and premalignant lesions. Methods Healthy volunteers and patients with colorectal neoplasia were enrolled in six academic hospitals in the capital province of Korea. The iM2-PK value was compared with the immunochromatographic fecal occult blood test (iFOBT) and fecal tumor M2-PK enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results A total of 323 subjects were enrolled. The sensitivity of iM2-PK for CRC was 92.8%, which was superior to iFOBT (47.5%, p<0.0001). For adenomatous lesions, the sensitivity of iM2-PK was 69.4%, which was also superior to iFOBT (12.1%, p<0.001). Compared with M2-PK ELISA, iM2-PK exhibited significantly enhanced sensitivity for CRC (97.5% vs 80.0%, p=0.0289). The sensitivity of iM2-PK was higher in advanced stages of CRC compared with cancers confined to the mucosa and submucosa (p<0.05). However, lymph node metastasis had no influence on the sensitivity of iM2-PK. Conclusions The iM2-PK exhibited increased sensitivity for identifying CRC and adenomatous lesions compared with iFOBT. Given its rapid results and convenience, CRC screening using iM2-PK is promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Cheol Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Seonam University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Dae Young Cheung
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Ho Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Jung Jun
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Whan Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Whan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Chul Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung-Wook Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Soo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Il Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo-Heon Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Kwang Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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16
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Annaházi A, Ábrahám S, Farkas K, Rosztóczy A, Inczefi O, Földesi I, Szűcs M, Rutka M, Theodorou V, Eutamene H, Bueno L, Lázár G, Wittmann T, Molnár T, Róka R. A pilot study on faecal MMP-9: a new noninvasive diagnostic marker of colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2016; 114:787-92. [PMID: 26908323 PMCID: PMC4984857 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading malignancies worldwide, therefore cheap noninvasive screening methods are of great importance. Matrix-metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) has a role in the progression of CRC, and its level is elevated in tumour biopsies. Faecal MMP-9 levels are increased in active ulcerative colitis patients, but in CRC patients, they have never been measured. We aimed to assess the faecal MMP-9 levels in patients undergoing total colonoscopy according to endoscopic and histological diagnosis. Methods: One hundred and nine patients provided faecal samples for MMP-9 analysis. A total colonoscopy was performed; suspicious lesions were evaluated by histology. Faecal MMP-9 levels were measured by ELISA. Results: The number of patients allocated to different groups were: negative/diverticulosis: 34 (referred to as controls); hyperplastic polyps: 15; adenomas: 32 (22 at high risk); and CRC: 28. Faecal MMP-9 was significantly increased in CRC compared with all other groups (P<0.001). Faecal MMP-9 was suitable to distinguish CRC patients from controls (sensitivity: 89.3% specificity: 91.2%). By means of a lower cutoff level, faecal MMP-9 identified high-risk adenomas besides CRC (sensitivity: 76% specificity: 85.3%). This lower cutoff level screened 59% of high-risk adenomas. Conclusions: Faecal MMP-9 may be a promising new noninvasive marker in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Annaházi
- First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Korányi Fasor 8-10, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Ábrahám
- Department of Surgery, University of Szeged, Pf. 427, Szeged 6701, Hungary
| | - Klaudia Farkas
- First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Korányi Fasor 8-10, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - András Rosztóczy
- First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Korányi Fasor 8-10, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Inczefi
- First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Korányi Fasor 8-10, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - Imre Földesi
- First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Korányi Fasor 8-10, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - Mónika Szűcs
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, University of Szeged, Korányi Fasor 9, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - Mariann Rutka
- First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Korányi Fasor 8-10, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - Vassilia Theodorou
- Toxalim UMR 1331 INRA/INP/UPS, Neuro-Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, 180, Chemin de Tournefeuille, BP.93173, Toulouse Cedex 3, 31027, France
| | - Helene Eutamene
- Toxalim UMR 1331 INRA/INP/UPS, Neuro-Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, 180, Chemin de Tournefeuille, BP.93173, Toulouse Cedex 3, 31027, France
| | - Lionel Bueno
- Toxalim UMR 1331 INRA/INP/UPS, Neuro-Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, 180, Chemin de Tournefeuille, BP.93173, Toulouse Cedex 3, 31027, France
| | - György Lázár
- Department of Surgery, University of Szeged, Pf. 427, Szeged 6701, Hungary
| | - Tibor Wittmann
- First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Korányi Fasor 8-10, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - Tamás Molnár
- First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Korányi Fasor 8-10, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - Richárd Róka
- First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Korányi Fasor 8-10, Szeged 6720, Hungary
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Sithambaram S, Hilmi I, Goh KL. The Diagnostic Accuracy of the M2 Pyruvate Kinase Quick Stool Test--A Rapid Office Based Assay Test for the Detection of Colorectal Cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131616. [PMID: 26158845 PMCID: PMC4497640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background M2 pyruvate kinase (M2PK) is an oncoprotein secreted by colorectal cancers in stools. This the first report on the accuracy of a rapid stool test in the detection of colorectal cancer (CRC). Objective To determine the sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive value of a rapid, point of care stool test M2 PK- the M2PK Quick. Methods Consecutive cases of endoscopically diagnosed and histological proven CRC were recruited. Stools were collected by patients and tested with the immunochromatographic M2PK Quick Test (Schebo Biotech AC, Giessen, Germany). Controls were consecutively chosen from patients without any significant colorectal or gastrointestinal disease undergoing colonoscopy. CRC was staged according to the AJCC staging manual (7th Edition) and location of tumor defined as proximal or distal. Results The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and overall accuracy were: 93%, 97.5%, 94.9%, 96.5% and 96.0% respectively. The positive predictive value for proximal tumors was significantly lower compared to distal tumors. No differences were seen between the different stages of the tumor. Conclusions The M2-PK Quick, rapid, point-of-care test is a highly accurate test in the detection of CRC. It is easy and convenient to perform and a useful diagnostic test for the detection of CRC in a clinical practice setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Sithambaram
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ida Hilmi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khean-Lee Goh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide and a good candidate for screening programmes. However, there is controversy concerning which of the available screening tests should be used. SUMMARY There is general agreement that screening for CRC in the asymptomatic population should begin at the age of 50. Several different screening methods are available which can be separated into those that mainly detect cancers: faecal occult blood tests [guaiac (FOBT) and immunochemical (FIT)], genetic stool tests, blood tests and the M2-pyruvate kinase (M2-PK) test. Methods that detect cancers and polyps are colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, CT-colonography (CT-C) and colon capsule endoscopy. The only tests for which a reduction in CRC mortality compared to no screening have been proven in randomized trials are FOBT and sigmoidoscopy. Several trials suggest that FIT are superior to FOBT in terms of detection rates of cancers and advanced adenomas and possibly compliance. There is indirect evidence suggesting efficacy of colonoscopy as a screening test. The role of CT-C is controversial. There is data suggesting a good sensitivity for neoplasia >9 mm with a lower sensitivity for smaller neoplasia. However, radiation exposure is considered a major limitation in some countries. Unresolved questions include the lesion cut-off for referral to colonoscopy and work-up of extracolonic findings. For other methods, like genetic stool testing using newer markers, blood tests, capsule endoscopy and M2-PK, there is currently insufficient data on screening of the asymptomatic population. Key Messages: Colorectal screening is recommended and should be performed in the form of an organized programme. If detection of early-stage cancers is the aim of a screening programme, FIT seem to be superior to FOBT. If detection and removal of adenomas is the aim of a screening programme, endoscopic methods seem to be good alternatives. Sigmoidoscopy is easier to perform but will likely only have an effect on distal cancers. Colonoscopy is more invasive but enables inspection of the whole colon. The role of CT-C, capsule endoscopy, genetic stool tests, blood tests and M2-PK is currently unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian P Pox
- Department of Medicine, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Bochum, Germany
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Fung KYC, Tabor B, Buckley MJ, Priebe IK, Purins L, Pompeia C, Brierley GV, Lockett T, Gibbs P, Tie J, McMurrick P, Moore J, Ruszkiewicz A, Nice E, Adams TE, Burgess A, Cosgrove LJ. Blood-based protein biomarker panel for the detection of colorectal cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120425. [PMID: 25793510 PMCID: PMC4368610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of colorectal cancer (CRC) cases are preventable by early detection and removal of precancerous polyps. Even though CRC is the second most common internal cancer in Australia, only 30 per cent of the population considered to have risk factors participate in stool-based test screening programs. Evidence indicates a robust, blood-based, diagnostic assay would increase screening compliance. A number of potential diagnostic blood-based protein biomarkers for CRC have been reported, but all lack sensitivity or specificity for use as a stand-alone diagnostic. The aim of this study was to identify and validate a panel of protein-based biomarkers in independent cohorts that could be translated to a reliable, non-invasive blood-based screening test. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In two independent cohorts (n = 145 and n = 197), we evaluated seven single biomarkers in serum of CRC patients and age/gender matched controls that showed a significant difference between controls and CRC, but individually lack the sensitivity for diagnostic application. Using logistic regression strategies, we identified a panel of three biomarkers that discriminated between controls and CRC with 73% sensitivity at 95% specificity, when applied to either of the two cohorts. This panel comprised of Insulin like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2), Dickkopf-3 (DKK3), and Pyruvate kinase M2(PKM2). CONCLUSIONS Due to the heterogeneous nature of CRC, a single biomarker is unlikely to have sufficient sensitivity or specificity for use as a stand-alone diagnostic screening test and a panel of markers may be more effective. We have identified a 3 biomarker panel that has higher sensitivity and specificity for early stage (Stage I and -II) disease than the faecal occult blood test, raising the possibility for its use as a non-invasive blood diagnostic or screening test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Y. C. Fung
- CSIRO Preventative Health National Research Flagship, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Bruce Tabor
- CSIRO Preventative Health National Research Flagship, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael J. Buckley
- CSIRO Preventative Health National Research Flagship, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ilka K. Priebe
- CSIRO Preventative Health National Research Flagship, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Leanne Purins
- CSIRO Preventative Health National Research Flagship, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Celine Pompeia
- CSIRO Preventative Health National Research Flagship, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Gemma V. Brierley
- CSIRO Preventative Health National Research Flagship, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Trevor Lockett
- CSIRO Preventative Health National Research Flagship, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter Gibbs
- Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeanne Tie
- Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - James Moore
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Edouard Nice
- Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timothy E. Adams
- CSIRO Materials Science & Engineering, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antony Burgess
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leah J. Cosgrove
- CSIRO Preventative Health National Research Flagship, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Chen Z, Lu X, Wang Z, Jin G, Wang Q, Chen D, Chen T, Li J, Fan J, Cong W, Gao Q, He X. Co-expression of PKM2 and TRIM35 predicts survival and recurrence in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2015; 6:2538-48. [PMID: 25576919 PMCID: PMC4385869 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of prognostic markers for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is needed for clinical practice. Tripartite motif-containing 35 (TRIM35) is a tumor suppressor of HCC. TRIM35 inhibits phosphorylation of pyruvate kinase isoform M2 (PKM2), which is involved in aerobic glycolysis of cancer cells. We found that expression of PKM2 was significantly increased in HCC tissues. This overexpression of PKM2 was correlated with a high TNM stage and level of vascular invasion. Patients with HCC who were positive for PKM2 expression and negative for TRIM35 expression had shorter overall survival and time to recurrence than patients who were negative for PKM2 and positive for TRIM35. Furthermore, PKM2/TRIM35 combination was an independent and significant risk factor for recurrence and survival. In conclusion, PKM2 (+) and TRIM35 (-) contribute to the aggressiveness and poor prognosis of HCC. PKM2/TRIM35 expression could be a biomarker for the prognosis of HCC and target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiao Chen
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyuan Lu
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhichao Wang
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangzhi Jin
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qifeng Wang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Taoyang Chen
- Qi Dong Liver Cancer Institute, Qi Dong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Fan
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenming Cong
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianghuo He
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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21
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Li Z, Yang P, Li Z. The multifaceted regulation and functions of PKM2 in tumor progression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1846:285-96. [PMID: 25064846 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cells undergo metabolic rewiring from oxidative phosphorylation towards aerobic glycolysis to maintain the increased anabolic requirements for cell proliferation. It is widely accepted that specific expression of the M2 type pyruvate kinase (PKM2) in tumor cells contributes to this aerobic glycolysis phenotype. To date, researchers have uncovered myriad forms of functional regulation for PKM2, which confers a growth advantage on the tumor cells to enable them to adapt to various microenvironmental signals. Here the richness of our understanding on the modulations and functions of PKM2 in tumor progression is reviewed, and some new insights into the paradoxical expression and functional differences of PKM2 in distinct cancer types are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongwei Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zhuoyu Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
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22
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Gerola S, Nittka S, Kähler G, Tao S, Brenner H, Binelli G, Eils R, Brors B, Neumaier M. Genetic variants in apoptosis-related genes associated with colorectal hyperplasia. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2014; 53:769-78. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Gerola
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry; Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg; Mannheim 68167 Germany
| | - Stefanie Nittka
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry; Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg; Mannheim 68167 Germany
| | - Georg Kähler
- Department of Medical; Medical Center Mannheim, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, University of Heidelberg; Mannheim Germany
| | - Sha Tao
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg 69120 Germany
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg 69120 Germany
| | - Giorgio Binelli
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences; Insubria University; Varese Italy
| | - Roland Eils
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 224; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Benedikt Brors
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 224; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Michael Neumaier
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry; Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg; Mannheim 68167 Germany
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Leen R, Seng-Lee C, Holleran G, O'Morain C, McNamara D. Comparison of faecal M2-PK and FIT in a population-based bowel cancer screening cohort. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 26:514-8. [PMID: 24699725 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000000025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Screening for colorectal cancer improves outcomes and is cost effective. Stool-based tests have the highest participation rates in screening programmes. Their efficacy is limited by the relatively low sensitivity and specificity compared with colonoscopy. Stool levels of M2-PK, a dimeric form of the enzyme pyruvate kinase, correlate with colorectal cancer and neoplasia. A combination of stool markers may enhance screening performance; however, it remains to be determined whether an additional test would affect participation rates negatively. AIMS The aim of this study was to assess the performance of faecal M2-PK and faecal immunochemical test (FIT) and their combined effect in a screening programme. MATERIALS AND METHODS Within round 2 of our biennial FIT-based pilot, all invitations additionally included an M2-PK kit. A FIT greater than 100 ngHb/ml and/or an M2-PK greater than 4 U/ml were considered positive. FIT-positive or M2-PK-positive patients were offered a colonoscopy. RESULTS In all, 1800 combined M2-PK and FIT invites were sent out, and 879 (49%) samples were analysed. Overall positivity was 27% (n=245). Only 23 (2.6%) patients were positive for both tests. In all, 186 (88%) screening colonoscopies were performed. The adenoma detection rate for M2-PK-positive patients (n=157) was significant at 25% (n=40), and 3% (n=5) had advanced lesions. In FIT-positive patients (n=51), the adenoma detection rate was 29% (n=15), with significantly more, 21% (n=11), having advanced lesions (P<0.001, confidence interval 0.117-0.156). Had FIT only been tested, 70% (n=35) fewer patients would have had polyps removed. CONCLUSION The addition of M2-PK in a biennial bowel screening programme is acceptable to patients, feasible and detects additional adenomas, potentially at an earlier stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Leen
- Department of Gastroenterology & Clinical Medicine, Trinity Centre, Tallaght Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Hudler P, Kocevar N, Komel R. Proteomic approaches in biomarker discovery: new perspectives in cancer diagnostics. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:260348. [PMID: 24550697 PMCID: PMC3914447 DOI: 10.1155/2014/260348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite remarkable progress in proteomic methods, including improved detection limits and sensitivity, these methods have not yet been established in routine clinical practice. The main limitations, which prevent their integration into clinics, are high cost of equipment, the need for highly trained personnel, and last, but not least, the establishment of reliable and accurate protein biomarkers or panels of protein biomarkers for detection of neoplasms. Furthermore, the complexity and heterogeneity of most solid tumours present obstacles in the discovery of specific protein signatures, which could be used for early detection of cancers, for prediction of disease outcome, and for determining the response to specific therapies. However, cancer proteome, as the end-point of pathological processes that underlie cancer development and progression, could represent an important source for the discovery of new biomarkers and molecular targets for tailored therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Hudler
- Medical Centre for Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nina Kocevar
- Medical Centre for Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Radovan Komel
- Medical Centre for Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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25
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Koga Y, Yamazaki N, Matsumura Y. New molecular diagnosis and screening methods for colorectal cancer using fecal protein, DNA and RNA. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2013; 14:107-20. [PMID: 24308334 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2014.863152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several screening methods for reducing the mortality rate of colorectal cancer (CRC) have been reported in recent decades. Fecal occult blood tests (FOBTs) are widely used for CRC screening and immunochemical FOBTs perform better than guaiac FOBTs; however, the sensitivity and specificity of immunochemical FOBTs remain unsatisfactory. To resolve this problem, novel fecal molecular methods based on fecal protein, DNA and RNA analyses have been developed. Regarding fecal proteins, several marker proteins indicating intestinal bleeding and cancer cell-specific proteins have been investigated. Regarding fecal DNA, numerous gene mutation and gene methylation analyses have been reported. Consequently, fecal DNA analysis was recommended as a CRC screening method in 2008. In addition, gene expression analyses of CRC-specific genes and miRNAs in fecal RNA have been investigated over the last decade. This review article summarizes molecular methods using fecal samples for CRC screening, focusing on reports within the last 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikatsu Koga
- Division of Developmental Therapeutics, Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8577, Japan
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Lee JH, Kim KH, Park JW, Chang HJ, Kim BC, Kim SY, Kim KG, Lee ES, Kim DY, Oh JH, Yoo BC, Kim IH. Low-mass-ion discriminant equation: a new concept for colorectal cancer screening. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:1844-53. [PMID: 24096867 PMCID: PMC4233965 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Blood metabolites can be detected as low-mass ions (LMIs) by mass spectrometry (MS). These LMIs may reflect the pathological changes in metabolism that occur as part of a disease state, such as cancer. We constructed a LMI discriminant equation (LOME) to investigate whether systematic LMI profiling might be applied to cancer screening. LMI information including m/z and mass peak intensity was obtained by five independent MALDI-MS analyses, using 1,127 sera collected from healthy individuals and cancer patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), breast cancer (BRC), gastric cancer (GC) and other types of cancer. Using a two-stage principal component analysis to determine weighting factors for individual LMIs and a two-stage LMI selection procedure, we selected a total of 104 and 23 major LMIs by the LOME algorithms for separating CRC from control and rest of cancer samples, respectively. CRC LOME demonstrated excellent discriminating power in a validation set (sensitivity/specificity: 93.21%/96.47%). Furthermore, in a fecal occult blood test (FOBT) of available validation samples, the discriminating power of CRC LOME was much stronger (sensitivity/specificity: 94.79%/97.96%) than that of the FOBT (sensitivity/specificity: 50.00%/100.0%), which is the standard CRC screening tool. The robust discriminating power of the LOME scheme was reconfirmed in screens for BRC (sensitivity/specificity: 92.45%/96.57%) and GC (sensitivity/specificity: 93.18%/98.85%). Our study demonstrates that LOMEs might be powerful noninvasive diagnostic tools with high sensitivity/specificity in cancer screening. The use of LOMEs could potentially enable screening for multiple diseases (including different types of cancer) from a single sampling of LMI information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hwa Lee
- Colorectal Cancer Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Patel SS, Floyd A, Doorly MG, Ortega AE, Ault GT, Kaiser AM, Senagore AJ. Current controversies in the management of colon cancer. Curr Probl Surg 2012; 49:398-460. [PMID: 22682507 DOI: 10.1067/j.cpsurg.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Tonus C, Sellinger M, Koss K, Neupert G. Faecal pyruvate kinase isoenzyme type M2 for colorectal cancer screening: A meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:4004-11. [PMID: 22912551 PMCID: PMC3419997 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i30.4004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To present a critical discussion of the efficacy of the faecal pyruvate kinase isoenzyme type M2 (faecal M2-PK) test for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening based on the currently available studies.
METHODS: A literature search in PubMed and Embase was conducted using the following search terms: fecal Tumor M2-PK, faecal Tumour M2-PK, fecal M2-PK, faecal M2-PK, fecal pyruvate kinase, faecal pyruvate kinase, pyruvate kinase stool and M2-PK stool.
RESULTS: Stool samples from 704 patients with CRC and from 11 412 healthy subjects have been investigated for faecal M2-PK concentrations in seventeen independent studies. The mean faecal M2-PK sensitivity was 80.3%; the specificity was 95.2%. Four studies compared faecal M2-PK head-to-head with guaiac-based faecal occult blood test (gFOBT). Faecal M2-PK demonstrated a sensitivity of 81.1%, whereas the gFOBT detected only 36.9% of the CRCs. Eight independent studies investigated the sensitivity of faecal M2-PK for adenoma (n = 554), with the following sensitivities: adenoma < 1 cm in diameter: 25%; adenoma > 1 cm: 44%; adenoma of unspecified diameter: 51%. In a direct comparison with gFOBT of adenoma > 1 cm in diameter, 47% tested positive with the faecal M2-PK test, whereas the gFOBT detected only 27%.
CONCLUSION: We recommend faecal M2-PK as a routine test for CRC screening. Faecal M2-PK closes a gap in clinical practice because it detects bleeding and non-bleeding tumors and adenoma with high sensitivity and specificity.
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Meng W, Zhu HH, Xu ZF, Cai SR, Dong Q, Pan QR, Zheng S, Zhang SZ. Serum M2-pyruvate kinase: A promising non-invasive biomarker for colorectal cancer mass screening. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2012; 4:145-51. [PMID: 22737276 PMCID: PMC3382661 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v4.i6.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the value of serum M2-pyruvate kinase (M2-PK) in colorectal cancer (CRC) mass screening.
METHODS: We conducted a molecular epidemiology study in Hangzhou, China, from year 2006 to year 2008. Serum samples were collected from 93 CRC, 41 advanced adenomas, 137 adenomas, 47 non-adenomatous polyps, and 158 normal participants in a community setting. Serum M2-PK and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were measured using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. SPSS 16.0 software was used to perform data analysis. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificities were estimated for serum M2-PK in diagnosis of colorectal lesions and compared with CEA.
RESULTS: Average serum M2-PK value among 158 normal people was 2.96 U/mL and not affected by gender (P = 0.47) or age (P = 0.59). Average serum M2-PK (U/mL) was 14.75 among stage III and 13.10 among stage I and II CRC patients, about 4 times higher than that among normal people. Average serum M2-PK was 8.58, 6.70, 5.13 and 2.51 U/mL among advanced adenoma, adenomas, non-adenomatous polyps, and inflammatory bowel disease patients, respectively. AUC for serum M2-PK was greater than that for CEA among all colorectal lesions. AUC for serum M2-PK was 0.89 (0.84, 0.94) (95% confidence interval), higher than that for CEA [0.70 (0.62-0.79)] in CRC stage I and II, 0.89 (0.84-0.94) vs 0.73 (0.63-0.83) in CRC stage III, 0.81 (0.74-0.86) vs 0.63 (0.53 - 0.73) in advanced adenomas, 0.69 (0.64-0.76) vs 0.54 (0.47-0.60) in adenomas, and 0.69 (0.62-0.78) vs 0.58 (0.48-0.68) in non-adenomatous polyps. The diagnostic sensitivity for all colorectal lesions increased with decrease in the cut-off value of serum M2-PK. The diagnostic sensitivity (%) of serum M2-PK was 100.00 for CRC, 95.12 advanced adenoma, 82.48 adenoma, and 82.98 non-adenomatous polyp. There were no CRC cases missed and 40.51% of unnecessary colonoscopies were avoided when the cut-off value was 2.00 U/mL.
CONCLUSION: Serum M2-PK can be used as a primary screening test in CRC mass screening. It may be a promising non-invasive biomarker for CRC early detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Meng
- Wen Meng, Ze-Feng Xu, Shan-Rong Cai, Qi Dong, Qiang-Rong Pan, Shu Zheng, Su-Zhan Zhang, Zhejiang University Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences), Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
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Li R, Liu J, Xue H, Huang G. Diagnostic value of fecal tumor M2-pyruvate kinase for CRC screening: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:1837-45. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
AIM Advances in molecular technology have resulted in the discovery of many putative biomarkers relevant to colorectal cancer (CRC). METHOD Literature searches were performed on PubMed and EMBASE using the words 'colorectal cancer', AND 'biomarkers OR markers'. Biomarkers that are either currently in clinical use or have potential clinical use were identified. RESULTS Most potential markers are in the discovery phase waiting to undergo clinical validation. Hypermethylation of the plasma septin-9 gene shows promise as a nonstool-based screening tool. Hypermethylation of the DYPD gene (encodes the enzyme dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase) and variation of the uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase 1A (UGT1A1) gene have predictive value for side effects and the efficacy of 5-fluoruracil and irinotecan, respectively. Mismatch repair protein immunohistochemistry is able to predict response to 5-fluorouracil, and the KRAS (Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene) and B-RAF (v-RAF murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1) somatic gene mutation status can predict the response to anti-epidermal growth factor receptor therapy. CONCLUSION Recent advances indicate that the widespread use of biomarkers may herald the next major advance in the diagnosis and management of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Newton
- Department of General Surgery, Manchester Royal Infirmary Department of Genetic Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals Trust, Manchester, UK
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Bosch LJW, Carvalho B, Fijneman RJA, Jimenez CR, Pinedo HM, van Engeland M, Meijer GA. Molecular tests for colorectal cancer screening. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2011; 10:8-23. [PMID: 21609931 DOI: 10.3816/ccc.2011.n.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Detecting and removing high-risk adenomas and early colorectal cancer (CRC) can reduce mortality of this disease. The noninvasive fecal occult blood test (FOBT; guaiac-based or immunochemical) is widely used in screening programs and although effective, it leaves room for improvement in terms of test accuracy. Molecular tests are expected to be more sensitive, specific and informative than current detection tests, and are promising future tools for CRC screening. This review provides an overview of the performances of DNA, RNA, and protein markers for CRC detection in stool and blood. Most emphasis currently is on DNA and protein markers. Among DNA markers there is trend to move away from mutation markers in favor of methylation markers. The recent boost in proteomics research leads to many new candidate protein markers. Usually in small series, some markers show better performance than the present FOBT. Evaluation in large well-controlled randomized trials is the next step needed to take molecular markers for CRC screening to the next level and warrant implementation in a screening setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J W Bosch
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Anderson N, Suliman I, Bandaletova T, Obichere A, Lywood R, Loktionov A. Protein biomarkers in exfoliated cells collected from the human rectal mucosa: implications for colorectal disease detection and monitoring. Int J Colorectal Dis 2011; 26:1287-97. [PMID: 21698353 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-011-1263-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Colorectal disease biomarkers in stool are actively explored, but instability of biomolecules in faeces constitutes a problem. Collection of exfoliated cells from the surface of the rectal mucosa provides an alternative to stool-based methods. We aimed to develop an original approach allowing preservation and quantification of protein biomarkers in exfoliated material and tested it in a pilot clinical study. METHODS A novel method of cell and protein preservation in ammonium sulphate-rich buffers was developed using cultured human cells and applied to exfoliated cell samples collected from 139 faecal occult blood test (FOBT)-positive patients prior to colonoscopies. Protein biomarkers comprising calprotectin, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), dimeric pyruvate kinase type M2 (M2PK), soluble cytokeratin-18, d-dimer and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with parallel cytological and immunocytochemical analysis. RESULTS Long-term preservation of cells and their protein constituents at ambient temperature was achieved using buffers containing saturated ammonium sulphate. Application of this approach to exfoliated cell samples allowed consistent protein quantification. Calprotectin, EDN, M2PK, soluble cytokeratin 18 and d-dimer showed dramatic increase in a few cases of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) detected among trial participants. Cytological signs of inflammation were also present in these samples. CONCLUSIONS Application of exfoliated cells collected from the surface of the rectal mucosa provides a reliable method for quantifying protein biomarkers of gastrointestinal diseases. Our preliminary results obtained in a limited number of cases indicate that the approach might be especially useful for IBD diagnosis and monitoring, but further studies are needed to assess its diagnostic value.
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Abstract
Detection of molecular markers for colorectal neoplasia in feces has the potential to improve performance of simple noninvasive screening tests for colorectal cancer. Most research has explored the value of DNA-based, RNA-based, and protein-based markers. In all cases there has been a trend to move from a single marker to a panel of markers to improve sensitivity. Unfortunately, no type of molecular marker has proved specific for neoplasia. DNA tests have been improved by combining mutation detection with assessment of DNA integrity plus epigenetic markers of neoplasia. RNA-based approaches are just beginning to explore the full power of transcriptomics. So far, no protein-based fecal test has proved better than fecal immunochemical tests for hemoglobin. Finally, no marker or panel of markers has yet been developed to the point where it has been evaluated in large unbiased population studies to assess performance across all stages of neoplasia and in all practical environments.
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Faecal tumour pyruvate kinase M2: not a good marker for the detection of colorectal adenomas. Br J Cancer 2008; 99:1366; author reply 1367. [PMID: 18827821 PMCID: PMC2570513 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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